Intshayelelo
"Ukuveliswa kwamanani ngokungacwangciswanga kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba kungashiywa ngamabona-ndenzile."
URobert Cavue, ngo-1970
Eli nqaku linikezelwe kwisicelo esisebenzayo sezisombululo usebenzisa i-collective number random generation kwindawo engathenjwa. Ngamafutshane, njani kwaye kutheni kusetyenziswa i-random kwi-blockchains, kunye nencinci malunga nendlela yokwahlula "okuhle" okungahleliwe ukusuka "kubi". Ukuvelisa inani elingenamkhethe ngokwenene yingxaki enzima kakhulu, nakwikhompyuter enye, kwaye kudala ifundwe ngabachwephesha be-cryptographer. Kulungile, kuthungelwano olunatyisiweyo, ukuveliswa kwamanani angaqhelekanga kunzima ngakumbi kwaye kubalulekile.
Kukumanethiwekhi apho abathathi-nxaxheba abathembani omnye komnye ukuba ukukwazi ukuvelisa inani elingenakuphikiswa elingenakuphikiswa lisivumela ukuba sisombulule ngokufanelekileyo iingxaki ezininzi ezinzima kwaye siphucule kakhulu izikimu ezikhoyo. Ngaphezu koko, ukungcakaza nelothari asilonjongo iphambili apha, njengoko kusenokubonakala ekuqaleni kumfundi ongenamava.
Ukuveliswa kwamanani ngokungacwangciswanga
Iikhompyuter azikwazi ukwenza amanani angaqhelekanga ngokwazo; zifuna uncedo lwangaphandle ukwenza njalo. Ikhompyuter inokufumana ixabiso elingenamkhethe ukusuka, umzekelo, iintshukumo zemouse, ubungakanani bememori esetyenzisiweyo, imisinga elahlekileyo kwizikhonkwane zeprosesa, kunye neminye imithombo emininzi ebizwa ngokuba yimithombo ye-entropy. Ezi xabiso ngokwazo azikhethi ngokupheleleyo, kuba zikuluhlu oluthile okanye zinepateni yotshintsho oluqikelelwayo. Ukuguqula amanani anjalo abe linani elingenamkhethe ngokwenyani phakathi koluhlu olunikiweyo, i-cryptotransformations isetyenziswa kubo ukuvelisa amaxabiso asasazwe ngokulinganayo angamanga ukusuka kumaxabiso asasazwe ngokulinganayo omthombo we-entropy. Amaxabiso afunyenweyo abizwa ngokuba yi-pseudorandom ngenxa yokuba ayenzeki ngokungacwangciswanga, kodwa athatyathwe kwi-entropy. Nayiphi na i-algorithm elungileyo ye-cryptographic, xa i-encrypting data, ivelisa i-ciphertexts ekufuneka ibonakaliswe ngokwezibalo ukusuka kulandelelwano olungacwangciswanga, ukuze uvelise okungakhethiyo unokuthatha umthombo we-entropy, obonelela ngokuphindaphindwa okuhle kunye nokungaqiniseki kwamaxabiso nakwimiba emincinci. ukuphumla komsebenzi kukusasazwa kunye nokuxuba amasuntswana kwixabiso lesiphumo lizakuthatyathwa yi-algorithm yoguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo.
Ukugqibezela inkqubo yemfundo emfutshane, ndiza kongeza ukuba ukuvelisa amanani angaqhelekanga nakwisixhobo esinye yenye yeentsika zokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwedatha yethu. izitshixo ze-cryptographic, zokulinganisa umthwalo, ukujongwa kwemfezeko, kunye nezinye izicelo ezininzi. Ukhuseleko lweeprotocol ezininzi luxhomekeke ekukwazini ukuvelisa i-random ethembekileyo, ngaphandle engalindelekanga, ukuyigcina, kwaye ungayibonakalisi kude kube yinyathelo elilandelayo leprotocol, ngaphandle koko ukhuseleko luya kuphazamiseka. Ukuhlaselwa kwejenereyitha yexabiso le-pseudorandom kuyingozi kakhulu kwaye ngoko nangoko isoyikisa yonke isoftware esebenzisa ukuveliswa okungahleliwe.
