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Ezona tyhefu zimbi

Ezona tyhefu zimbi

Molo %igama lomsebenzisi

Ewe, ndiyazi, isihloko sigqekeziwe kwaye kukho ngaphezulu kwama-9000 amakhonkco kuGoogle achaza ityhefu eyoyikekayo kwaye ebalisa amabali othusayo.

Kodwa andifuni kudwelisa okufanayo. Andifuni ukulinganisa iidosi ze-LD50 kwaye ndibange ubunyani.

Ndifuna ukubhala malunga neetyhefu wena, %username%, usemngciphekweni omkhulu wokudibana nazo yonke imihla. Kwaye ezingelula njengabalingane babo abasondeleyo.

Kufuneka ulazi utshaba ngokubona. Kwaye ndiyathemba ukuba iya kuba nomdla. Kwaye ukuba kubonakala kunomdla, ngoko unokukwazi ukuyiqonda inxalenye yesibini.

Ke-ishumi lam elibulalayo!

Indawo yeshumi

ThalliumEzona tyhefu zimbi

IThallium yintsimbi ethambileyo, eyisilivere-mhlophe kunye netinti eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kwisithombeni ukwi-ampoule - kwaye oku akukho ngozi. I-600 mg yethallium iya kuwisa ngokuthembekileyo nawuphi na umntu osempilweni - kulo mba, i-thallium ngequbuliso ngaphezulu kwazo zonke ezinye iintsimbi ezinzima zakho. Kwangaxeshanye, njengazo zonke isinyithi esinzima, i-thallium ihlelwa njengetyhefu eqokelelweyo - iqokelela iimpawu ze-pathological kwityhefu engapheliyo.

Ngokungafaniyo nesinyithi esinzima sakudala, esibambelela ngokusisiseko kwiqela le-cysteine ​​​​thiol kwiiprotheni kwaye zibathintele ukuba baphile, i-thallium iphucuke ngakumbi: i-ion ze-thallium ezinobukhulu obufanayo kunye neepropathi zekhemikhali njenge-potassium, kwaye ke zithatha indawo ye-potassium ion kwiinkqubo ze-biochemical. I-Thallium igxile kwizinwele, amathambo, izintso kunye nezihlunu, ichaphazela inkqubo ye-nervous peripheral, i-gastrointestinal tract kunye nezintso.

Uphawu oluphawulekayo lwetyhefu kunye ne-thallium compounds kukulahlekelwa kweenwele eziyingxenye, kunye nedosi ebalulekileyo - i-alopecia iyonke. Kwidosi ephezulu, i-alopecia ayinasimilo, kuba umntu uyafa ngenxa yetyhefu ngaphambi kokuba kuphume iinwele. Oko kukuthi, ngokomgaqo, ukuba uthanda ukucheba i-baldly, unokuzama ukudlala kunye nedosi, kodwa kukho umngcipheko wokungaqapheli.

Kwimeko yetyhefu nge-thallium okanye iikhompawundi zayo, i-Prussian blue isetyenziswa njenge-antidote, uncedo lokuqala xa ilawulwa nge-thallium yi-gastric lavage kunye nesisombululo se-0,3% ye-sodium thiosulfate kunye ne-agitated activated charcoal powder. Bathi kuyanceda, kodwa oku akuchanekanga.

Ngokubanzi, i-thallium ihlelwa njengetyhefu yeqhinga, kutheni ke ikuluhlu lwam? Inyani yeyokuba uninzi lweelabhoratri ezenza uhlalutyo lwamanzi kunye nokutya zisebenzisa isisombululo esimangalisayo sokulinganisa IV. Ndiyibonile indlela esi sisombululo sithathwe ngayo ngepipette, kwaye kuba kwakungekho pear yerabha - watsala isisombululo ngomlomo. Ke ndingathini… Ayiyondlela ingcono yokufumana ibhaso likaDarwin.

indawo yesithoba

PhosgeneEzona tyhefu zimbi

I-Phosgene, ilula ukuya kwinqanaba lokuhlazisa, ngokwenene iyamangalisa: uluntu luqhelene nalo ukususela ngo-1812, kodwa oku "kwenziwa ukukhanya" (kwaye yile ndlela igama eliguqulelwe ngayo ukusuka kwi-bourgeois) igesi ayilunganga kwaphela: ibangela. i-edema ye-pulmonary enetyhefu, abanye abantu abalungileyo abayisebenzisayo ngaphandle kokuzibamba xa betyhefa abanye abantu abalungileyo kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala. Ukuqhagamshelana ne-phosgene kunye nezicubu zemiphunga kubangela ukuphazamiseka kwe-alveolar permeability kunye ne-edema ye-pulmonary edema ngokukhawuleza. Abantu abalungileyo basebenzise oku, kodwa kwakhona ukuza kuthi ga kulo mhla, akukabikho iye yaveliswa iyeza lephosgene.

Ubuhle kunye nokulula kulele kwinto yokuba iimpawu zokuqala ezicacileyo zetyhefu zivela emva kwexesha elifihliweyo le-4 ukuya kwiiyure ze-8, kunye namaxesha eeyure ze-15 ziye zabonwa. Oku kulandelwa kukukhwehlela okuqinileyo, ukuphefumula okufutshane, i-cyanosis yobuso kunye nemilebe. I-edema ye-pulmonary edema eqhubekayo ikhokelela ekudakaleni okukhulu, uxinzelelo olunzima kwisifuba, izinga lokuphefumula liyanda, ngamanye amaxesha ukuya kuma-60-70 ngomzuzu. Ukuphefumla ngokuxhuzula. Iinkcukacha ezimbalwa: i-protein equkethe i-edematous foamy kunye ne-viscous liquid ifafazwe kwi-alveoli kunye ne-bronchioles yemiphunga kwi-airways ebanzi, ekhokelela kubunzima kunye nokungenakwenzeka kokuphefumula. Umntu onelishwa wenza ntoni ngalo mzuzu kwaye ukhangeleka njani - uyakhumbula imifanekiso eyoyikisayo? Ngokuchanekileyo. Nge-edema ye-pulmonary enetyhefu, ukuya kuthi ga kwisiqingatha sexabiso elipheleleyo legazi emzimbeni lidlulela kwimiphunga, ngenxa yoko, ikhukhumale kwaye inyuke ngobunzima. Ngelixa umphunga oqhelekileyo unobunzima obumalunga ne-500-600 grams, kuye kwabonwa imiphunga ethi "phosgene" enobunzima obuziikhilogram ezi-2,5.

Ekugqibeleni, uxinzelelo lwegazi lwehla ngokukhawuleza, umntu onetyhefu ungowona mdla unamandla, uphefumla ngengxolo, uphefumle umoya, emva koko ukufa kwenzeka.

Kukwakho iimeko apho umntu onetyhefu ephepha nayiphi na intshukumo engeyomfuneko kwaye ekhetha eyona ndawo itofotofo ukuze kube lula ukuphefumla. Imilebe yabantu abanetyhefu enjalo iba ngwevu, ukubila kuyabanda kwaye kuyabanda. Nangona kukho ukufuthaniselwa, isikhohlela asohlulwa kubo. Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa kamva, umntu onetyhefu uyafa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, emva kweentsuku ezi-2-3, ukuphuculwa kwemeko kunokwenzeka, okunokuthi emva kweeveki ezi-2-3 kubangele ukubuyiswa, kodwa iingxaki ngenxa yezifo ezithathelwanayo zesibini zihlala zihlala, ezikhokelela ekufeni.

Ke, unokuvumba njani i-phosgene kwaye ubaleke ngaphandle kokufumana ityhefu, unikwe ixesha elide lokufihla kunye nenyani yokuba le gesi ayinancasa kwaye ivumba njengeziqhamo ezibolileyo okanye i-hay - hayi eyona nto ihlabayo, ngokungafaniyo nevumba layo kwiminibus, uyaphi? Ngokungaqhelekanga - ukutshaya: ukutshaya emoyeni oqukethe i-phosgene akuyolisi okanye akunakwenzeka ngokupheleleyo.

