UPopov usenokuba ngowokuqala - kodwa akazange abe nelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza okanye azame ukuzithengisa
Ngo-1895, isazi sefiziksi saseRashiya uAlexander Popov wasebenzisa isixhobo sakhe sokuduma ukuze abonise ukusasazwa kwamaza kanomathotholo.
Ngubani owasungula unomathotholo? Impendulo yakho iya kuxhomekeka kwindawo osuka kuyo.
NgoMeyi 7, 1945, iBolshoi Theatre eMoscow yayizele qhu zizazinzulu noorhulumente beQela lamaKomanisi eSoviet Union, bebhiyozela isikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-50 yomboniso wokuqala kanomathotholo. . Eli yayilithuba lokunika imbeko umqambi wasekhaya kunye nokuzama ukususa irekhodi lembali kwizinto eziphunyeziweyo , owamkelwa kumazwe amaninzi kwihlabathi jikelele njengomqambi kanomathotholo. NgoMeyi 7 kwabhengezwa kwi-USSR , ebhiyozelwa namhlanje eRashiya.
Ibango elimalunga nokuphambili kukaPopov njengomqambi wonomathotholo lisekelwe kwintetho awayinikela ngoMeyi 7, 1895, “Kubudlelwane bomgubo wentsimbi nokungcangcazela kombane” kwiYunivesithi yaseSt.
UAlexander Popov wavelisa unomathotholo wokuqala okwaziyo ukusasaza ikhowudi yeMorse
Isixhobo sikaPopov sasilula ["I-tube ye-Branly"] - i-flask yeglasi equlethe iifayili zetsimbi ngaphakathi, kunye nee-electrode ezimbini ezibekwe kwiisentimitha ezimbalwa ukusuka kwenye ziyaphuma. Esi sixhobo sasisekelwe kumsebenzi wefiziksi waseFransi , owachaza inkqubo efanayo ngowe-1890, nakwimisebenzi yefiziksi yamaNgesi , owasiphucula isixhobo ngowe-1893. Ekuqaleni, ukuchasana kwe-electrodes kuphezulu, kodwa ukuba impembelelo yombane isetyenziswe kubo, indlela yangoku iya kubonakala ngokuchasana okuncinci. Ikhoyo ngoku iya kuhamba, kodwa ke iifayili zetsimbi ziya kuqala ukuxubha kwaye ukuchasana kuya kwanda. Umdibaniselwano kufuneka ashukunyiswe okanye acofe rhoqo ukuze aphinde asasaze i-sawdust.
eSt. Petersburg, isixhobo sikaPopov yaba sesona sixhobo sikanomathotholo sokuqala esikwaziyo ukuqaphela imiqondiso ngobude bayo. Wasebenzisa isalathisi esihambelanayo se-Lodge kwaye wongeza i-polarized , eyayisebenza njenge-amplifier yangoku ngqo. I-relay ivumele i-Popov ukuba idibanise imveliso yomamkeli kwintsimbi yombane, isixhobo sokurekhoda, okanye i-telegraph, kwaye ifumane impendulo ye-electromechanical. Ifoto yesixhobo esinjalo ngentsimbi evela kwiqoqo lemyuziyam iboniswe ekuqaleni kwenqaku. Ingxelo ibuyisele umququzeleli ngokuzenzekelayo kwimo yakhe yokuqala. Yathi yakukhala intsimbi, iqabane langcangcazela ngokuzenzekelayo.
Ngomhla wama-24 kuMatshi ngo-1896, uPopov waqhuba omnye umboniso oguqukayo woluntu wesixhobo - ngeli xesha ehambisa ulwazi kwikhowudi yeMorse ngetelegraph engenacingo. Kwaye kwakhona, ngelixa eYunivesithi yaseSt. Petersburg, kwintlanganiso yeRussian Physical and Chemical Society, uPopov wathumela iimpawu phakathi kwezakhiwo ezibini eziku-243 mitha ukusuka komnye nomnye. Unjingalwazi wema ebhodini kwisakhiwo sesibini, ebhala oonobumba abamkelwe kwiMorse code. Amagama aphumayo yaba: .
Iisekethe ezisekwe ngokudibeneyo njengePopov's zaba sisiseko sezixhobo zerediyo zesizukulwana sokuqala. Baye baqhubeka besetyenziswa kwaze kwaba ngu-1907, xa bathatyathelwa indawo ngabamkeli ngokusekelwe kwii-crystal detectors.
UPopov noMarconi bajonga unomathotholo ngokwahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo
UPopov wayephila ngexesha likaMarconi, kodwa baphuhlisa izixhobo zabo ngokuzimeleyo, ngaphandle kokwazi omnye nomnye. Ukumisela ngokuchanekileyo ubungangamsha kunzima ngenxa yokunganelanga kwamaxwebhu eziganeko, iinkcazo eziphikisanayo zento eyenza unomathotholo, kunye nokuzingca kwesizwe.
