Ukuba uchithe naliphi na ixesha ucinga ngeenkqubo ezintsonkothileyo, mhlawumbi uyakuqonda ukubaluleka kothungelwano. Uthungelwano lulawula ihlabathi lethu. Ukusuka kwiikhemikhali ezisebenza ngaphakathi kwiseli, ukuya kwiwebhu yobudlelwane kwi-ikhosistim, ukuya kurhwebo kunye nothungelwano lwezopolitiko olubumba indlela yembali.

Okanye qwalasela eli nqaku ulifundayo. Mhlawumbi uyifumene inethiwekhi yokuncokola, ikhutshelwe kwi inethiwekhi yekhompyuter kwaye ngoku bacacisa intsingiselo besebenzisa eyakho inethiwekhi ye-neural.

Kodwa kangangoko ndiye ndacinga malunga networks kule minyaka, kude kube kutshanje andizange baqonde ukubaluleka elula ukusasazwa.

Esi sihloko sethu namhlanje: njani, njani isiphithiphithi yonke into ihamba kwaye isasazeka. Eminye imizekelo yokwenza umdla wakho wokutya:

• Izifo ezosulelayo ezisuka kumthwali ziye kumthwali phakathi kwabantu.
• Iimemes zisasazeka kwigrafu yabalandeli kwiinethiwekhi zentlalo.
• Umlilo wehlathi.
• Iingcamango kunye nezenzo ezihlala zigcwele inkcubeko.
• I-Neutron cascade kwi-uranium etyetyisiweyo.

Inqaku elikhawulezayo malunga nefom.

Ngokungafaniyo nayo yonke imisebenzi yam yangaphambili, esi sincoko siyasebenzisana [kwi inqaku lokuqala imizekelo esebenzayo inikwa kunye nezilayidi kunye namaqhosha alawula izinto kwiscreen - malunga. indlela].

Ngoko masiqalise. Umsebenzi wokuqala kukuphuhlisa isigama esibonakalayo sokusasazwa kuthungelwano.

Imodeli elula

Ndiqinisekile ukuba nonke niyayazi isiseko sothungelwano, oko kukuthi, ii-nodes + edges. Ukufunda ukusasazwa, kufuneka nje uphawule ezinye iindawo njenge esebenzayo. Okanye, njengoko i-epidemiologists zithanda ukuthi, usulelekile:

Oku kusebenze okanye usulelo lusasazeka ngenethiwekhi ukusuka kwi-node ukuya kwi-node ngokwemigaqo esiya kuyiphuhlisa ngezantsi.

Uthungelwano lokwenyani luqhelekile ukuba lukhulu kunolu nxibelelwano lulula lweendawo ezisixhenxe. Zikwadida ngakumbi. Kodwa ngenxa yokulula, siya kwakha imodeli yokudlala apha ukuze sifunde i-lattice, oko kukuthi, inethiwekhi ye-lattice.

(Into enqongopheleyo ngumnatha kwinyani, iyayenza ukuze kube lula ukuyizoba 😉

Ngaphandle kwalapho kuphawulwe ngenye indlela, iindawo zenethiwekhi zinabamelwane abane, umzekelo:

Kwaye kufuneka ucinge ukuba ezi lattis zanda ngokungenasiphelo kuwo onke amacala. Ngamanye amazwi, asinamdla kwindlela yokuziphatha eyenzeka kuphela kwimida yenethiwekhi okanye kubantu abancinci.

Ngenxa yokuba iilethi zi-odolwe kangaka, singenza lula ukuba zibe pixels. Umzekelo, le mifanekiso mibini imele inethiwekhi efanayo:

Kwindlela enye yokuziphatha, i-node esebenzayo ihlala idlulisela usulelo kubamelwane bayo (abangenantsholongwane). Kodwa iyadika. Zininzi izinto ezinomdla kakhulu ezenzekayo xa utshintshelo probabilistic.

UMHLELI kunye noSIS

В Iimodeli ze-SIR (I-Susceptible-Infectible-Removed) i-node inokuba kwiindawo ezintathu:

• Uchaphazeleka
• Usulelekile
• Isusiwe

Nantsi indlela ukulinganisa okusebenzisanayo kusebenza ngayo [kwi inqaku lokuqala ungakhetha izinga losulelo losulelo ukusuka ku-0 ukuya ku-1, jonga inkqubo inyathelo ngenyathelo okanye iyonke - malunga. guqulela.]:

• Iindawo zokuhlala ziqala ngokuchaphazeleka, ngaphandle kweendawo ezimbalwa eziqala njengezosulelo.
• Kwinyathelo ngalinye, iindawo ezosulelekileyo zinethuba lokudlulisela usulelo kummelwane ngamnye ochaphazeleka lula ngokulingana nezinga losulelo.
• Iindawo ezosulelekileyo emva koko zingena kwindawo “ecinyiweyo”, okuthetha ukuba abasakwazi ukosulela abanye abantu okanye bosuleleke ngokwabo.

Kumxholo wesifo, ukususwa kusenokuthetha ukuba umntu ufile okanye uphuhlise ukugonywa kwi-pathogen. Sithi "zisusiwe" kukulinganisa kuba akukho nto yimbi eyenzekayo kubo.

Kuxhomekeka kwinto esizama ukuyenza, imodeli eyahlukileyo kune-SIR inokufuneka.