I-Phosgene isetyenziswe ngokusebenzayo kwi-organic synthesis: kwimveliso yeedayi, kunye nokuveliswa kwe-polycarbonate thermoplastics. Kodwa wena, %igama lomsebenzisi%, khumbula: iphosgene yenziwa ngexesha lokutshiswa kweefreons ezineklorini. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ngenxa yoko, ukutshaya akuvumelekanga xa kulungiswa oomatshini befriji kunye nofakelo. Ngenxa yesibakala sokuba umntu otshayayo usenokuvakalelwa kukuba kukho into engalunganga, kunzima ukuchaza eyona nto ibalulekileyo.

Indawo yesibhozo

KhokelaEzona tyhefu zimbi ΠΈ Tetraethyl ilotheEzona tyhefu zimbi

Ewe, wonke umntu uyazi malunga netyhefu yelothe kunye nendlela ekhangeleka ngayo. Sekunjalo, akukho mntu uzikhathazayo ngokuyibamba ngezandla, yaye maxa wambi iisandwich zitya kwangezi zandla. Akukho mntu uzikhathazayo ngokunyibilikisa iingots zelothe nokuphefumla umsi. Ngeli xesha, ilothe inetyhefu kakhulu kwaye, njengazo zonke iintsimbi ezinzima, inamandla abalaseleyo okuqokelela. Ilothe inokuqokelelana emathanjeni, ibangele ukutshatyalaliswa kwawo ngokuthe ngcembe, igxile esibindini nasezintso. Ngoko ke, emva kokuqokelela idosi enqwenelekayo, wena, % igama lomsebenzisi ngokwemvelo uya kuziva ungathandeki: kuya kubakho intlungu kwisisu, kumalungu, iintlungu, ukuphelelwa amandla. Ukuba uyaqhubeka, kunokwenzeka ukubona ukukhanya ekupheleni kwetonela kunye nayo yonke imiphumo.

Ukuba sesichengeni selothe kuyingozi kakhulu ebantwaneni: ukuba sesichengeni ixesha elide kubangela ukudodobala kwengqondo kunye nesifo sobuchopho esingapheliyo.

Ngendlela, i-acetate yokukhokela incasa kamnandi! Ubusazi %igama lomsebenzisi%? Ewe, yiloo nto ibizwa ngokuba yiswekile elothe. USaltykov-Shchedrin wade wayikhankanya xa esenza iwayini zomgunyathi:

I-emele yotywala igalelwe kwi-barrel, kwaye emva koko, ngokuxhomekeke kwipropati yewayini eyenziwayo: i-molasses eninzi kwi-Madeira, i-tar e-Malaga, i-sugar lead kwi-wine ye-Rhine, njl. kwaye emva koko...

Ngendlela, kukho uluvo lokuba igama lesiRashiya elithi "lead" lidibene negama elithi "iwayini", phakathi kwamaRoma amandulo (kunye naseCaucasus) iwayini yayigcinwe kwiinqanawa ezikhokelayo, ezinike incasa ekhethekileyo. Le ncasa yayixatyiswe kakhulu kangangokuba abazange banikele ngqalelo ekubeni nokwenzeka kokutyhefa ngezinto eziyityhefu. Ewe, ewe, phila ngokukhawuleza-fa umncinci ...

Kodwa i-tetraethyl ilothe ifuna ukuhoywa ngokukodwa - ulwelo olungenambala, olunamafutha aguquguqukayo nekudala lusetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokudibanisa i-anti-nknock kwipetroli (kwale Petroli iLeaded efanayo). Kwi-USSR, idayi yongezwa kwipetroli yemoto equlethe i-tetraethyl lead ngenjongo yokumakisha: de kwangowe-1979, i-petroli i-AI93, i-A-76 kunye ne-A-66 equlethe i-tetraethyl lead yayidayiwe okwesibhakabhaka, eluhlaza, kunye ne-orenji, ngokulandelanayo; ukususela ngo-1979. Ipetroli ekhokelayo yaqala ukudaywa nge-orenji-bomvu ( AI-93), emthubi (A-76), eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (AI-98), eluhlaza (A-66) okanye epinki (A-72) imibala.

Oku akwenziwanga konke konke ngenxa yobuhle nokutsala abathengi - ngaphandle kwento yokuba umbhobho ungcolise yonke into ejikelezileyo ngelothe, ilothe yetetraethyl ngokwayo inenani leempawu ezithandekayo, ukusuka kwi-carcinogenicity ukuya kwityhefu ephezulu kakhulu. Kule meko, ukungena kunokwenzeka zombini kunye nomphunga (ezi zinto ziguquguqukayo, ungalibali) kunye nolusu. Le nkunkuma ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo inkqubo ye-nervous, ibangela i-acute, subacute kunye netyhefu engapheliyo (ewe, njengelothe, le nto ithanda ukuqokelela).

Uninzi lwetyhefu lubukhali kunye ne-subacute. Okokuqala, i-cortex ye-cerebral ichaphazelekayo. Kwindawo yamaziko ezityalo e-diencephalon, kugxilwe kwi-congestive excitation, ekhokelela ekwaphulweni okugqithisileyo kobudlelwane be-cortical-subcortical.

Kwinqanaba lokuqala letyhefu ebukhali, ukuphazamiseka kwemifuno kuphawulwe: ubushushu bomzimba kunye noxinzelelo lwegazi luwa, ubuthongo buphazamisekile, uloyiko oluqhubekayo lokufa lubonakala ebusuku, ukuxhalaba, ukudandatheka. Kukho imvakalelo yebhola yeenwele okanye imicu elulwimini.

Kwinqanaba langaphambili, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kubonakala: uloyiko lokufa luqala ukuphazamisa kungekuphela nje ebusuku, kodwa nasemini, ukuva, ukubonwa, kunye nemibono ecacileyo yendalo eyoyikisayo kunye neenkohliso zentshutshiso zivela. Ngaphantsi kwempembelelo ye-delirium, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kukhula, isigulane siba ndlongondlongo, kukho iimeko xa, bezama ukusindisa ubomi babo kubantu ekutyholwa ukuba bayabasukela, abantu baziphosa ngaphandle kweefestile.

Kwinqanaba eliphezulu, ukuvuswa kwengqondo kufikelela kuxinzelelo olukhulu. Ingqondo iyabhideka. Ngelishwa kubonakala ngathi unqunyulwa abe ziingceba, iinyoka zijinga emzimbeni wakhe, njalo njalo. Ekuphakameni kwe-psychomotor arousal, iqondo lokushisa liyenyuka (ukuya kuma-40 Β° C), uxinzelelo kunye nesantya senhliziyo sanda. Isiphelo sicacile: ukuwa, ukufa.

Ukuba usenethamsanqa, i-prognosis ilungile: i-psychomotor arousal ithathelwa indawo yi-vegetative-asthenic state. Kwangaxeshanye, iziphene zengqondo, buthuntu ngokweemvakalelo, ukuhla ubukrelekrele, ukulahlekelwa umdla kokusingqongileyo, njl kuhlala - kodwa uya kuphila. Andiqinisekanga ukuba yonwabile.

Phofu, uyawakhumbula amabali oomakhulu malunga namakhoboka eziyobisi amabi afunxa ipetroli? Wowu! Ngokwengqikelelo enempembelelo ecetywayo ukuchaza ukuguquguquka kumazinga olwaphulo-mthetho kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yama-1960 nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-1990, ityhefu ye-tetraethyl yelothe ebuntwaneni yayibandakanya ukuphulwa kophuhliso lwenkqubo yemithambo-luvo, okukhokelela ekwandeni. kwihambo yobunjubaqa ebudaleni, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekwandeni kolwaphulo-mthetho ukususela ngeminyaka yee-1990 ukuya ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1970. Ukuwa kwamazinga olwaphulo-mthetho ukususela ngo-XNUMX, ngokutsho kolu qikelelo, kuchazwa ngokuncipha kokusetyenziswa kwepetroli eyenziwe nge-tetraethyl lead ukususela ngo-XNUMX.