Kuya kufuneka ukwazi konke oku ukuba uthathe ikhosi esisiseko kwi-cryptography, ke masiqhubeke malunga neenethiwekhi ezinatyisiweyo.
Random kwi blockchains
Okokuqala, ndiza kuthetha nge-blockchains ngenkxaso yeekontrakthi ezihlakaniphile; ngabo abanokusebenzisa ngokupheleleyo amathuba abonelelwe ngomgangatho ophezulu, ngokungakhethi okungenakuphikiswa. Ngapha koko, ngokufutshane, ndiza kuyibiza le teknoloji "Ii-Beacons eziQinisekisayo ngokuNgqongileyoβ okanye iPVRB. Ekubeni i-blockchains iinethiwekhi apho ulwazi lunokuqinisekiswa nawuphi na umthathi-nxaxheba, inxalenye ephambili yegama elithi "Ukuqinisekiswa esidlangalaleni", okt. Nabani na unokusebenzisa izibalo ukufumana ubungqina bokuba inombolo ephumayo eposwe kwi-blockchain inezi mpawu zilandelayo:
- Isiphumo kufuneka sibe nonikezelo olufanayo ngokubonakalayo, o.k.t. lusekwe kwi-cryptography eyomeleleyo.
- Akunakwenzeka ukulawula nawaphi na amasuntswana esiphumo. Ngenxa yoko, umphumo awukwazi ukuqikelelwa kwangaphambili.
- Awunako ukonakalisa iprotocol yesizukulwana ngokungathabathi nxaxheba kumthetho olandelwayo okanye ngokulayisha kakhulu umsebenzi womnatha ngemiyalezo yohlaselo.
- Zonke ezi zinto zingasentla kufuneka zixhathise ukudibana kwenani elivumelekileyo labathathi-nxaxheba abanganyanisekanga beprotocol (umzekelo, i-1/3 yabathathi-nxaxheba).
Naliphi na ithuba lokudityaniswa kweqela elincinane labathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bavelise i-random elawulwayo elinganayo / engaqhelekanga ngumngxuma wokhuseleko. Nakuphi na ukukwazi kweqela ukumisa ukukhutshwa kwe-random ngumngxuma wokhuseleko. Ngokubanzi, kukho iingxaki ezininzi, kwaye lo msebenzi awulula ...
Kubonakala ngathi isicelo esibaluleke kakhulu se-PVRB yimidlalo eyahlukeneyo, iilotho, kwaye ngokubanzi naluphi na uhlobo longcakazo kwi-blockchain. Enyanisweni, olu lukhokelo olubalulekileyo, kodwa ukungaqhelekanga kwi-blockchains kunezicelo ezibaluleke ngakumbi. Masizijonge.
Ii-algorithms zemvumelwano
I-PVRB idlala indima enkulu ekuququzeleleni imvumelwano yothungelwano. Ukuthengiselana kwi-blockchains kukhuselwe ngesignesha ye-elektroniki, ngoko "ukuhlaselwa kwintengiselwano" kuhlala kubandakanywa / ukukhutshwa kwentengiselwano kwibhloko (okanye iibhloko ezininzi). Kwaye umsebenzi oyintloko we-algorithm yokuvumelana kukuvumelana ngomyalelo wale ntengiselwano kunye nomyalelo weebhloko ezibandakanya ezi ntengiselwano. Kwakhona, ipropathi eyimfuneko ye-blockchains yokwenene yinto yokugqibela - ukukwazi kwenethiwekhi ukuvuma ukuba ikhonkco ukuya kwibhloko egqityiweyo igqityiweyo, kwaye ayiyi kukhutshwa ngenxa yokubonakala kwefoloko entsha. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuze uvumelane ukuba ibhloko ivumelekile kwaye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ekugqibeleni, kuyimfuneko ukuqokelela iisignesha kuninzi lwabavelisi beebhloko (emva koku kuthiwa yi-BP - block-producers), efuna ubuncinane ukuhambisa i-block chain. kuzo zonke iiBP, nokusasaza imisayino phakathi kwazo zonke iiBP. Njengoko inani le-BPs likhula, inani lemiyalezo efunekayo kwinethiwekhi likhula ngokukhawuleza, ngoko ke, i-algorithms yemvumelwano efuna ukugqitywa, esetyenziselwa umzekelo kwisivumelwano se-Hyperledger pBFT, ayisebenzi ngesantya esifunekayo, ukuqala kwi-BPs eziliqela, ezifuna inani elikhulu lonxibelelwano.