Ukuba silinganisa ukusasazeka kwemasisi okanye ukuqhambuka komlilo wasendle, i-SIR ilungile. Kodwa masithi sixelisa ukusasazeka kwesithethe esitsha, esinjengokucamngca. Ekuqaleni i-node (umntu) uyayamkela kuba ayizange iyenze le nto ngaphambili. Emva koko, ukuba uqalisa ukucamngca (mhlawumbi emva kokuva ngayo kumhlobo), siya kumodela njengosulelekile. Kodwa ukuba uyayeka umkhuba, akayi kufa kwaye akayi kuphuma ekufaniseni, kuba kwixesha elizayo unokuphinda athathe lo mkhwa kwakhona. Ngoko ubuyela kwimeko yokwamkela.

Oku Imodeli ye-SIS (UseSechengeni–Ukosulelwa–Usesichengeni). Imodeli yeklasiki ineeparamitha ezimbini: isantya sokuhambisa kunye nesantya sokubuyisela. Nangona kunjalo, kwiifaniso zeli nqaku, ndigqibe ekubeni ndilula ngokushiya iparamitha yokubuyisela kwakhona. Endaweni yoko, i-node esulelekileyo ibuyela ngokuzenzekelayo kwisimo esichaphazeleka kwixesha elizayo, ngaphandle kokuba yosulelwe ngomnye wabamelwane bayo. Ukongeza, sivumela i-node eyosulelekileyo kwinyathelo n ukuba izosulele ngokwalo kwinqanaba elingu-n+1 ngokunokwenzeka elilingana nesantya sosulelo.

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Njengoko ubona, oku kwahluke kakhulu kwimodeli ye-SIR.

Ngenxa yokuba iindawo zokuhlala zingaze zisuswe, nokuba i-lattice encinci kakhulu kwaye ivalekile inokuxhasa usulelo lwe-SIS ixesha elide. Usulelo luvele lutsibe ukusuka kwindawo ukuya kwindawo kwaye lubuye.

Ngaphandle kweeyantlukwano zabo, i-SIR kunye ne-SIS ziye zatshintshana ngendlela emangalisayo ngeenjongo zethu. Ke ngoku lonke eli nqaku siza kunamathela kwi-SIS - ikakhulu kuba yomelele kwaye kumnandi ngakumbi ukusebenza nayo.

Inqanaba elibalulekileyo

Emva kokudlala ngeenxa zonke ngeemodeli ze-SIR kunye ne-SIS, usenokuba uqaphele into malunga nobomi obude bosulelo. Kumazinga osulelo asezantsi kakhulu, afana ne-10%, usulelo luthanda ukufa. Ngelixa kumaxabiso aphezulu, afana ne-50%, usulelo luhlala luphila kwaye luthatha uninzi lwenethiwekhi. Ukuba inethiwekhi ayinasiphelo, sinokuyicinga ukuba iyaqhubeka kwaye isasazeka ngonaphakade.

Ukusabalalisa okungenamkhawulo okunjalo kunamagama amaninzi: "intsholongwane", "inyukliya" okanye (kwisihloko seli nqaku) gxeka.

Kuvela ukuba kukho ikhonkrithi indawo yokuqhawula eyahlulayo network subcritical (igwetyelwe ukuphela) ukusuka uthungelwano supercritical (ekwaziyo ukukhula okungapheliyo). Le nguquko ibizwa ngokuba umda obalulekileyo, kwaye olu luphawu oluqhelekileyo oluqhelekileyo lweenkqubo zokusasazwa kuthungelwano oluqhelekileyo.

Ixabiso elichanekileyo lomda obalulekileyo liyahluka phakathi kwenethiwekhi. Yintoni eqhelekileyo le ukufumaneka intsingiselo enjalo.

[Kwidemo yonxibelelwano esuka inqaku lokuqala Ungazama ukufumana ngesandla umqobo obalulekileyo womnatha ngokutshintsha ixabiso lesantya sothumelo. Kuphakathi kwe-22% kunye ne-23% - malunga. utshintshe.]

Kwi-22% (nangaphantsi), usulelo ekugqibeleni luyafa. Kwi-23% (nangaphezulu), usulelo lokuqala ngamanye amaxesha luyafa, kodwa kwiimeko ezininzi luyakwazi ukuphila kwaye lusasazeke ixesha elide ukwenzela ukuba luqinisekise ubukho balo ngonaphakade.

(Ngendlela, kukho icandelo lezenzululwazi elipheleleyo elizinikele ekufumaneni le miqobo ibalulekileyo ye-topology yenethiwekhi eyahlukeneyo. Ukwazisa ngokukhawuleza, ndincoma ngokukhawuleza ukuskrola kwinqaku le-Wikipedia malunga umda wokuvuza).

Ngokubanzi, nantsi indlela esebenza ngayo: Ngaphantsi komda obalulekileyo, naluphi na usulelo olunesiphelo kuthungelwano luqinisekisiwe (ngokunokwenzeka 1) lufe ekugqibeleni. Kodwa ngaphezu komda obalulekileyo, kukho ithuba (p> 0) lokuba usulelo luya kuqhubeka ngonaphakade, kwaye ngokwenza oko luya kusasazeka ngaphandle kwesizathu kude nendawo yokuqala.

Nangona kunjalo, qaphela ukuba inethiwekhi ephezulu ayikho iqinisekisaukuba usulelo luya kuqhubeka ngonaphakade. Enyanisweni, ihlala iphelile, ngakumbi kumanqanaba okuqala okulinganisa. Makhe sibone ukuba kwenzeka njani oku.