Ukuba, nangona kunjalo, unelishwa, kwaye utyhefwe nge-tetraethyl lead, ngoko uya kuphathwa njengeyona ngqondo iqhelekileyo: iipilisi zokulala (i-barbiturates), i-hexenal, i-chlorpromazine, iziyobisi (ngaphandle kwe-morphine, enika umphumo ophazamisayo, ukwandisa ukuvuswa. ). I-glucose ye-intravenous kunye ne-vitamin B kunye ne-ascorbic acid, i-dehydrating agents (i-glucose, i-magnesium sulfate), kunye ne-cardiac kunye ne-vascular agents (ngokuwa) nazo zimiselwe. Mhlawumbi baya kukwenza indoda emva kwakho. Ukuba unethamsanqa, ngoko kusengqiqweni.

Ngendlela, i-tetraethyl lead ivaliwe kuyo yonke indawo, ewe. ERashiya - ukususela ngoNovemba 15, 2002, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha, ndijonge kwabanye, ndiyathandabuza ...

Indawo yesixhenxe

IiDioxinsEzona tyhefu zimbi

Ngokubanzi, iidioxins zichazwa njengomxube weentlobo ezahlukeneyo zedibenzodioxin ezivela kwi-polychlorinated. Igama livela kwigama elifinyeziweyo le-derivative ye-tetrachloro - 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo[b, e] -1,4-dioxin - obu buhle bunikezelwa ngendlela yefomula, kodwa i-compounds kunye nezinye izinto ezithatha indawo - I-halides - ikwayeye-dioxins.

Zonke i-dioxins ziyityhefu eziqokelelweyo kwaye ziyinxalenye yeqela le-xenobiotics eyingozi - oko kukuthi, izinto ezinjalo azikho kwindalo, kwaye umbhali wabo ngumntu. IiDioxins zenziwa njengemveliso ngexesha lemveliso ye-chlorophenol herbicides. Wenza ntoni umntu ngazo zonke iimveliso eziphuma ngaphandle? Kunene!

I-Dioxins nayo yenziwe njengokungcola okungafunekiyo ngenxa yeendlela ezahlukeneyo zeekhemikhali kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu kunye nobukho beklorine. Izizathu eziphambili zokukhutshwa kwe-dioxins kwi-biosphere, okokuqala, ukusetyenziswa kobuchwepheshe obuphezulu bokushisa kwe-chlorination kunye nokulungiswa kwezinto ze-organochlorine kwaye, ngokukodwa, ukutshiswa kwenkunkuma yezoshishino. Ubukho bepolyvinyl chloride yonke indawo kunye nezinye iipolymers kunye neekhompawundi ezahlukeneyo zeklorini kwinkunkuma echithiweyo negalelo ekubunjweni kwe-dioxins kwi-flue gases. Omnye umthombo wengozi lishishini le-pulp kunye nephepha. I-bleaching of cellulose pulp nge-chlorine ihamba kunye nokubunjwa kwe-dioxins kunye nenani lezinye izinto ezinobungozi ze-organochlorine.

Ukuqhelana kokuqala kobuntu obunombulelo kunye ne-dioxins kwenzeka ngexesha leMfazwe yaseVietnam ukusuka kwi-1961 ukuya kwi-1971 njengenxalenye yenkqubo yokutshatyalaliswa kwezityalo zeRanch Hand. Emva koko i-Agent Orange yayisetyenziswa njenge-defoliant - umxube we-2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) kunye ne-2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), equlethe ukungcola kwe-polychlorobenzodioxins. Ngenxa yoko, inani elibalulekileyo labo bobabini baseVietnam kunye namajoni asesichengeni kwi-Agent Orange abandezeleka ngenxa yokuvezwa kwii-dioxins. Akukho mntu wayecinga ngeVietnam ngoko, kodwa amajoni-ke, yiloo nto angamajoni, akunjalo?

Ukuqhelana ngokusondeleyo kwenzeka ngoJulayi 11, 1976 kwisixeko saseNtaliyane saseSeveso, xa ukuqhuma kwesityalo sekhemikhali yenkampani yaseSwitzerland i-ICMESA kwakhokelela ekukhululweni kwelifu le-dioxin emoyeni. Ilifu lajinga phezu kwedolophu yemizi-mveliso, emva koko ityhefu yaqalisa ukuhlala ezindlwini nasezigadini. Amawakawaka abantu aqala ukufumana ukuhlaselwa kwesicaphucaphu, ukungaboni kakuhle, kunye nesifo samehlo, apho imida yezinto yayibonakala imfiliba kwaye ingazinzanga. Imiphumo ebuhlungu yesiganeko yaqala ukubonakala emva kweentsuku ezi-3-4. Ngomhla we-14 kuJulayi, iikliniki zezigulane ezingalaliswayo zaseSeveso zazizaliswe ngabantu abagulayo. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho abantwana abaninzi ababenerhashalala namathumba aqanduselayo. Bakhalaza ngomqolo, ubuthathaka kunye neentloko ezibuhlungu. Izigulane zaxelela oogqirha ukuba izilwanyana kunye neentaka ezikwiyadi kunye neegadi zabo zaqala ukufa ngequbuliso. Kwiminyaka elandela le ngozi, iindawo ezingqonge umzi-mveliso ziye zanda kakhulu iingxaki ezizalwa nazo kwiintsana ezisandul’ ukuzalwa, kuquka i<em>spina bifida (i-spina bifida, umnqonqo ovelile). Umboniso awungowomntu otyhafileyo, ukunyaniseka.

Ngendlela, kukho intetho apha ukuba ukunyuka okungaqhelekanga kokufana nowayesakuba nguMongameli wase-Ukraine uViktor Yushchenko naye udibene ne-dioxins. Nangona kunjalo, mhlawumbi akunjalo. Akukho mntu, kuquka uViktor Yushchenko ngokwakhe, owaziyo.

Isizathu setyhefu ye-dioxins silele ekukwazini kwezi zinto ukuba zingene ngokuchanekileyo kwi-receptors yezinto eziphilayo kwaye zicinezele okanye ziguqule imisebenzi yazo ebalulekileyo. IiDioxins, ngokucinezela amajoni omzimba kunye nokuchaphazela kakhulu iinkqubo zokwahlulwahlulwa kweeseli kunye nobungcali, zixhokonxa ukukhula komhlaza. I-Dioxins iphinda iphazamise umsebenzi onzima we-endocrine glands. Ziyaphazamisana nomsebenzi wokuzala, zithothisa ngokukhawuleza ukufikisa kwaye zihlala zikhokelela kubudlolo kwabasetyhini kunye nendoda. Zibangela ukuphazamiseka okunzulu phantse kuzo zonke iinkqubo ze-metabolic, zicinezela kwaye ziphazamise ukusebenza kwe-immune system, ekhokelela kwimeko ebizwa ngokuba yi-"chemical AIDS".

Uphononongo lwakutsha nje luqinisekisile ukuba i-dioxins ibangela ukukhubazeka kunye neengxaki zophuhliso kubantwana.

I-Dioxins ingena emzimbeni womntu ngeendlela ezininzi: i-90 ekhulwini - ngamanzi kunye nokutya ngokusebenzisa i-gastrointestinal tract, ipesenti ezili-10 eziseleyo - ngomoya kunye nothuli ngokusebenzisa imiphunga kunye nesikhumba. Ezi zinto zijikeleza egazini, zifakwe kwi-adipose tissue kunye ne-lipids yazo zonke iiseli zomzimba ngaphandle kokukhetha. Zidluliselwa nge-placenta kunye nobisi lwebele kwi-fetus kunye nomntwana.