Ukuba kukho i-PVRB engenakuphikiswa kwaye ethembekileyo kwinethiwekhi, ngoko ke, nakwi-approximation elula, umntu unokukhetha omnye wabavelisi bebhloko esekelwe kuyo kwaye ammisele "njengenkokeli" ngexesha elinye lomjikelo weprotocol. Ukuba sinayo N abavelisi block, apho M: M > 1/2 N zinyanisekile, musa ukuphonononga intengiselwano kwaye ungalifaki ikhonkco ukwenza uhlaselo "inkcitho ephindwe kabini", emva koko usebenzisa i-PVRB esasazwe ngokulinganayo engacetywanga kuya kuvumela ukukhetha inkokeli enyanisekileyo enokwenzeka. M / N (M / N > 1/2). Ukuba inkokeli nganye inikwe ixesha layo lexesha apho inokuvelisa ibhloko kwaye iqinisekise ikhonkco, kwaye la mathuba alingana ngexesha, ke ikhonkco lebhloko leeBPs ezithembekileyo liya kuba lide kunekhonkco elenziwe ngama-BP akhohlakeleyo, kunye nokuvumelana. I-algorithm ixhomekeke kubude betsheyini, iyakulahla ngokulula "embi" enye. Lo mgaqo wokwabela izilayi zexesha elilinganayo kwi-BP nganye yaqala ukusetyenziswa kwi-Graphene (umanduleli we-EOS), kwaye ivumela iibhloko ezininzi ukuba zivaliwe kunye notyikityo olulodwa, olunciphisa kakhulu umthwalo womnatha kwaye luvumela le mvumelwano ukuba isebenze ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe. Nangona kunjalo, inethiwekhi ye-EOS ngoku kufuneka isebenzise iibhloko ezikhethekileyo (iBlock yokuGqibela engenakuguqulelwa), eqinisekiswa ngokusayinwa kwe-2/3 BP. Ezi bloko zinceda ekuqinisekiseni ukugqibelela (akunakwenzeka ukuba ifolokhwe yetsheyini iqale phambi kweBloko yokugqibela engaguqulekiyo).
Kwakhona, ekuphunyezweni yokwenene, iskimu protocol intsonkothe ββngakumbi - ukuvota iibhloko ezicetywayo lwenziwa kwizigaba eziliqela ukugcina womnatha xa iibhloko ezilahlekileyo kunye neengxaki kuthungelwano, kodwa nokuba kuthathelwa ingqalelo oku, algorithms ukuvumelana usebenzisa PVRB zifuna. imiyalezo embalwa kakhulu phakathi kwe-BPs, eyenza kube nokwenzeka ukubenza ngokukhawuleza kune-PVFT yesintu, okanye ulungiso lwayo olwahlukeneyo.
Ummeli obalaseleyo we-algorithms enjalo: ukusuka kwiqela leCardano, ekuthiwa ingqinwe imathematika ngokuchasene ne-BP collusion.