Makhe sicinge ukuba siqale ngenodi enye eyosulelekileyo kunye nabamelwane abane. Kwinqanaba lokuqala lomzekelo, usulelo lunamathuba ama-5 azimeleyo okusasazeka (kubandakanywa nethuba "lokusasaza" kulo kwinyathelo elilandelayo):

Ngoku masicinge ukuba ireyithi yotshintshiselwano ngama-50%. Kule meko, kwinyathelo lokuqala siflip ingqekembe kahlanu. Kwaye ukuba iintloko ezintlanu ziqengqiwe, usulelo luya kutshatyalaliswa. Oku kwenzeka malunga ne-3% yamatyala - kwaye oku kuphela kwinqanaba lokuqala. Usulelo olusinda kwinyathelo lokuqala lunamathuba athile (adla ngokuba mancinci) okufa kwinyathelo lesibini, amanye (nancinci) amathuba okuba abhubhe kwinyathelo lesithathu, njl.

Ngoko ke, naxa inethiwekhi supercritical - ukuba izinga losulelo yi-99% - kukho ithuba lokuba usulelo luya kunyamalala.

Kodwa okubalulekileyo kukuba akayenzi rhoqo iya kunyamalala. Ukuba udibanisa amathuba onke amanyathelo afayo ngokungapheliyo, isiphumo singaphantsi kwe-1. Ngamanye amazwi, kukho ukungabikho kwe-zero amathuba okuba usulelo luya kuqhubeka ngonaphakade. Oku kuthetha ukuba inethiwekhi ibe supercritical.

I-SISa: ukwenza okuzenzekelayo

Ukuza kuthi ga kweli nqanaba, zonke iindlela zethu zokulinganisa zaqala ngeqhekeza elincinci lee-node ezosulelekileyo embindini.

Kodwa kuthekani ukuba uqala ukusuka ekuqaleni? Emva koko simisela i-activation ezenzekelayo-inkqubo apho i-node enokuthi ichaphazeleke ngengozi (kungekhona komnye wabamelwane bayo).

Oku kuthiwa Imodeli ye-SISa. Unobumba "a" umele "automatic".

Kwisilinganisi se-SISa, iparameter entsha ibonakala - isantya sokusebenza ngokuzenzekelayo, esitshintsha ukuphindaphinda kosulelo oluzenzekelayo (inqanaba losulelo lwepharamitha esiyibonile ngaphambili likhona).

Kuthatha ntoni ukuba usulelo lusasazeke kuthungelwano?

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Usenokuba uqaphele ekufaniseni ukuba ukunyusa izinga lokusebenza ngokuzenzekela akutshintshi ukuba usulelo luthatha inethiwekhi yonke okanye hayi. Kuphela isantya sothumelo igqiba ukuba umsebenzi womnatha ungaphantsi okanye ubaluleke kakhulu. Kwaye xa inethiwekhi i-subcritical (izinga lokudluliselwa ngaphantsi okanye elilingana ne-22%), akukho ntsholongwane inokusasazeka kwigridi yonke, kungakhathaliseki ukuba iqala kaninzi kangakanani.

Kufana nokuqalisa umlilo kwintsimi emanzi. Unokukhanyisa amagqabi ambalwa omileyo emlilweni, kodwa ilangatye liya kucima ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokuba yonke imbonakalo yomhlaba ayinakutsha ngokwaneleyo (i-subcritical). Ngelixa kwintsimi eyomileyo kakhulu (i-supercritical), enye intlantsi yanele ukuba umlilo uqalise ukuvutha.

Izinto ezifanayo zibonwa kwinqanaba leengcamango kunye nezinto eziyilwe. Amaxesha amaninzi ihlabathi alikakulungeli uluvo, kwimeko apho lunokuthi luyilwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo, kodwa alukhange lutsale inkitha yabantu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ihlabathi linokuthi lilungele ngokupheleleyo ukuveliswa (imfuno enkulu efihliweyo), kwaye ngokukhawuleza xa izalwa, yamkelwa ngumntu wonke. Embindini kukho iimbono eziyilwe kwiindawo ezininzi kwaye zisasazeke ekuhlaleni, kodwa akwanelanga ukuba naluphi na uhlobo olunye lokutshayela inethiwekhi yonke ngaxeshanye. Kolu didi lokugqibela sifumana, umzekelo, ezolimo kunye nokubhala, eziye zayilwa ngokuzimeleyo yimpucuko yabantu eyahlukeneyo malunga neshumi namaxesha amathathu, ngokulandelanayo.

Ukungakhuseleki

Masithi senza ezinye iindawo ezingenakuchaphazeleka ngokupheleleyo, oko kukuthi, zikhuselekile ekusebenzeni. Kungathi bakwimo ekude ekuqaleni, kwaye i-SIS(a) imodeli iqaliswe kwiindawo eziseleyo.

I-immunity slider ilawula ipesenti yeenodi ezisusiweyo. Zama ukutshintsha ixabiso layo (ngelixa imodeli isebenza!) kwaye ubone indlela echaphazela ngayo imeko yenethiwekhi, nokuba iya kuba yinto ephezulu okanye ayikho.

Ingxoxo

Ukutshintsha inani lee-nodes ezingaphenduliyo kutshintsha ngokupheleleyo umfanekiso wokuba inethiwekhi iya kuba ngaphantsi okanye i-supercritical. Kwaye akukho nzima ukubona ukuba kutheni. Ngenani elikhulu leenginginya ezingathintekiyo, usulelo lunethuba elincinci lokusasazeka kwimikhosi emitsha.

Kuyavela ukuba oku kuneziphumo ezininzi ezibaluleke kakhulu.