Nantsi enye iseti yezakhono eziphucula kakhulu eli qhawe:

  • Ayinyibiliki ngokupheleleyo emanzini.
  • Ukuya kuthi ga kumaqondo obushushu angama-900 Β°C, iidioxins azichatshazelwa kunyango lobushushu.
  • Isiqingatha sobomi babo kokusingqongileyo simalunga neminyaka eli-10.
  • Kanye kumzimba womntu okanye wesilwanyana, ziqokelela kwizicubu ze-adipose kwaye zibole kancinci kwaye zikhutshwe emzimbeni (isiqingatha sobomi kumzimba womntu sisuka kwi-7-11 iminyaka).
  • LD50 - 70 mcg/kg iinkawu, ngomlomo. Oku kusezantsi kuneearhente ezininzi zeekhemikhali zomkhosi. Ewe, sehla kwiinkawu, akunjalo?
  • Ngenxa yetyhefu ephezulu kakhulu, i-chromatography-mass spectrometry kunye nohlalutyo kusetyenziswa i-bioassays (CALUX) isetyenziselwa ukufumanisa i-dioxins kwindalo kwaye, ngakumbi, emanzini. Ezi ziindlela ezibiza kakhulu, kwaye ayizizo zonke iilebhu ezixhotyiswe ngazo, ngakumbi kwi oku ilizwe.
  • Okwangoku, akukho ndlela yokususa ngokupheleleyo i-dioxins emzimbeni, okanye i-antidotes esebenzayo.

Ngokubanzi, %igama lomsebenzisi%, njengoko ubunokucinga, akukho mntu unokuzimosha ngcono kunomntu ngokwakhe. Okwangoku, uphando luyaqhuba ukuguqula uhlobo oluthile lwebhaktheriya ukuze kuphuculwe amandla abo okufunxa ii-dioxins. Kodwa xa ucinga ukuba wonke umntu uyazoyika njani ii-GMOs, kunye nendlela uluntu oluhlangabezana ngayo nokuzisika, ndiyoyika ukuba ezi ntlobo zebhaktheriya ziya kwenza yonke into ibe mandundu.

Sobona.

Ngethamsanqa, azikho zininzi kangako ii-dioxins okwangoku, iibhaktheriya zisekuphuhlisweni kuphela, kwaye ke zikwindawo yesixhenxe kuphela, kodwa zinesiseko esinzulu sekamva.

Indawo yesithandathu

Ityhefu ye-botulinumEzona tyhefu zimbi

Iprotheyini entsonkothileyo ye-neurotoxin eveliswa yibhaktheriya iClostridium botulinum. I-neurotoxin enamandla kakhulu eyaziwayo yidosi ebulalayo emalunga ne-0,000001 mg/kg yomzimba wakho obuthathaka.

Ngendlela, i-toxin ye-botulinum yenye yeeprotheyini ezinzima kakhulu ezenziwe kwindalo. Isebenza ngokugqwesileyo: imolekyuli yiglowubhu ye-domain ezimbini. I-Domains A kunye ne-B ziyi-polypeptides ezihambelanayo ezidityaniswe yibhulorho ye-cystine enye. I-Domain B inoxanduva lokuthutha i-toxin emzimbeni, ukwamkelwa kwi-presynaptic membrane ye-neuron kunye nohlengahlengiso lwesakhiwo sommandla we-peri-receptor wale membrane kunye nokwakhiwa kwesiteshi se-transmembrane kuyo. Emva koko, i-disulfide bond ibuyiselwe, i-domain A ikhutshwe kwaye ingene ngeli tshaneli kwi-cytoplasm yeseli ye-nerve, apho ikhusela ukukhululwa komlamli, i-acetylcholine. Ifana kakhulu nefuthe le-organophosphates efana ne-sarin, i-soman kunye ne-VX - kodwa isebenza ngakumbi. Ngaba sele nditshilo ukuba uMama weNdalo unobuchule kunomntu?

Uya kuziva ntoni xa le ngqungquthela yendalo yendalo ingena esiswini sakho? Ewe, okokuqala, kukho ixesha elifihliweyo, ngamanye amaxesha ukuya kwii-2-3 iintsuku. Emva koko ngequbuliso uya kuziva ungaphilanga: ityhefu ibangela ukuphazamiseka ekusebenzeni kwemithambo-luvo ye-cranial, imisipha yamathambo, kunye namaziko emithambo-luvo yentliziyo. Abafundi bahlambuluka, inkungu kunye namabala avela phambi kwamehlo, kwaye abaninzi baqala ukucima (kwaye kungekhona konke ngenxa yokuba uphuze kakhulu epatini). Kamva, ukuphazamiseka kwentetho kunye nokuginya kunye nobuso obufana ne-mask buvela. Ukufa kwenzeka ngenxa ye-hypoxia ebangelwa ukuphazamiseka kwe-oksijini yemetabolism, i-asphyxia yendlela yokuphefumula, ukukhubazeka kwemisipha yokuphefumula kunye nemisipha yenhliziyo. Ngokufutshane, uya kufa, kwaye kabuhlungu kakhulu. Ukuba unethamsanqa, uya kukhawulelwa ekukhubazekeni kwemisipha yobuso kunye ne-strabismus, leyo, nokuba ihambe, iya kucotha kakhulu. Ayinguye wonke umntu onethamsanqa.

Kutheni indawo yesithandathu kuphela? Inyani kukuba i-clostridia botulinum - iinkosi kuphela zemveliso yale tyhefu engayiveziyo imfihlo - ayithandi ukusebenza emoyeni, kwaye ngenxa yoko unokuzifumana ngokutya okunkonkxiweyo kunye nesoseji - ngakumbi kumakhowa aqhotsiweyo. kunye nenyama kunye nentlanzi evunwe ibe ngamaqhekeza amakhulu kunye nomonakalo ongaphezulu. Indawo yesibini iyeza: ezi ziBotox, Relatox, Xeomin, BTXA, Dysport, Neuronox. Ke ukuba ubethwe ngento enjalo, kukho lonke ithuba lokuziva ubunzima obungenakuchazwa kuzo zonke izibonelelo ezichazwe ngasentla. Kubi kakhulu ukuba akukho mntu ukuxelelayo.

Ngendlela, abantu banomdla kakhulu, kwaye ke e-USA, eGreat Britain naseKhanada bajonga i-botulinum i-toxin njenge-agent yemfazwe yeekhemikhali esele ikwi-60s-70s yekhulu lokugqibela. Ngenxa yoko, ukususela ngo-1975, i-toxin ye-botulinum A yamkelwe yi-Army yase-US phantsi kwekhowudi XR. Ityhefu yayigcinwe ePine Bluff Arsenal eArkansas. Mhlawumbi isagcinwe apho, okanye mhlawumbi ayipheleli apho. Ukuqwalasela ukuba i-XR, ngokweziphumo zovavanyo (ndizibuza kubani?) Eyona nto inetyhefu kuzo zonke izinto ezibulalayo ezaziwayo zemvelaphi yendalo kunye neyokwenziwa, andiyikoyiki kakhulu ubusika benyukliya.

Indlela yokusindiswa? Ungatyi nantoni na. Kwaye ukuba uyayidla, emva kokunyanga ukushisa: i-toxin ye-botulinum ayiyithandi kakhulu xa ithosiwe okanye ibilisiwe. Nangona le nto ayiloyiki ijusi yesisu, itshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo xa ibilisiwe imizuzu engama-25-30.

Phofu ke, amajoni afumanisa ukuba kukho isitofu sokugonya ityhefu ye<em>botulinum! Ewe, ewe, kanye njengemasisi. Kodwa musa ukukhawuleza uye ekhemesti - isitofu sokugonya asifumaneki kuluntu jikelele, kwaye ukongezelela, amagorha afanayo afumanisa ukuba i-10% -30% yabantu ayinakukwazi ukugonywa, kwaye kwabanye, ukugonywa kuvela kuphela emva kokugonywa. inyanga okanye ngaphezulu. Ngendlela, ngobungakanani be-1000-10000 yedosi ezinobuthi (kwaye oku akuninzi - kuphela i-0,057-0,57 mg / kg ukuba ithathwe ngomlomo), i-toxin ye-botulinum itshicela kwezi zitofu zakho kwaye ikubulale ukufa.

