Umbhali wenqaku, uDouglas McIlroy, yingcali yezibalo yaseMelika, injineli, kunye nomdwelisi weprogram. Waziwa kakhulu ngokuphuhlisa umbhobho kwinkqubo yokusebenza ye-Unix, imigaqo yenkqubo ejoliswe kwicandelo, kunye nezixhobo ezininzi zokuqala: ukupela, ukwahlukana, uhlobo, ukujoyina, ukuthetha, tr.

Ngamanye amaxesha udibana neenkqubo ezimangalisayo. Emva kokuphonononga kwinkumbulo yam, ndiqulunqe uluhlu lwamatye okwenene e-Unix kule minyaka idlulileyo. Ngokusisiseko, ezi zinqabile kwaye aziyimfuneko kangako iinkqubo. Kodwa eyona nto ibenza bagqame kukuvela kwabo. Andikwazi nokucinga ukuba nam ndeza nombono wayo nayiphi na kuwo.

Yabelana ngeziphi iinkqubo ochukumiseke kakhulu?

PDP-7 Unix

Ukuqala, i-PDP-7 Unix inkqubo ngokwayo. Ubulula bayo kunye namandla andenza ukuba ndisuke kwi-mainframe enamandla ukuya kumatshini omncinci. Yinkqubo yefayile ye-quintessential yenqanaba leefayili, iqokobhe elahlukileyo, kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo yenqanaba lomsebenzisi ezo iiMultics kwi-mainframe engakwaziyo ukuyifumana emva kwamakhulu eminyaka yomntu yophuhliso. Iintsilelo ze-Unix (ezifana nesakhiwo serekhodi yesixokelelwano sefayile) zazifundisa kwaye zikhulula njengezinto ezintsha ezitsha (ezifana neqokobhe I/O ukuqondisa kwakhona).

dc

Ithala leencwadi leZibalo leZibalo likaRobert Morris likaRobert Morris eliguquguqukayo lisebenzise uhlalutyo lwemposiso eguqukileyo ukumisela ukuchaneka okufunekayo kwinqanaba ngalinye ukufikelela kwisiphumo esichazwe ngumsebenzisi esichanekile. KwiNkomfa yobuNjineli beSoftware ye-1968 ye-NATO, kwingxelo yam kumacandelo esoftware, ndicebise iinkqubo zereferensi ezinokuvelisa nakuphi na ukuchaneka okunqwenelekayo, kodwa andingazi ukuba ndingazisebenzisa njani. I-dc isekuphela kwenkqubo endiyaziyo enokwenza oku.

uchwethezo

I-Typo icwangcisa amagama kwisicatshulwa ngokufana kwawo kunye nesicatshulwa sonke. Upelo olugwenxa olufana no-'hte' ludla ngokuba sekupheleni koluhlu. URobert Morris ngeqhayiya wathi le nkqubo iza kusebenza ngokulinganayo kulo naluphi na ulwimi. Nangona uchwethezo lungakuncedisi ukufumana iimpazamo zefonetiki, ibiyinzuzo yokwenyani kubo bonke oomatshini bokuchwetheza, kwaye yenze okulungileyo kakhulu phambi kokuba umkhangeli wopelo wesichazi-magama ungabinamdla kangako kodwa uchaneke ngakumbi.

I-Typo yinto nje engalindelekanga ngaphakathi njengoko injalo ngaphandle. I-algorithm yokulinganisa ukufana isekelwe kwi-frequency ye-trigrams, ebalwa kwi-26 × 26 × 26 uluhlu. Imemori encinci yayinesithuba esaneleyo sokubala ii-byte-byte, ngoko ke icebo laphunyezwa ukucinezela amanani amakhulu kwizinto zokubala ezincinci. Ukuphepha ukuphuphuma, izixhobo zokubala zahlaziywa ngokwesiseko esinokwenzeka, ukugcina uqikelelo lwelogarithm yexabiso lokubala.