Enye yazo kukuthintela ukusasazeka kwemililo yamahlathi. Kwinqanaba lengingqi, umntu ngamnye kufuneka athathe amanyathelo okhuseleko (umzekelo, ungaze ushiye ilangatye elivulekileyo lingajongwanga). Kodwa ngomlinganiselo omkhulu, uqhambuko olulodwa alunakuphepheka. Ngoko enye indlela yokukhusela kukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho "ikhefu" elaneleyo (kwinethiwekhi yezinto ezinokutsha) ukwenzela ukuba ukuqhambuka kungabikho inethiwekhi yonke. Ukucoca kwenza lo msebenzi:

Olunye uqhambuko olubalulekileyo lokunqanda sisifo esosulelayo. Apha ingcamango iyaziswa ukungakhuseleki komhlambi. Le ngcamango yokuba abanye abantu abanako ukugonywa (umzekelo, bane-immune system ye-immune), kodwa ukuba abantu abaneleyo bakhuselekile kwintsholongwane, isifo asikwazi ukusasazeka ngokungapheliyo. Ngamanye amazwi, kufuneka ugonye ngokwaneleyo inxalenye yabemi ukudlulisa abantu ukusuka kwi-supercritical ukuya kwi-subcritical state. Xa oku kusenzeka, esinye isigulana sisenokosuleleka (emva kokuhamba siye komnye ummandla, umzekelo), kodwa ngaphandle kothungelwano olunamandla okukhula, eso sifo siya kosulela abantu abambalwa kuphela.

Okokugqibela, ingcamango ye-immune nodes ichaza okwenzekayo kwi-reactor yenyukliya. Kwi-chain reaction, i-athom ye-uranium-235 ebolayo ikhupha malunga ne-neutron ezintathu, ezibangela (ngokomndilili) ukuqhekeka kwe-athomu engaphezu kwe-U-235 enye. Iineutron ezintsha ke zibangela ukwahlukaniswa okuthe kratya kwee-athom, njalo njalo ngokukhawuleza:

Xa kwakhiwa ibhombu, yonke into kukuqinisekisa ukukhula okubonakalayo kuyaqhubeka kungaqwalaselwa. Kodwa kwisityalo samandla, injongo kukuvelisa amandla ngaphandle kokubulala wonke umntu okufutshane nawe. Ngenxa yale njongo zisetyenziselwa iinduku zokulawula, eyenziwe kwizinto ezinokuthatha i-neutron (umzekelo, isilivere okanye i-boron). Ngenxa yokuba zifunxa kunokuba zikhulule i-neutron, zisebenza njenge-immune nodes kukulinganisa kwethu, ngaloo ndlela zithintela i-nucleus ye-radioactive ukuba ihambe ngokugqithiseleyo.

Ngoko ke iqhinga kwisixhobo senyukliya kukugcina impendulo ikufutshane nomda obalulekileyo ngokuhambisa iinduku zolawulo emva naphambili, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba nanini na kukho into engahambi kakuhle, iintonga ziwela kumbindi kwaye ziyimise.

Isidanga

Isidanga yinani lommelwane. Ukuza kuthi ga kweli nqanaba, siqwalasele uthungelwano lwesidanga sesi-4. Kodwa kwenzeka ntoni ukuba utshintsha le parameter?

Ngokomzekelo, unokudibanisa i-node nganye kungekuphela nje kubamelwane abane abasondeleyo, kodwa nakwabane abane diagonally. Kwinethiwekhi enjalo idigri iya kuba sisi-8.

Iilathisi ezinedigri 4 kunye ne-8 zilungelelaniswe kakuhle. Kodwa nge-degree 5 (umzekelo), ingxaki ivela: ngabaphi abamelwane abahlanu esifanele sibakhethe? Kule meko, sikhetha abamelwane abane abakufutshane (N, E, S, W), kwaye ngokungenamkhethe khetha ummelwane omnye kwiseti {NE, SE, SW, NW}. Ukhetho lwenziwa ngokuzimeleyo kwi-node nganye kwinqanaba ngalinye.

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Kwakhona, akunzima ukubona ukuba kuqhubeka ntoni apha. Xa indawo nganye yeendawo zokuhlala inabamelwane abaninzi, amathuba okusasazeka kosulelo ayanda—kwaye ngaloo ndlela uthungelwano lubonakala lubaluleke kakhulu.

Nangona kunjalo, imiphumo ingaba yinto engalindelekanga, njengoko siza kubona ngezantsi.

Izixeko kunye noxinaniso lwenethiwekhi

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iinethiwekhi zethu ziye zafana ngokupheleleyo. Indawo nganye ifana nayo nayiphi na enye. Kodwa kuthekani ukuba sitshintsha iimeko kwaye sivumele iindawo ezahlukeneyo ze-node kuyo yonke inethiwekhi?

Umzekelo, makhe sizame ukwenza umzekelo wezixeko. Ukwenza oku, siya kwandisa ukuxinana kwezinye iindawo zenethiwekhi (izinga eliphezulu lee-nodes). Senza oku ngokusekelwe kwidatha abemi abanayo isangqa sentlalo ngokubanzi kunye nonxibelelwano lwentlalo ngakumbikunabantu abangaphandle kwezixeko.

Kwimodeli yethu, iindawo ezinokuthi zichaphazeleke zinemibala ngokusekwe kwisidanga sazo. Imimandla "kwiindawo zasemaphandleni" ine-degree 4 (kwaye inemibala engwevu ekhanyayo), ngelixa iindawo "ezidolophini" zineeqondo eziphezulu (kwaye zinemibala emnyama), ziqala nge-degree 5 ngaphandle kwaye ziphele ngo-8 kumbindi wesixeko.

Zama ukukhetha isantya sokusasaza ngohlobo lokuba ukusebenza kugubungele izixeko kwaye emva koko kungahambi ngaphaya kwemida yazo.