Kwi-Ouroboros, i-PVRB isetyenziselwa ukuchaza oko kubizwa ngokuba yi "BP ββschedule" - ishedyuli ngokubhekiselele kwi-BP nganye eyabelwe ixesha layo lokupapasha ibhloko. Inzuzo enkulu yokusebenzisa i-PVRB "ukulingana" okupheleleyo kwe-BPs (ngokobukhulu bamashiti abo ebhalansi). Ingqibelelo ye-PVRB iqinisekisa ukuba ii-BPs ezinobungozi azikwazi ukulawula ukucwangciswa kwexesha lokubeka ixesha, kwaye ngoko ke ayikwazi ukulawula ikhonkco ngokulungiselela nokuhlalutya iifolokhwe zekhonkco kwangaphambili, kwaye ukukhetha ifolokhwe kwanele ukuthembela nje kubude bekhonkco. chain, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa iindlela ezikhohlisayo zokubala "uncedo" lweBP kunye "nobunzima" beebhloko zayo.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, kuzo zonke iimeko apho umthathi-nxaxheba ongakhethiyo kufuneka akhethwe kuthungelwano lwe-decentralized, i-PVRB iphantse ibe yinto ekhethiweyo, kunokuba i-deterministic option esekelwe, umzekelo, i-block hash. Ngaphandle kwe-PVRB, ukukwazi ukuphembelela ukhetho lomthathi-nxaxheba kukhokelela kuhlaselo apho umhlaseli anokukhetha ukusuka kwixesha elizayo elininzi ukukhetha umthathi-nxaxheba olandelayo okhohlakeleyo okanye abaninzi ngaxeshanye ukuqinisekisa isabelo esikhulu kwisigqibo. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-PVRB kuphazamisa ezi ntlobo zohlaselo.
Ukukala kunye nokulinganisa umthwalo
I-PVRB inokuba luncedo olukhulu kwimisebenzi efana nokunciphisa umthwalo kunye nokulinganisa intlawulo. Ukuqala, kunengqiqo ukuziqhelanisa nayo I-Rivesta "Amatikiti eLotho ye-elektroniki njengeeMicropayments". Ingcamango jikelele kukuba endaweni yokwenza iintlawulo ze-100 1c ukusuka kumhlawuli ukuya kummkeli, ungadlala ilotho ethembekileyo ngebhaso le-1 $ = 100c, apho umhlawuli unika ibhanki enye ye-1 "yetikiti zelotho" nganye. 100c intlawulo. Elinye lala matikiti liphumelele ijagi ye-1 yeedola, kwaye yile tikiti ukuba umamkeli angarekhoda kwi-blockchain. Into ebaluleke kakhulu kukuba amathikithi angama-99 asele adluliselwa phakathi kommkeli kunye nomhlawuli ngaphandle kokuthatha inxaxheba kwangaphandle, ngokusebenzisa umjelo wangasese kunye nakwesiphi na isantya esifunwayo. Inkcazo efanelekileyo yeprotocol esekelwe kwesi sikimu kwinethiwekhi ye-Emercoin inokufundwa .
Esi sikimu sineengxaki ezimbalwa, njengokuba umamkeli unokuyeka ukukhonza umhlawuli ngokukhawuleza emva kokufumana itikiti eliphumeleleyo, kodwa kwizicelo ezininzi ezikhethekileyo, ezifana nokuhlawula ngomzuzu ngamnye okanye ukubhaliselwa kwe-elektroniki kwiinkonzo, ezi zinokungahoywa. Eyona mfuno iphambili, kunjalo, bubulungisa belotho, kwaye ukuphunyezwa kwayo i-PVRB iyimfuneko ngokupheleleyo.