Indawo yesihlanu

AmatoxinsEzona tyhefu zimbi
Enyanisweni, eli liqela leetyhefu, konke kuxhomekeke kwinto onokuyincamathela endaweni ye-R1..R5. Ngokwendalo, ezi cyclic octapeptides equlathe iintsalela amino acid ezisibhozo. Zifumaneka kwimizimba yeziqhamo zamakhowa ohlobo lwe Amanita, Galerin kunye ne Lepiota - ewe, igrebe ephaphathekileyo ivela apha.

Amatoxins zezinye zezona hepatotoxins zinamandla ehlabathini. Ke kungakhathaliseki ukuba usela kangakanani, igama lomsebenzisi%, alinakuthelekiswa nobu buhle: i-atoxins ivimba ngokuthembekileyo i-RNA polymerase II, evimba ukuhlanganiswa komthunywa we-RNA kwaye ibangele i-necrosis ye-hepatocytes. Kwaye ekubeni kwihlabathi lethu awukwazi ukuphila ngaphandle kwesibindi - kakuhle, uyaqonda.

I-nuance eyolisayo ngokukodwa yale nkunkuma lixesha elide elifihliweyo: iiyure ezingama-6-30. Oko kukuthi, awuyi kuba nexesha elithembekileyo lokubuyela ezingqondweni kwaye uhlambe isisu sakho. Iimpawu ziza ngokukhawuleza: ukuhlanza okukhulu (okuqhubekayo), intlungu yesisu, urhudo. Kwiimveliso zohudo (kakuhle, uyaqonda), igazi libonwa, ekubeni ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-enterocytes yamathumbu kwenzeka. Kwenzeka ntoni ngalo mzuzu ngesibindi ... ngokwenene andifuni nokucinga. Ukukhula ubuthathaka, ukuphulwa kwamanzi kunye ne-electrolyte balance. Ngomhla we-2 ukuya kweyesi-3, iimpawu ze-hepatopathy enobuthi zikhula: isibindi siyakhula, isimo sengqondo siba sibi, i-jaundice ibonakala kwaye i-diathesis ye-hemorrhagic iyenzeka - oku kuxa ugutyungelwe nge-rash enegazi. I-Nephropathy, ukungaphumeleli kwe-hepatic-renal, i-hepatargia, i-anuria, i-coma ikhula. Yonke into ibuhlungu. Ityhefu enzima kakhulu iyenzeka kubantwana, kuyingozi kakhulu ukuba inani elikhulu leetyhefu (ngaphezu kwe-200 mg) lingene emzimbeni: kule meko, ukuphuhliswa kokuxiliswa kwenzeka ngesantya sombane, kunye nokuphuhliswa kwe-atrophy yesibindi kunye ne-atrophy. ukufa ngokukhawuleza.

Oyena nobangela wokusweleka kukungaphumeleli kwesibindi ngokuqatha, ukungaphumeleli kwesibindi esiqatha nezintso. Nokuba uyasinda, uya kufumana utshintsho olungaguqukiyo kulwakhiwo lwezicubu zesibindi, ezibonakaliswa yi-necrosis epheleleyo.

Indlela yokusindiswa kule nto? Ngelishwa, iiatoxins ziyakwazi ukumelana nobushushu kuneetyhefu ze-botulinum. Kwimeko nayiphi na into, musa ukuzenza ngathi ungumkhethi wamakhowa, kwaye ukuba sele uye ehlathini, zifumanele into engcono ongayenza! Musa ukuthenga amakhowa koogogo, nokuba bakhangeleka bebahle kakhulu! Khumbula malunga ne-Snow White - kwaye awunama-gnomes okanye iinkosana eziqhelekileyo!

Ngokungaqhelekanga, idosi ephezulu yepenicillin inceda ukunxila. I-rumor ithi i-silibinin, eyona nto igxininisekile yembewu ye-milk thistle, i-antidote kwi-amatoxins, kodwa oku akuchanekanga. Abantu abaninzi bathembisa ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiimvavanyo, kodwa ngesizathu esithile akukho mntu uvumayo.

Indawo yesine

IiAflatoxinsEzona tyhefu zimbi

I-Aflatoxins liqela le-polyketides eliveliswe yi-microscopic fungi (micromycetes) yeentlobo ezininzi ze-genus Aspergillus (ikakhulu i-A. flavus kunye ne-A. parasiticus). Aba bantwana bakhula kwiinkozo, kwimbewu, nakwiziqhamo zezityalo ezineoli eninzi, njengembewu yamandongomane. Ii-aflatoxins zenziwe ngokuhamba kwexesha kunye nokugcinwa okungafanelekanga kwingqokelela yakudala yeti kunye nezinye imifuno. Le tyhefu ikwafumaneka kubisi lwezilwanyana ezitye ukutya okunentsholongwane.

Kuzo zonke iityhefu eziveliswa ngokwebhayoloji, i-aflatoxins yeyona hepatocarcinogens inamandla efunyenwe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Xa idosi ephezulu yetyhefu ingena emzimbeni, ukufa kwenzeka ngaphakathi kweentsuku ezimbalwa ngenxa yomonakalo ongenakulungiseka wesibindi; xa ithamo eliphantsi lifakwe, i-aflatoxicosis engapheliyo ikhula, ebonakaliswa ngokucinezelwa kwamajoni omzimba, ukonakala kweDNA, ukusebenza kwe-oncogenes - umhlaza wesibindi. nje ngeziphumo. Ewe, %username%, ukuba awutyi amandongomane okanye imbewu, uya kufa. Mhlawumbi kungekhona ngokukhawuleza, kodwa kuqinisekisiwe kwaye kubuhlungu.

I-Aflatoxins iyaxhathisa kunyango lobushushu lwemveliso - ke oku kusebenza nakwi-peanuts ezigcadiweyo.

Kumazwe athuthukileyo, ukubeka iliso ngokungqongqo kweemveliso apho i-aflatoxins ifumaneka rhoqo (amantongomane, umbona, imbewu yamathanga, njl. Kumazwe asakhasayo apho lungekho ulawulo olunjalo, ukungcoliswa kokutya ngundonda kusengunobangela oyingozi wokufa kwabantu. Ngokomzekelo, eMozambiki, umlinganiselo wokufa ngenxa yomhlaza wesibindi ungaphezulu ngokuphindwe ngama-50 kunaseFransi.

Leliphi ilizwe othi elakho libhekisele kulo, %igama lomsebenzisi%?

Masiphakamise iintambo! Indawo yesithathu

I-MercuryEzona tyhefu zimbi
ngakumbi

MethylmercuryEzona tyhefu zimbi

Wonke umntu uyazi malunga nobungozi be-mercury. Malunga nenyaniso yokuba ukwaphula i-thermometers kunye nokudlala ngeebhola zomlingo ezintle akufanelekanga - ndiyathemba nam.

I-Mercury kunye nazo zonke iikhompawundi zayo zinetyhefu. Ukubonakaliswa kwe-mercury, nakwizixa ezincinci, kunokubangela iingxaki zempilo ezinzulu kwaye kube yingozi ekukhuleni komntwana kunye nophuhliso lobuntwana. I-Mercury inokuba yityhefu kwi-nervous, i-digestive, kunye ne-immune system, kunye nemiphunga, izintso, ulusu kunye namehlo. I-WHO idwelisa imekyuri njengenye yeekhemikhali ezilishumi eziphambili okanye amaqela eekhemikhali ezixhalabisa kakhulu impilo yoluntu.

Kodwa ngokwenene kunjalo ngoku. Oogqirha abafanayo kude kube ngoo-1970 babesebenza kakhulu ekusebenziseni iikhompawundi zemercury:

  • i-mercury chloride (I) (calomel) - i-laxative;
  • I-Mercusal kunye nePromeran zi-diuretics ezinamandla;
  • i-mercury (II) i-chloride, i-mercury (II) i-cyanide, i-mercury amidochloride kunye ne-yellow mercury (II) i-oxide - i-antiseptics (kubandakanywa njengenxalenye yamafutha).