Ndifumanisa oku kulinganisa kucacile kwaye kuyamangalisa. Ewe kunjalo, izixeko zigcina inqanaba lenkcubeko lingcono kuneendawo zasemaphandleni - wonke umntu uyazi oku. Eyona nto indothusayo kukuba enye yeyantlukwano yenkcubeko ivela nje ngokusekwe kwi-topology yenethiwekhi yoluntu.

Le ngongoma enomdla, ndiya kuzama ukuyichaza ngokubanzi.

Apha sijongana neendlela zenkcubeko ezidluliselwa ngokulula nangokuthe ngqo ukusuka komnye umntu ukuya komnye. Umzekelo, isimilo, imidlalo yasekuhlaleni, iindlela zefashoni, iindlela zolwimi, amasiko eqela elincinane, neemveliso ezisasazwa ngomlomo, kunye neepakethe zenkcazelo esiyibiza ngokuba ziingcamango.

(Qaphela: ukusasazwa kolwazi phakathi kwabantu kwenziwa nzima kakhulu ngamajelo eendaba. Kulula ukuba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wemeko-bume yetekhnoloji yamandulo, njengeGrisi yaMandulo, apho phantse yonke intlantsi yenkcubeko yayisasazwa ngokunxibelelana kwindawo ebonakalayo.)

Kolu kulinganisa lungasentla, ndifunde ukuba kukho iingcamango kunye nezithethe zenkcubeko ezinokumili kwaye zisasazeke esixekweni, kodwa azikwazi (ngokwezibalo azikwazi) ukusasazeka kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni. Ezi ziingcinga ezifanayo kunye nabantu abafanayo. Inqaku alikho ukuba abahlali basemaphandleni ngandlela-thile "basondelelene": xa besebenzisana nombono ofanayo, bona kanye amathuba afanayo okuyibambanjengabantu basedolophini. Kuphela nje ingcamango ngokwayo ayinakuba yintsholongwane kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni, kuba akukho nxibelelwano oluninzi olunokuthi lusasazeke ngalo.

Oku mhlawumbi kulula ukukubona kwintsimi yefashoni - iimpahla, iinwele, njl. Kwinethiwekhi yefashoni, sinokubamba umda we-lattice xa abantu ababini beqaphela iimpahla zomnye. Kwiziko lasezidolophini, umntu ngamnye unokubona ngaphezu kwe-1000 abanye abantu yonke imihla - esitratweni, kwindlela engaphantsi komhlaba, kwindawo yokutyela egcwele abantu, njl njl. Kwindawo yasemaphandleni, ngokuchaseneyo, umntu ngamnye unokubona isibini seshumi elinesibini abanye. Ngenxa ye lo mahluko kuphela, isixeko siyakwazi ukuxhasa iindlela ezininzi zefashoni. Kwaye kuphela ezona ndlela zinyanzelisayo-ezo zinezinga eliphezulu lothumelo-ziya kukwazi ukufumana indawo ngaphandle kwesixeko.

Sityekele ekucingeni ukuba ingcamango ilungile, ekugqibeleni iya kufikelela wonk’ ubani, yaye ukuba ingcamango imbi, iya kuthi shwaka. Ngokuqinisekileyo, oku kuyinyaniso kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo, kodwa phakathi kukho iingcamango ezininzi kunye nezenzo ezinokuhamba kuphela kwiinethiwekhi ezithile. Oku kumangalisa ngokwenene.

Hayi izixeko kuphela

Sijonge impembelelo apha Uxinaniso lwenethiwekhi. Ichazwa kwiseti enikiweyo yeenodi njengenani iimbambo zokwenyani, yahlulwe ngenani imiphetho enokwenzeka. Oko kukuthi, ipesenti yoqhagamshelwano olunokwenzeka olukhoyo ngokwenene.

Ke, sibonile ukuba ukuxinana kothungelwano kumaziko asezidolophini kuphezulu kunasemaphandleni. Kodwa izixeko akukuphela kwendawo apho sifumana khona uthungelwano oluxineneyo.

Umzekelo onomdla zizikolo zasesekondari. Umzekelo, kwindawo ethile, sithelekisa inethiwekhi ekhoyo phakathi kwabantwana besikolo kunye nenethiwekhi ekhoyo phakathi kwabazali babo. Indawo efanayo yejografi kunye nabemi abafanayo, kodwa enye inethiwekhi ixinene kaninzi kunomnye. Akumangalisi ke ngoko ukuba ifashoni kunye neendlela zolwimi zisasazeka ngokukhawuleza phakathi kwabakwishumi elivisayo.

Ngokunjalo, uthungelwano lwe-elite luthande ukuba lukhuni ngakumbi kune-non-elite networks - inyani endicinga ukuba ayixatyiswanga (abantu abadumileyo okanye abanempembelelo bachitha ixesha elininzi benxibelelana kwaye ke ngoko babe "nabamelwane" ngaphezulu kunabantu abaqhelekileyo babantu). Ngokusekwe kule milinganiso ingentla, silindele ukuba uthungelwano lwe-elite luya kuxhasa ezinye iifom zenkcubeko ezingenakuxhaswa ngoqhelekileyo, ngokusekelwe kwimithetho yezibalo yedigri ye-avareji yenethiwekhi. Ndinishiya nithelekelela malunga nokuba ingaba ezi ntlobo zenkcubeko zingathini.