eqn

Ngokufika kwe-phototypesetting, kwaba nokwenzeka, kodwa kwaba yindinisa kakhulu, ukushicilela notation lwezibalo zakudala. U-Lorinda Cherry wagqiba ekubeni aphuhlise ulwimi olukwinqanaba eliphezulu, kwaye kungekudala uBrian Kernigan wamjoyina. Inyathelo labo eliqaqambileyo yayikukubhala isithethe esidluliselwa ngomlomo, ngoko kwaba lula ngokumangalisayo ukuyifunda i-eqn. Inkcazo yokuqala yolwimi lwemathematika yohlobo lwayo, i-eqn ayizange iphuculwe kakhulu ukusukela ngoko.

ulwakhiwo

UBrenda Baker waqala ukuphuhlisa i-Fortan-to-Ratfor converter ngokuchasene nengcebiso yomphathi wakhe, mna. Ndacinga ukuba oku kunokukhokelela ekuhlelweni ngokutsha kombhalo wokuqala. Iya kukhululeka kwiinombolo zengxelo, kodwa kungenjalo ayifundeki ngaphezu kwekhowudi yeFortran eyakhiwe kakuhle. UBrenda undibonisile ukuba andilunganga. Ufumanise ukuba yonke inkqubo yeFortran inefomu eyakhiwe ngokusemthethweni. Abadwelisi benkqubo bakhetha ifom ye-canonical, kunokuba babhale bona ngokwabo ekuqaleni.

pascal

I-syntax diagnostics kwi-compiler eyenziwe liqela likaSue Graham eBerkeley yayiyeyona nto iluncedo endakha ndayibona-kwaye yenziwa ngokuzenzekelayo. Kwimpazamo yesintaksi, umqokeleli uyakuyalela ukuba ufake ithokheni ukuze uqhubeke nokwahlulahlula. Akukho nzame yokuchaza into engalunganga. Ngalo mqokeleli, ndifunde uPascal ngorhatya olunye ngaphandle kwencwadana ekhoyo.

nxalenye

Ifihlwe ngaphakathi kwimodyuli yeWWB (Ibhentshi yokuSebenza yoMbhali). parts ULorinda Cherry umisela iinxalenye zentetho zamagama kwisicatshulwa sesiNgesi esisekelwe kwisichazi-magama esincinane kuphela, imigaqo yopelo kunye negrama. Ngokusekelwe kwesi sihlomelo, inkqubo ye-WWB ibonisa izikhombisi ze-stylometric zesicatshulwa, ezifana nokuxhaphaka kwezichazi, amagatya angaphantsi kunye nezivakalisi ezinzima. Xa u-Lorinda wayedliwano-ndlebe kwi-NBC's Namhlanje kwaye wathetha malunga nokukhangela igrama entsha kwiitekisi ze-WWB, yayikukhankanywa kokuqala kwe-Unix kumabonwakude.

Umzekelo

U-Al Aho wayelindele ukuba isisombululi sakhe sentetho esizimiseleyo sigqithe kwi-classical non-deterministic solver ka-Ken. Ngelishwa, le yokugqibela yayisele igqibezela ukupasa ngokusebenzisa iintetho eziqhelekileyo eziqhelekileyo, ngelixa egrep wazakhela eyakhe i-automation. Ukuqhubeka ukuphumelela olu gqatso, u-Al Aho uye wajikeleza isiqalekiso sokukhula okubonakalayo kwetafile yelizwe le-automaton ngokuyila indlela yokwakha phezu kwempukane kuphela loo mangenelo etafile athe atyelelwa ngokwenene ngexesha loqwalaselo.

oononkala

Inkqubo enomtsalane yemeta kaLuca Cardelli yenkqubo yefestile yeBlit ikhuphe oononkala benyani abazulazula kwindawo engenanto yesikrini, beluma imiphetho yeefestile ezisebenzayo ngakumbi nangakumbi.

Ezinye iingcinga jikelele

Nangona ingabonakali ngaphandle, ithiyori kunye ne-algorithms zidlale indima eqinisekileyo ekudaleni uninzi lwezi nkqubo: i-typo, i-dc, i-struct, i-pascal, i-egrep. Enyanisweni, kukusetyenziswa okungaqhelekanga kwale ngcamango okona kumangalisa kakhulu.

Phantse isiqingatha soluhlu - i-pascal, i-struct, i-parts, i-eqn - yayibhalwe kuqala ngabasetyhini, idlula kakhulu i-demographic yabasetyhini kwisayensi yekhompyutha.

UDouglas McIlroy
Matshi, 2020

umthombo: www.habr.com