Kukho iimeko xa, ngexesha le-volvulus yamathumbu, iglasi ye-mercury yathululelwa kwisisu sesigulane. Ngokutsho kwabaphili bamandulo ababenikela ngale ndlela yonyango, i-mercury, ngenxa yobunzima kunye nokuhamba kwayo, kwakufuneka idlule emathunjini kwaye, phantsi kobunzima bayo, iqondise iindawo zayo ezijijekileyo.

Amalungiselelo e-Mercury asetyenziswe ukususela ngekhulu le-1963. (kwi-USSR kude kube yi-XNUMX) kunyango lwe-syphilis. Oku kwakubangelwa kukuba i-treponema ephalukileyo, ebangela igcushuwa, inovelwano kakhulu kwizinto eziphilayo kunye ne-inorganic compounds ezithintela amaqela e-sulfhydryl ye-enzymes ye-thiol ye-microbe - iikhompawundi ze-mercury, i-arsenic, i-bismuth kunye ne-iodine. Nangona kunjalo, unyango olunjalo aluzange lusebenze ngokwaneleyo kwaye luyityhefu kakhulu kumzimba wesigulane, onawo amaqela e-sulfhydryl, nangona ngaphezu kwe-treponema engathandekiyo. Unyango olunjalo lwakhokelela ekulahlekeni kweenwele ezipheleleyo kunye nomngcipheko omkhulu wokuphuhlisa iingxaki ezinzulu. Nangona kunjalo, oogqirha abanobubele, abanobubele bahamba phambili ngakumbi: basebenzisa iindlela ze-mercurization jikelele yomzimba, apho isigulane sasibekwe kwisitya esishushu, apho i-mercury vapor yayinikezelwa khona. Obu buchule, nangona busebenza ngokwentelekiso, iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga kunye nomngcipheko wetyhefu ebulalayo yemekyuri ikhokelele ekuphelisweni kwayo kancinci kuqeqesho lwezonyango.

Ngendlela, isilivere ye-amalgam yayisetyenziswa kugqirha wamazinyo njengesixhobo sokuzaliswa kwamazinyo ngaphambi kokufika kwezinto ezinyangwa ngokukhanya. Khumbula oku ngalo lonke ixesha umakazi omhle oneeglasi egoba phezu kwakho!

Eyona miphunga inetyhefu kunye neekhompawundi zemercury ezinyibilikayo. I-metallic mercury ngokwayo ayinabungozi kangako, kodwa iyancipha ngokuthe ngcembe nakwiqondo lokushisa, kwaye umphunga unokubangela ubuthi obukhulu - kwaye ngendlela, umphunga awuvumba. I-Mercury kunye neengqungquthela zayo (i-sublimate, i-calomel, i-cinnabar, i-mercury cyanide) ichaphazela inkqubo ye-nervous, isibindi, izintso, i-gastrointestinal tract, kwaye xa ifakwe, i-respiratory tract. I-Mercury ngummeli oqhelekileyo weetyhefu ezongezelekayo.

I-Organic mercury compounds, ngokukodwa, i-methylmercury, ime kancinci. Yenziwe, njengomthetho, ngenxa ye-metabolism ye-microorganisms ephantsi xa i-mercury ikhutshwa emanzini. Le nto inetyhefu kakhulu. Ubuthi bukhulu kunobo bemercury, ngenxa yentsebenziswano esebenzayo kunye namaqela e-sulfhydryl yee-enzymes kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukungasebenzi kwezi enzymes. Ekubeni i-substance i-covalent compound kwaye ingaphantsi kwe-polar kune-mercury cation ngokwayo, umphumo kumzimba ufana ne-poisoning yensimbi enzima (ngokukodwa, i-mercury), kodwa iyingqayizivele: umonakalo kwinkqubo ye-nervous ibonakala ngakumbi. Esi silonda saziwa ngokuba sisifo saseMinamata.

Ngethuba lokuqala, le syndrome yabhaliswa kwaye yafundwa eJapan, eKumamoto Prefecture kwisixeko saseMinamata ngowe-1956. Unobangela wesi sifo kukukhutshwa ixesha elide kwe-mercury e-inorganic kwiMinamata Bay nguChisso, eyathi yaguqulwa yaba yi-methylmercury yi-benthic microorganisms kwimetabolism yazo, kwaye ekubeni le khompawundi ithande ukuqokelela kwizinto eziphilayo, ngenxa yoko, ukuxinana kwizicubu. Ukwanda kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nokwanda kwendawo yazo kwikhonkco lokutya. Ngoko, kwiintlanzi zaseMinamata Bay, umxholo we-methylmercury wawususela kwi-8 ukuya kwi-36 mg/kg, kwi-oyster - ukuya kutsho kuma-85 mg/kg, ngoxa emanzini wawungekho ngaphezu kwe-0,68 mg/l.

Iimpawu ziquka i-dysmotility, ukutshisa, ukubetha, kunye ne-goosebumps emaphethelweni, ukungakwazi ukuqonda, ukudinwa, ukukhala ezindlebeni, ukuncipha kwendawo yokubona, ukungeva kunye nokunyakaza okungahambi kakuhle. Wambi amaxhoba aqatha esifo saseMinamata aphambana, afe isiqaqa, aza afa kwisithuba esingangenyanga emva kokuqalisa kwesi sifo.

Kukwakho namaxhoba aneempawu ezingapheliyo zesifo saseMinamata, njengentloko ebuhlungu, ukudinwa rhoqo, ukungakwazi ukunuka nokungcamla, nokulibala, zinto ezo ezichuliweyo kodwa ezenza ubomi bemihla ngemihla bube nzima kakhulu. Ukongezelela, kukho abaguli abanesifo sokuzalwa saseMinamata abazalwa benemeko engaqhelekanga ngenxa yokuchanabeka kwi<em>methylmercury ngoxa besesesibelekweni soonina ababesitya intlanzi engcolileyo.

Isifo saseMinamata asikanyangwa, ngoko unyango luquka ukuzama ukunciphisa iimpawu nokusebenzisa unyango lokubuyisela kwimeko yesiqhelo. Ngaphandle kokwenzakala emzimbeni okubangelwa yimpilo, kukwakho nokwenzakala entlalweni, okukucalucalulwa kwamaxhoba esifo saseMinamata. Kulungile, %igama lomsebenzisi%, ngaba usafuna ukufudukela kuMhlaba waseFukushima, eMinamata kunye neLanga eliphumayo?

Ngendlela, ngowe-1996, kwisixeko saseMeseisei, esikufuphi nechweba, iMyuziyam yeZifo zaseMinamata yakhiwa. Ngo-2006, iSikhumbuzo sakhiwa kumhlaba wemyuziyam ukuze kukhunjulwe amaxhoba etyhefu yemekyuri evela kungcoliseko lwaseMinamata Bay. Kuthiwa amaxhoba awazange akhululeke koku.

Ngendlela, kukho enye into -

DimethylmercuryEzona tyhefu zimbi

Ewe, lo ngumdlalo ngokupheleleyo, oyityhefu kangangokuba awukaze usetyenziswe okanye ufunyanwe naphi na. Ulwelo olungenambala yenye yezona neurotoxins ezinamandla. Kutyholwa ukuba inevumba elimnandi, kodwa inzululwazi ayibazi abantu abanokuthi bajonge oku kwaye baxele iimvakalelo zabo. Nangona, ngenxa yokuzinza kwayo, i-dimethylmercury yajika yaba yenye yezinto zokuqala ze-organometallic ezafunyanwa. Ewe, abantu bayakuthanda ukufumanisa izinto ezithi emva koko zizichebe phantsi, u-Oppenheimer uyavuma.