Okokugqibela, sinokusebenzisa le ngcamango kwi-Intanethi ngokuyimodeli enkulu kwaye ixinene kakhulu isixeko. Akumangalisi ukuba iintlobo ezininzi zenkcubeko zikhula kwi-intanethi ezingenakukwazi ukuxhaswa kuthungelwano lwesithuba kuphela: izinto zokuzonwabisa ezizithandayo, imigangatho yoyilo olungcono, ulwazi oluthe kratya lwentswela-bulungisa, njl. Kanye njengokuba izixeko zamandulo zaziziindawo zokuzala kwezifo ezazingakwazi ukusasazeka kwingxinano yabantu abaphantsi, ngoko i-Intanethi yindawo yokuzala yeendlela ezimbi zenkcubeko ezinje ngokucofa, iindaba zobuxoki, kunye nokuvutha komsindo wokwenziwa.

Ulwazi

"Ukuba nengcali efanelekileyo ngexesha elifanelekileyo kudla ngokuba sesona sixhobo sibalulekileyo sokusombulula iingxaki." -UMichael Nielsen, uQapha ukuFumana

Sihlala sicinga ngokufunyanwa okanye ukuyila njengenkqubo eyenzeka kwingqondo yomntu okrelekrele. Ubethwa ngumbane wempefumlelo kwaye - Eureka! - ngokukhawuleza sinendlela entsha yokulinganisa umthamo. Okanye inxaki yomxhuzulane. Okanye ibhalbhu yesibane.

Kodwa ukuba sithatha imbono yomqambi oyedwa ngexesha lokufumanisa, ngoko sijonge into eyenzekayo. ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga indawo. Ngelixa kuya kuba kuchanekile ngakumbi ukutolika ukuqanjwa njenge inethiwekhi isenzeko.

Inethiwekhi ibalulekile ubuncinane ngeendlela ezimbini. Okokuqala, iingcamango ezikhoyo kufuneka zingene kwingqondo umqambi. Ezi zicatshulwa kwinqaku elitsha, icandelo le-bibliographic yencwadi entsha - iingxilimbela emagxeni azo uNewton wema. Okwesibini, inethiwekhi ibaluleke kakhulu ekubuyeni kwengcamango entsha umva emhlabeni; into eyilwayo engakhange isasazeke ayifanelanga ukubiza "imveliso" kwaphela. Ngaloo ndlela, kuzo zombini ezi zizathu, kunengqiqo ukulinganisa ukuqanjwa-okanye, ngokubanzi, ukukhula kolwazi-njengenkqubo yokusabalalisa.

Ngomzuzwana, ndizakubonisa ukulinganisa okungalunganga kwendlela ulwazi olunokusasazeka kwaye lukhule ngayo kuthungelwano. Kodwa kuqala kufuneka ndicacise.

Ekuqaleni kokulinganisa, kukho iingcali ezine kwi-quadrant nganye yegridi, ehlelwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

Ingcaphephe ye-1 inenguqulo yokuqala yengcamango - masiyibize ngokuba yi-Idea 1.0. Ingcaphephe ye-2 ngumntu owaziyo ukuguqula i-Idea 1.0 ibe yi-Idea 2.0. Ingcali 3 iyayazi indlela yokuguqula i-Idea 2.0 ibe yi-Idea 3.0. Kwaye ekugqibeleni, ingcali yesine iyayazi indlela yokubeka ukugqiba kwi-Idea 4.0.

Oku kufana nobugcisa obufana ne-origami, apho ubuchule buphuhliswa kwaye zidibaniswe nezinye iindlela zokwenza izinto ezinomdla ngakumbi. Okanye isenokuba licandelo lolwazi, njengefiziksi, apho umsebenzi wamvanje wakhela phezu komsebenzi osisiseko wabanduleli.

Ingongoma yolu kulinganisa kukuba sifuna zonke iingcali ezine ukuba zenze igalelo kwinguqu yokugqibela yengcamango. Kwaye kwinqanaba ngalinye ingcamango kufuneka iziswe kwingqwalasela yengcali efanelekileyo.

Izilumkiso ezimbalwa. Kukho iingcamango ezininzi ezingeyonyani ezifakwe kwikhowudi yokulinganisa. Nazi nje ezimbalwa zazo:

1. Kucingelwa ukuba iingcamango azinakugcinwa kwaye zidluliselwe ngaphandle komntu ukuya kumntu (oko kukuthi, akukho ncwadi okanye imidiya).
2. Kucingelwa ukuba kukho iingcaphephe ezisisigxina kubemi ezinokuvelisa izimvo, nangona eneneni izinto ezininzi ezingacwangciswanga ziphembelela ukwenzeka kokufunyanwa okanye ukuyilwa.
3. Zonke iinguqulelo ezine zengcamango zisebenzisa isethi efanayo yeeparamitha ze-SIS (umlinganiselo we-baud, ipesenti yokugonywa, njl. njl.), nangona mhlawumbi kunenyani ngakumbi ukusebenzisa iiparamitha ezahlukeneyo kuguqulelo ngalunye (1.0, 2.0, njl.)
4. Kucingelwa ukuba uluvo N+1 luhlala luyisusa ngokupheleleyo imbono engu-N, nangona kusenziwa rhoqo iinguqulelo ezindala nezintsha zijikeleza ngaxeshanye, kungekho ophumeleleyo ucacileyo.

... kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Ingxoxo

Le yimodeli eyenziwe lula ngendlela ehlekisayo yendlela ulwazi olukhula ngayo. Kukho iinkcukacha ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ezishiywe ngaphandle kwemodeli (jonga ngasentla). Nangona kunjalo, ibamba eyona nto ibalulekileyo yenkqubo. Kwaye ke singakwazi, ngokugcina indawo, ukuthetha ngokukhula kolwazi sisebenzisa ulwazi lwethu losasazo.