Ukhetho lomthathi-nxaxheba olungakhethiyo lukwabaluleke kakhulu ekudibaniseni iiprothokholi, injongo yayo kukukala ngokuthe tye kwitsheyini yebhloko, ukuvumela ii-BPs ezahlukeneyo ukuba zisebenze kuphela umda wazo wentengiselwano. Lo ngumsebenzi onzima kakhulu, ngakumbi malunga nokhuseleko xa udibanisa iishadi. Ukukhethwa ngokufanelekileyo kwe-BP engahleliweyo ngenjongo yokwabela abo bajongene ne-shard ethile, njengoko kwii-algorithms zokuvumelana, kwakhona ngumsebenzi we-PVRB. Kwiinkqubo ze-centralized, i-shards inikwe i-balancer; ibala ngokulula i-hash kwisicelo kwaye iyithumele kumgwebi ofunekayo. Kwi-blockchains, ukukwazi ukuphembelela esi sabelo kunokukhokelela ekuhlaselweni kwemvumelwano. Ngokomzekelo, imixholo yeentengiselwano inokulawulwa ngumhlaseli, unokulawula ukuba yeyiphi i-transaction eya kwi-shard ayilawulayo kwaye isebenzise ikhonkco yeebhloko kuyo. Unokufunda ingxoxo yengxaki yokusebenzisa amanani angaqhelekanga kwimisebenzi yokwabelana nge-Ethereum
I-Shading yenye yezona ngxaki zinqwenelekayo kwaye zinzima kwintsimi ye-blockchain; isisombululo sayo siya kuvumela ukwakha uthungelwano olunabileyo lokusebenza okumangalisayo kunye nomthamo. I-PVRB yenye yeebhloko ezibalulekileyo zokuyisombulula.
Imidlalo, iiprothokholi zoqoqosho, ulamlo
Indima yamanani e-random kushishino lokudlala kunzima ukugqithisela. Ukusetyenziswa okucacileyo kwiikhasino ze-intanethi, kunye nokusetyenziswa okucacileyo xa kubalwa iziphumo zesenzo somdlali zonke ziingxaki ezinzima kakhulu kuthungelwano lwe-decentralized, apho kungekho ndlela yokuxhomekeka kumthombo ophakathi wokungakhethi. Kodwa ukhetho olungakhethiyo lunokusombulula iingxaki ezininzi zoqoqosho kwaye luncede ukwakha iiprothokholi ezilula nezisebenzayo. Masithi kwiprothokholi yethu kukho iingxabano malunga nentlawulo yeenkonzo ezingabizi kakhulu, kwaye ezi ngxabano ziyenzeka kunqabile. Kule meko, ukuba kukho i-PVRB engathandabuzekiyo, abathengi kunye nabathengisi banokuvuma ukusombulula iingxabano ngokungenamkhethe, kodwa ngamathuba anikiweyo. Umzekelo, nge-60% enokwenzeka ukuba umxhasi uphumelele, kwaye nge-40% enokwenzeka umthengisi uya kuphumelela. Le ndlela, engenangqondo ukusuka kwindawo yokuqala yokujonga, ikuvumela ukuba uzisombulule ngokuzenzekelayo iingxabano kunye nesabelo esiqikelelweyo esichanekileyo sokuphumelela / ilahleko, ehambelana namaqela omabini ngaphandle kokuthatha inxaxheba komntu wesithathu kunye nokuchitha ixesha elingeyomfuneko. Ngaphezu koko, umlinganiselo wokunokwenzeka unokuguquguquka kwaye uxhomekeke kwezinye iinguqu zehlabathi. Umzekelo, ukuba inkampani iqhuba kakuhle, inenani eliphantsi leengxabano kunye nenzuzo ephezulu, inkampani inokutshintsha ngokuzenzekelayo ithuba lokusombulula ingxabano libhekiselele kumthengi, umzekelo 70/30 okanye 80/20, kunye vice versa; ukuba iingxabano zithatha imali eninzi kwaye zinobuqhetseba okanye azinelanga, unokutshintshela amathuba kwelinye icala.