Ukuze wena, %username%, uqinisekiswe ukuba uza kuthunyelwa kwelinye ilizwe. I-0,05-0,1 ml yale nto yanele. Umngcipheko wonyuka ngakumbi ngenxa yoxinzelelo lomphunga ophezulu wolu lwelo. Ngendlela, i-dimethylmercury ngokukhawuleza (ngemizuzwana) ingena kwi-latex, i-PVC, i-polyisobutylene kunye ne-neoprene, kwaye ifakwe esikhumbeni. Ngoko ke, uninzi lweiglavu zaselabhoratri ezisemgangathweni azikho ukhuseleko oluthembekileyo, kwaye ekuphela kwendlela yokubaleka ngokukhuselekileyo ekuphatheni i-dimethylmercury kukunxiba iiglavu ezikhuseleke kakhulu ezilaminethiweyo phantsi kwesesibini, i-elbow-length neoprene okanye enye iglove engqingqwa ekhuselayo. Isidingo sokunxiba ikhaka elide lobuso kunye nokusebenza phantsi kwe-fume hood nayo iphawulwe. Ngaba usafuna ukuqhelana neli vumba liswiti?

Ubutyhefu be-dimethylmercury buphinde bacaciswa ngokusweleka kwesazi samachiza uKaren Wetterhahn kwiinyanga ezimbalwa emva kokuba echithe amathontsi ambalwa ekhompawundi kwisandla sakhe esineglavu yelatex.

I-Dimethylmercury iwela ngokulula umqobo wegazi-ubuchopho, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokubunjwa kwekhompawundi eyinkimbinkimbi kunye ne-cysteine. Ikhutshelwa ngokucothayo emzimbeni kwaye ithande ukuqokelelwa yi-bioaccumulate. Iimpawu zetyhefu zinokuvela kwiinyanga kamva, ngokufuthi zisemva kwexesha kakhulu ukuba zinganyangwa. Lo nto.

Ekuphela kwento esindisa umhlaba kukuba i-dimethylmercury ayinazo izicelo (nangona u-Alexander Litvinenko othile ezama ukuthetha into apha). Ayifane isetyenziswe xa kulungiswa ii-spectrographs ze-NMR zokubona imekyuri, nangona nalapha abantu abayiqondayo into ethile badla ngokukhetha iityuwa ezinetyhefu enganeno kakhulu kule njongo.

Indawo yesibini

ImethanolEzona tyhefu zimbi

Wonke umntu uyazi malunga ne-methanol. Kodwa ngokokubona kwam ijongelwa phantsi.

Ingxaki yemethanol ayiyona ingxaki yakhe, kodwa yingxaki yomzimba wethu. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, iqulethe i-enzayim ye-alcohol dehydrogenase (okanye i-ADH I), eyanikezelwa kuthi ngokwemvelo ngomama ngenxa yokuqhekeka kotywala. Kwaye ukuba, kwimeko ye-ethanol eqhelekileyo, iyayiqhekeza kwi-acetaldehyde (hello, i-hangover!), Kwaye ukuba unethamsanqa, iyayiphula ibe yi-acetic acid engenabungozi ngokubanzi kwaye enomsoco ngendlela ye-acetyl-coenzyme A, emva koko i-methanol yonakele: ijika ibe yityhefu ye-formaldehyde kunye ne-formate. Kuyabonakala ukuba, uMama weNdalo unoburharha obukhethekileyo.

Ingxaki yandiswa kukuba, ngokutsho kwe-daredevils (akukho baninzi kubo), i-methanol incasa kunye nevumba ayifani notywala obuqhelekileyo, kwaye ngakumbi xa ixutywe nayo. Ngendlela, ukusabela kwe-iodoform, xa iodoform ephuzi idlula nge-ethyl alcohol, kodwa akukho nto iyancipha nge-methanol, ayisebenzi ukumisela umxholo we-methanol kwisisombululo se-ethanol.

I-1-2 milliliters ye-methanol ngekhilogram ye-carcass (oko kukuthi, malunga ne-100 ml) idla ngokuqinisekiswa ukuthumela i-daredevils kwabanye abantu abanomdla abanamaphiko emhlane wabo, kwaye ngenxa ye-predisposition ekhethekileyo yale nto kwi-nerve optic, kuphela i-10. -20 ml yenza umntu abe yimfama. Ngonaphakade.

Ngethamsanqa, iziphumo eziyityhefu ze-methanol zikhula ngaphezulu kweeyure ezininzi, kwaye ii-antidotes ezisebenzayo zinokuwunciphisa umonakalo. Ngoko ke, ukuba wena, %username%, emva kokugqithisa ngenxa yesizathu esithile, uziva intloko, ubuthathaka jikelele, ukugula, ukuqhaqhaqha, isicaphucaphu kunye nokugabha - sela ngakumbi. Andidlali: njengoko kuchazwe kwincwadana yogqirha ongxamisekileyo, ngenxa yetyhefu ye-methanol, i-antidote yi-ethanol, elawulwa nge-intravenously ngendlela ye-10% isisombululo ngokuhla okanye isisombululo se-30-40% ngomlomo ngexabiso. ye-1-2 grams yesisombululo nge-1 kg yesisindo somzimba ngosuku. Umphumo onenzuzo kule meko uqinisekiswa ngokuphambuka kwe-enzyme ye-ADH I kwi-oxidation ye-ethanol yangaphandle. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukuba ukuxilongwa akuchanekanga ngokwaneleyo, ityhefu ye-methanol inokuthi iphoswe ngokuxilwa kotywala okulula (njengoko sele uphawulwe ngasentla) okanye ityhefu nge-1,2-dichloroethane okanye i-carbon tetrachloride (izinyibilikisi eziphilayo, ezisekho isipho; kodwa ayiqaqambi kangako) - Kule meko, ukwazisa izixa ezongezelelweyo zotywala be-ethyl kuyingozi. Lilonke, uphelelwe lithamsanqa, %igama lomsebenzisi%. Yomelela.

Ityhefu yemethanol ixhaphake kakhulu. Ngoko, e-USA ngo-2013, iimeko ze-1747 zirekhodwa (kwaye ewe-e-USA). Uninzi lwetyhefu yemethanol luyaziwa:

  • Ityhefu ye-methanol enkulu eSpain ekuqaleni kwe-1963; inani lokufa elisemthethweni lingama-51, kodwa kukho uqikelelo ukusuka kwi-1000 ukuya kwi-5000.
  • Ityhefu enkulu nge-methanol e-Bangalore (eIndiya) ngoJulayi 1981. Inani lokufa ngabantu abangama-308.
  • Ityhefu eninzi ngewayini ene-methanol-laced e-Italy ngentwasahlobo ka-1986; Kwafa abantu abangama-23.
  • Ityhefu ye-methanol e-El Salvador ngo-Oktobha 2000 yabangela ukufa kwabantu abayi-122. Abasemagunyeni bakrokrela uhlaselo lwabanqolobi, kuba i-methanol ayizange ibonwe kwiziselo ezinxilisayo kwizityalo zokuvelisa ngexesha lophando lwesi siganeko.
  • Ityhefu enkulu ngemethanol ngoSeptemba 9-10, 2001 kwisixeko sasePΓ€rnu (Estonia); Kwafa abantu abangama-68.
  • Ubuthi obukhulu nge-methanol kwiRiphabhliki yaseCzech, ePoland naseSlovakia ngoSeptemba 2012; Kwafa abantu abangama-51.
  • Ubuthi obukhulu nge-methanol ngoDisemba 17-20, 2016 e-Irkutsk (eRashiya). Inani lokufa ngabantu abangama-78.

Ngesi sizathu, i-methanol ithathe indawo yesibini kwinqanaba lethu. Kwaye ayisehlekisi.

Ta-dam! Umlandeli! Sinendawo yokuqala!

Okokuqala, asiyi kuba netyhefu eyoyikekayo enokufunyanwa ndaweni ithile kwizilwanyana okanye kwiintlanzi ezikweleenjiko. Ngoko masilibale malunga ne-tetrodotoxin kunye ne-batrachotoxin.