Ngokukodwa, imodeli yokusabalalisa inika ingqiqo malunga nokuba njani ukukhawulezisa inkqubo: Kufuneka kube lula ukutshintshiselana ngezimvo phakathi kweendawo zeengcali. Oku kunokuthetha ukucoca uthungelwano lweendawo ezifileyo ezithintela ukusasazwa. Okanye kunokuthetha ukubeka zonke iingcali kwisixeko okanye iqela elinoxinaniso oluphezulu lwenethiwekhi apho iingcamango zisasazeka ngokukhawuleza. Okanye ziqokelele kwigumbi elinye:

Ke ... yiyo yonke into endinokuyithetha malunga nokusasazwa.

Kodwa ndinengcinga yokugqibela, kwaye ibaluleke kakhulu. Imalunga nokukhulakunye nokuma) ulwazi kuluntu lwenzululwazi. Le ngcamango yahlukile ngethoni kunye nomxholo kuyo nayiphi na into engentla, kodwa ndiyathemba ukuba uya kundixolela.

Malunga nothungelwano lwenzululwazi

Lo mzekeliso ubonisa enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo emhlabeni jikelele (kwaye ibinje ixesha elide):

Ukuqhubela phambili okuya phezulu komjikelo (K ⟶ T) kulula kakhulu: sisebenzisa ulwazi olutsha ukuphuhlisa izixhobo ezitsha. Ngokomzekelo, ukuqonda i-physics ye-semiconductors kusenza sikwazi ukwakha iikhomputha.

Nangona kunjalo, ukunyuka okuhla kufuna ingcaciso ethile. Uphuhliso lobugcisa lukhokelela njani ekwandeni kolwazi?

Enye indlela—mhlawumbi eyona ingqalileyo—kuxa ubugcisa obutsha businika iindlela ezintsha zokulijonga ihlabathi. Umzekelo, ezona microscopes zibalaseleyo zikuvumela ukuba ujonge nzulu ngaphakathi kwiseli, ukunika ulwazi malunga nebhayoloji yemolekyuli. Abalandeleli beGPS babonisa indlela izilwanyana ezihamba ngayo. I-Sonar ikuvumela ukuba uhlolisise iilwandlekazi. Kwaye nangokunjalo.

Ngokungathandabuzekiyo le yindlela ebalulekileyo, kodwa kukho ubuncinane ezinye iindlela ezimbini ukusuka kwiteknoloji ukuya kulwazi. Zisenokungabi lula, kodwa ndicinga ukuba zibaluleke kakhulu:

Eyokuqala. Itekhnoloji ikhokelela kubuninzi bezoqoqosho (oko kukuthi ubutyebi), obuvumela abantu abaninzi ukuba babandakanyeke kwimveliso yolwazi.

Ukuba i-90% yabemi belizwe lakho babandakanyeka kwezolimo, kwaye i-10% eseleyo ibandakanyeka kuhlobo oluthile lwezorhwebo (okanye imfazwe), ke abantu banexesha elincinci lokucinga ngemithetho yendalo. Mhlawumbi yiloo nto kumaxesha angaphambili inzululwazi yayikhuthazwa ikakhulu ngabantwana abavela kwiintsapho ezityebileyo.

IMelika ivelisa ngaphezulu kwama-50 eePh.D. ngonyaka. Endaweni yokuba umntu aye kusebenza kumzi-mveliso eneminyaka eli-000 (okanye ngaphambi koko), umfundi ophumelele isidanga kufuneka axhaswe ngemali de abe neminyaka engama-18 okanye mhlawumbi engama-30—kwaye nangona kunjalo akucaci ukuba umsebenzi wabo uya kuba nayo nayiphi na impembelelo yokwenene kwezoqoqosho. Kodwa kuyimfuneko ukuba umntu afikelele phambili kwingqeqesho yakhe, ngakumbi kwiinkalo ezinzima ezifana ne-physics okanye ibhayoloji.

Inyani kukuba ngokwendlela yokujonga iinkqubo, iingcali zibiza kakhulu. Kwaye owona mthombo wobutyebi boluntu obuxhasa ezi ngcali ngetekhnoloji entsha: ikhuba lixhasa usiba.

Okwesibini. Ubuchwephesha obutsha, ngakumbi kwicandelo lokuhamba kunye nonxibelelwano, lutshintsha ulwakhiwo lweenethiwekhi zentlalo apho ulwazi lukhula khona. Ngokukodwa, ivumela iingcali kunye neengcali ukuba zinxibelelane ngokusondeleyo.

Izinto eziqanjiweyo eziqaphelekayo apha ziquka umatshini wokushicilela, iinqanawa ezihamba ngomphunga kunye neendlela zikaloliwe (ukwenza lula uhambo kunye/okanye ukuthumela iposi kumgama omde), iimfonomfono, iinqwelomoya, kunye ne-Intanethi. Zonke ezi teknoloji zinegalelo ekwandeni koxinaniso lwenethiwekhi, ngakumbi phakathi koluntu olukhethekileyo (apho phantse lonke ukukhula kolwazi kwenzeka). Umzekelo, uthungelwano lwembalelwano olwavela phakathi kwezazinzulu zaseYurophu ekupheleni kweXesha Eliphakathi, okanye indlela iingcali zefiziksi zanamhlanje zisebenzisa i-arXiv.

Ekugqibeleni, zombini ezi ndlela ziyafana. Zombini zonyusa ukuxinana kwenethiwekhi yeengcali, nto leyo ekhokelela ekwandeni kolwazi:

Kangangeminyaka emininzi ndandingayifuni imfundo ephakamileyo. Ixesha lam elifutshane kwisikolo esiphumelele isidanga lishiye incasa embi emlonyeni wam. Kodwa ngoku xa ndikhangela emva ndize ndicinge (ngaphandle kwazo zonke iingxaki zobuqu), ndifanele ndigqibe kwelokuba imfundo ephakamileyo isenjalo kakhulu kubalulekile.