Inani elikhulu leeprothokholi ezinomdla ezinikezelweyo, ezinje ngeerejistri ezigciniweyo zophawu, uqikelelo lweemarike, iigophe zebhondi kunye nezinye ezininzi, yimidlalo yezoqoqosho apho ukuziphatha okuhle kuvuzwa khona kunye nokuziphatha okubi kohlwaywa. Zihlala zineengxaki zokhuseleko apho ukhuseleko lungqubana. Yintoni ekhuselweyo ekuhlaselweni "yiminenga" eneebhiliyoni zeethokheni ("isibonda esikhulu") isesichengeni sokuhlaselwa ngamawaka eeakhawunti ezineebhalansi ezincinci ("isibonda se-sybil"), kunye namanyathelo athatyathwe kuhlaselo olunye, olunjenge-non- imirhumo ehambelanayo eyenzelwe ukwenza ukusebenza ngesibonda esikhulu singabi nangeniso idla ngokungavunyelwa ngolunye uhlaselo. Ekubeni sithetha ngomdlalo wezoqoqosho, ubunzima bezibalo ezihambelanayo zingabalwa kwangaphambili, kwaye zivele zitshintshe iikhomishini kunye nokusabalalisa okufanelekileyo. Iikhomishini ezinjalo ezinokwenzeka ziphunyezwa ngokulula ngokulula ukuba ibhloko inomthombo othembekileyo wokungakhethi kwaye ayifuni naziphi na izibalo ezintsonkothileyo, zenza ubomi bube nzima kuyo yomibini iminenga kunye neesybils.
Kwangaxeshanye, kuyimfuneko ukuqhubeka ukukhumbula ukuba ukulawula isuntswana enye kule randomness ikuvumela ukuba ukukopela, ukunciphisa nokwandisa amathuba ngesiqingatha, ngoko ke iPVRB ethembekileyo yeyona nto ibalulekileyo iprothokholi ezinjalo.
Apho ukufumana ilungelo random?
Ngokwethiyori, ukhetho olungenamkhethe kuthungelwano olunatyisiweyo lwenza ukuba phantse nayiphi na inkqubo yomthetho ikhuseleke ngokuchasene nentsebenziswano. Ingqiqo ilula kakhulu - ukuba uthungelwano luyavumelana nge-0 okanye i-1 bit enye, kwaye ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha sabathathi-nxaxheba abanyanisekanga, ngoko, kunikwe ukuphindaphinda okwaneleyo, uthungelwano luqinisekisiwe ukuba lufikelele kwimvumelwano ngaloo nto encinci kunye namathuba asisigxina. Ngokulula ngenxa yokuba i-random ethembekileyo iya kukhetha i-51 kwi-100 yabathathi-nxaxheba 51% yexesha. Kodwa oku kukwithiyori, kuba... kuthungelwano lokwenyani, ukuqinisekisa umgangatho onjalo wokhuseleko njengamanqaku, imiyalezo emininzi phakathi kwenginginya, i-cryptography entsonkothileyo yokupasa okuninzi iyafuneka, kwaye nayiphi na ingxaki yeprotocol yongeza ngoko nangoko iivektha zohlaselo olutsha.
Kungenxa yoko le nto singayiboni i-PVRB eqinisekisiweyo yokumelana ne-blockchains, eyayiza kusetyenziselwa ixesha elaneleyo ukuba ivavanywe ngezicelo zangempela, uphicotho oluninzi, imithwalo, kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, ukuhlaselwa kwangempela, ngaphandle kokuba kunzima ukubiza imveliso ikhuselekile ngokwenene.
Nangona kunjalo, kukho iindlela ezininzi ezithembisayo, ziyahluka kwiinkcukacha ezininzi, kwaye enye yazo ngokuqinisekileyo iya kuyicombulula ingxaki. Ngezixhobo zekhompuyutha zanamhlanje, ithiyori ye-cryptographic inokuguqulelwa ngobuchule kwizicelo ezisebenzayo. Kwixesha elizayo, siya kukuvuyela ukuthetha malunga nokuphunyezwa kwe-PVRB: ngoku kukho ezininzi zazo, nganye inesethi yayo yezinto ezibalulekileyo kunye neempawu zokuphunyezwa, kwaye emva komnye kukho ingcamango efanelekileyo. Awekho amaqela amaninzi abandakanyekayo kwi-randomization, kwaye amava awo ngalinye libaluleke kakhulu kuye wonke umntu. Siyathemba ukuba ulwazi lwethu luya kuvumela amanye amaqela ukuba ahambe ngokukhawuleza, ethathela ingqalelo amava abanduleli bawo.
umthombo: www.habr.com