Ayiyi kuba luhlobo oluthile lwe-inorganic olunokufumaneka kuphela kumashishini akhethekileyo - njenge-beryllium nitrate, leyo, ngendlela, nayo incasa kamnandi, okanye i-arsenic chloride, ethandwa kakhulu kumaXesha Aphakathi.

Ayiyi kuba luhlobo oluthile lwezinto eziphilayo, ezingenakufumaneka emini ngomlilo-ezifana ne-ricin, okanye eziye zafundwa kwakudala kwaye zilala kwikhabhinethi yeyeza - njenge-strychnine okanye i-digitoxin.

Ayiyi kuba yi-cyanide ehlatyiweyo kunye ne-hydrocyanic acid ukuba i-epic ingaphumeleli eyenzeka kwimeko kaRasputin.

Ayizukuba yipolonium-210 okanye iVX, eqinisekisiweyo ukuba iza kubulala nokuba ngamathamo amancinane – kodwa ayifumaneki kuluntu ngokubanzi.

Hayi, inkokeli yethu iya kuba ngumbulali wokwenene, onezigidi zobomi kwiakhawunti yakhe.

Ikharbhon monoxideEzona tyhefu zimbi

Enyanisweni, yayiyi-carbon monoxide eyathumela iqela labantu kwihlabathi elilandelayo. Le gesi engenambala, engenavumba nengenancasa ingena kumoya osesibhakabhakeni ngalo naluphi na uhlobo lokutsha. Ikharbhon monoxide ibophelela kwi-hemoglobin, yenze i-carboxyhemoglobin, kwaye ithintele ukuhanjiswa kweoksijini kwiiseli zezicubu, ezikhokelela kuhlobo lwe-hemic hypoxia. I-Carbon monoxide nayo ibandakanyeka kwi-oxidative reactions, iphazamisa ibhalansi ye-biochemical kwizicubu. Kule nto, isenzo sayo sifana kakhulu ne-cyanide.

Ityhefu inokwenzeka:

  • ngexesha lomlilo;
  • kwimveliso, apho i-carbon monoxide isetyenziselwa ukudibanisa inani lezinto eziphilayo (i-acetone, i-methyl alcohol, i-phenol, njl.);
  • kwizakhiwo ezinegesi apho izixhobo ezisebenzisa igesi zisebenza (izitovu, izifudumezi zamanzi kwangoko, iijenereyitha zobushushu ezinegumbi lokutsha elivulekileyo) phantsi kweemeko zokungatshintshi komoya ngokwaneleyo, umzekelo, ukuba kukho ukuphulwa kwedrafti kwiitshimini kunye / okanye imigudu yokungena umoya. okanye ukungabikho komoya wokubonelela ngokutsha kwegesi;
  • kwiigaraji ezinomoya omdaka, kwamanye amagumbi angenamoya okanye angenawo umoya, iitonela, ekubeni i-exhaust yemoto iqulethe ukuya kwi-1-3% ye-CO ngokwemigangatho;
  • xa uhlala kwindlela exakekileyo ixesha elide okanye ecaleni kwayo - kwiindlela ezinkulu, i-avareji yoxinaniso lwe-COXNUMX ludlula i-poisoning threshold;
  • ekhaya xa kukho ukuvuza kwegesi yokukhanyisa kunye nakwimeko yokucima isitovu esingenaxesha esivaliweyo kumagumbi anokufudumala kwesitofu (izindlu, iibhafu);
  • xa usebenzisa umoya okumgangatho ophantsi kwizixhobo zokuphefumla;
  • xa utshaya i-hookah (ewe, ipesenti enkulu kakhulu yabantu bafumana intloko ebuhlungu, isiyezi, isicaphucaphu, ukozela emva kokutshaya i-hookah, okubangelwa yityhefu ye-carbon monoxide eyenziwe xa kukho ukungabikho kweoksijini kwisixhobo se-hookah).

Ke wena, %username%, unamathuba amaninzi okuqhelana netyhefu.

Kumxholo we-0,08% ye-CO emoyeni ophefumulayo, umntu uvakalelwa intloko kunye nokuphefumula. Ngokunyuka kwe-CO yokugxila kwi-0,32%, ukukhubazeka kunye nokulahlekelwa kwengqondo kwenzeka (ukufa kwenzeka emva kwemizuzu engama-30). Kwi-concentration engaphezulu kwe-1,2%, ingqondo ilahlekile emva kokuphefumla kabini okanye kathathu, umntu uyafa ngaphantsi kwemizuzu engama-3 ekuxubeni. Kugxininiso lwe-dotoxic (ngaphantsi kwe-0,08%), unokubamba oku kuvuyisa kulandelayo (njengoko ugxininiso lusanda):

  1. Ukunciphisa isantya sokuphendula kwe-psychomotor, ngamanye amaxesha - ukunyuka kwembuyekezo yokuhamba kwegazi kwizitho ezibalulekileyo. Kubantu abane-cardiovascular insufficiency enzima - intlungu yesifuba ngexesha lokuzilolonga, ukuphefumula okufutshane.
  2. Intloko encinci, ukunciphisa ukusebenza kwengqondo kunye nomzimba, ukuphefumula okufutshane kunye nokunyanzeliswa ngokomzimba. Ukuphazamiseka okubonakalayo. Inokuba yingozi kumntwana ongekazalwa, abantu abanokusilela okukhulu kwentliziyo.
  3. Intloko ebuhlungu, isiyezi, ukucaphuka, ukungazinzi ngokweemvakalelo, ukuphazamiseka kwenkumbulo, isicaphucaphu, ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwezandla ezincinci.
  4. Intloko ebuhlungu kakhulu, ubuthathaka, impumlo evuzayo, isicaphucaphu, ukuhlanza, ukungaboni kakuhle, ukudideka.
  5. I-hallucinations, ukuphulwa okukhulu kokulungelelaniswa kwentshukumo yemisipha - kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba abantu badla ngokufa emlilweni.

Indlela yokunceda ngetyhefu ye-carbon monoxide? Ewe, okokuqala, shiya ummandla wosulelo. Ngendlela, imaski eqhelekileyo yegesi, i-rags emanzi ebusweni kunye ne-cotton-gauze bandages ayigcini, i-carbon monoxide yabona bonke kwindawo enomdla kwaye idlula kuzo ngokuzolileyo - ufuna imaski yegesi nge-cartridge ye-hopkalite - oku leyo inecopper oxide eyenza icarbon monoxide ikhuphe ikharbon diokside ekhuselekileyo. Kwaye ke - phefumla, phefumla! Phefumla umoya omtsha, okanye ngcono, ioksijini, unike izicubu zakho ezingathandekiyo kunye namalungu oko akufunayo!

Iyeza lehlabathi aliwazi i-antidotes ethembekileyo yokusetyenziswa kwimeko yetyhefu ye-carbon monoxide. Kodwa! - ziqhayise: Izazinzulu zaseRashiya ziye zavelisa iyeza elitsha elithi "Acyzol", elibekwe njenge-antidote (nangona ngenxa yesizathu esithile ezinye izazinzulu zinokholo oluncinane kule nto). Ilawulwa nge-intramuscularly njengesisombululo. Ikwanikezelwa njengeprophylactic. Oososayensi baseRashiya bamema ukuvavanya eli chiza, kodwa ngenxa yesizathu esithile abantu abambalwa bayayifuna kunokuba kwimeko ye-antidote ye-amatoxins.

Yiyo leyo, %igama lomsebenzisi%!

Ndiyathemba ukuba andiwonakalisanga ukutya kwakho, bekunomdla, kwaye uzifundele into entsha, kwaye ungapheleli nje ekutyeni kwakho kunye neendawo onokuzindwendwela.

Impilo kunye nethamsanqa!

Yonke into inetyhefu, akukho nto ingenabuhlungu; Idosi nje enye yenza ukuba ityhefu ingabonakali.”

-Paracelsus

umthombo: www.habr.com

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