Uthungelwano lwezentlalo Academic (umzekelo, uluntu uphando) yenye yezakhiwo eziphambili kwaye ezixabisekileyo impucuko yethu wadala. Akukho ndawo siye saqokelela ugxininiso olukhulu lweengcali ezigxile kwimveliso yolwazi. Akukho ndawo apho abantu baye bavelisa ubuchule obungakumbi bokuqonda nokugxeka iingcamango zomnye. Yintliziyo ebethayo yenkqubela phambili. Kukule nethiwekhi apho umlilo wokukhanya uvutha ngamandla kakhulu.

Kodwa asinakuyithabatha lula inkqubela. Ukuba ingxaki yokungakwazi ukuvelisa kwakhona kwaye ukuba yasifundisa nantoni na, yayikukuba inzululwazi inokuba neengxaki zenkqubo. Olu luhlobo lokuthotywa kwenethiwekhi.

Masithi sahlula phakathi kweendlela ezimbini zokwenza isayensi: isayensi yokwenyani и umsebenzi. Inzululwazi yokwenyani luqheliselo oluvelisa ulwazi ngokuthembekileyo. Ikhuthazwa ngumdla kwaye ibonakaliswe ngokunyaniseka (uFeynman: "Uyabona, ndifuna nje ukuqonda ihlabathi"). I-Careerism, ngokuchaseneyo, ikhuthazwa ngamabhongo eengcali kwaye ibonakala ngokudlala ezopolitiko kunye neendlela ezimfutshane zesayensi. Inokukhangela kwaye isebenze njengesayensi, kodwa hayi ivelisa ulwazi oluthembekileyo.

(Ewe, le yi-dichotomy ebaxiweyo. Lingelo nje lengcinga. Ungandibeki tyala).

Inyani yeyokuba xa amakhondo emisebenzi ethatha indawo kwindawo yophando lokwenyani, bayawonakalisa umsebenzi. Bazama ukuziphakamisa ngelixa lonke uluntu luzama ukufumana nokwabelana ngolwazi olutsha. Endaweni yokuzabalazela ukucaca, abachwephesha badibanisa kwaye babhide yonke into ukuze bavakale ngokuchukumisa ngakumbi. Bazibandakanya (njengoko uHarry Frankfurt enokuthi) ubuvuvu besayensi. Kwaye kungoko sinokuzifanisa njengeendawo ezifileyo, ezingakwaziyo ukutshintshiselana ngokufanelekileyo ngolwazi oluyimfuneko ekukhuleni kolwazi:

Mhlawumbi eyona modeli igqwesileyo yileyo apho i-career nodes ingathinteli nje kulwazi, kodwa isasaza ngenkuthalo. ulwazi lobuxoki. Ulwazi olungeyonyani lunokubandakanya iziphumo ezingabalulekanga ezikubaluleka kwazo kunyuswe ngokungeyomfuneko, okanye iziphumo ezibubuxoki ngokwenene ezivela kubuqhetseba okanye idatha eyenziweyo.

Nokuba sibafanisa njani na, abantu abafuna umsebenzi ngokuqinisekileyo banokulukrwitsha uluntu lwethu lwenzululwazi.

Kufana nokusabela kwekhonkco lenyukliya esiludinga ngamandla-sifuna ulwazi oluphangaleleyo- kuphela i-U-235 yethu etyetyisiweyo ene-isotopu enga-reactive u-U-238 kuyo, ecinezela ukusabela kwetsheyini.

Ewe kunjalo, akukho mahluko ucacileyo phakathi kweengcali zekhondo kunye neenzululwazi zokwenyani. Ngamnye wethu unomsebenzi omncinci ofihliweyo ngaphakathi kwethu. Umbuzo ngowokuba uthungelwano lunokuhlala ixesha elingakanani phambi kokuba luphele ukusasazwa kolwazi.

Owu, ufunda kude kube sekupheleni. Enkosi ngokufunda.

Ilayisensi

CC0 Onke amalungelo akagcinwanga. Ungasebenzisa lo msebenzi njengoko ubona kufanelekile :).

Imibulelo

• Kevin Khok и Ityala likaNicky ukufumana izimvo kunye neengcebiso ezicingisisiweyo kwiinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zoyilo.
• UNick Barr - ngenkxaso yokuziphatha kuyo yonke inkqubo kunye neyona ngxelo iluncedo kumsebenzi wam.
• Keith A. ngokundibonisa isenzeko se-percolation kunye ne-percolation threshold.
• Geoff Lonsdale kwikhonkco ukuya esi sisincoko, leyo (nangona ineziphene ezininzi) yayiyeyona nto yayikhuthaza ukusebenza kwesi sithuba.

Iisampulu zesincoko esisebenzisanayo

• Wonke umsebenzi kaNicky Case, umz. "Umzekeliso weePolygons" (kunye Vi Hart) kunye "Ukuphuhlisa ivoti engcono yokuvota". Le bar eliphezulu ukuba yintoni isincoko interactive inokuba.
• Distill.pub: Iinkcazo ezisebenzayo ezikumgangatho ophezulu wokufunda koomatshini.
• Umsebenzi weClassic nguBret Victor "Phezulu nasezantsi kwiLeli yokukhupha". Bendingemhle kakhulu ekunyuseni izinyuko, kodwa kusoloko kukho itrayi enye.

umthombo: www.habr.com