Esinye sezizathu zokuba uMarconi athandwe kwamanye amazwe kukuba wayebazi ngakumbi ubugocigoci bepropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda. Enye yeendlela ezilungileyo zokukhusela indawo yakho kwimbali kukubhalisa amalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza kunye nokupapasha okufunyenweyo ngexesha. UPopov akazange akwenze oku. Akazange afake isicelo selungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza kwisixhobo sakhe sokubona umbane, kwaye akukho ngxelo isemthethweni yomboniso wakhe we-24 kaMatshi 1896 ekhoyo. Ngenxa yoko, wayeka uphuhliso lukanomathotholo kwaye wathatha iiX-reyi ezisanda kufunyanwa.
UMarconi wafaka isicelo selungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza eBritani ngoJuni 2, 1896, ibe yaba sisicelo sokuqala kwinkalo yeradiotelegraphy. Ngokukhawuleza waqokelela utyalo-mali oluyimfuneko ukuthengisa inkqubo yakhe, wadala ishishini elikhulu lemizi-mveliso, ngoko ke uthathwa ngokuba ngumqambi werediyo kumazwe amaninzi angaphandle kweRashiya.
Nangona uPopov engazange azame ukuthengisa unomathotholo ngenjongo yokuhambisa imiyalezo, wabona amandla ayo okusetyenziswa ekurekhodeni ukuphazamiseka kwe-atmospheric - njengesixhobo sombane. NgoJulayi 1895, wafaka umtshini wokuqala wombane kwindawo yokujonga imozulu yeForestry Institute eSt. Yayikwazi ukubona iindudumo kumgama ongangeekhilomitha ezingama-50. Kunyaka olandelayo wafaka umtshini wesibini kuMboniso we-All-Russian Manufacturing Exhibition, owawubanjelwe eNizhny Novgorod, kumgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-400 ukusuka eMoscow.
Kwiminyaka embalwa emva koku, inkampani yokubukela iHoser Victor eBudapest yaqala ukuvelisa izixhobo zombane ezisekelwe kuyilo lukaPopov.
Isixhobo sikaPopov safika eMzantsi Afrika
Enye yeemoto zakhe yade yafika eMzantsi Afrika, ihamba i-13 km. Namhlanje iboniswa kwimyuziyam (SAIEE) eRhawutini.
Iimyuziyam azisoloko zizazi ncam iinkcukacha zembali yemiboniso yazo. Imvelaphi yezixhobo eziphelelwe lixesha kunzima kakhulu ukuyilandela. Iirekhodi zeMyuziyam aziphelelanga, abasebenzi batshintsha rhoqo, kwaye ngenxa yoko, umbutho unokuphulukana nomkhondo wento kunye nembali yayo.
Oku kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwenzekile kwisixhobo sokubona iPopov eMzantsi Afrika ukuba bekungenjalo ngeliso elibukhali likaDerk Vermeulen, injineli yombane kunye nelungu elidala leqela le-SAIEE leqela leentshatsheli zembali. Kwiminyaka emininzi, uVermeulen wayekholelwa ukuba lo mboniso yayiyi-ammeter endala erekhodiweyo esetyenziselwa ukulinganisa okwangoku. Noko ke, ngenye imini wagqiba kwelokuba awufundisise ngcono lo mboniso. Wafumanisa ngovuyo lwakhe ukuba yayiyeyona nto indala kwingqokelela ye-SAIEE, kwaye isekuphela kwesixhobo esasindayo kwiSikhululo seMeteorological saseJohannesburg.
Isibonisi sombane sikaPopov esisuka kwiSikhululo seMeteorological saseJohannesburg, siboniswe kwiziko lolondolozo lwembali laseMzantsi Afrika leeNjineli zoMbane.
Ngowe-1903, urhulumente wamathanga wayalela isixhobo sokubona iPopov, phakathi kwezinye izixhobo ezazifuneka kwisikhululo esasisandul’ ukuvulwa esisendulini ekwimpuma yeso sixeko. Uyilo lwale detector luhambelana noyilo lukaPopov, ngaphandle kokuba i-trembler, eyashukumisa i-sawdust, nayo yaphambukisa ipeni yokurekhoda. Ushicilelo lokurekhoda lwalusongelwe kwigubu lealuminiyam elalijikeleza kanye ngeyure. Nge-revolution nganye ye-drum, i-screw eyahlukileyo yatshintsha i-canvas nge-2 mm, ngenxa yoko izixhobo zinokubhala iziganeko iintsuku eziliqela ngokulandelelana.
Vermeulen kushicilelo lukaDisemba 2000 lweeNkqubo ze-IEEE. Usishiye kabuhlungu kulo nyaka uphelileyo, kodwa ugxa wakhe uMax Clark wakwazi ukusithumelela ifoto yomtshina waseMzantsi Afrika. UVermeulen uye wakhankasela ukuyilwa kwemyuziyam ukuze kuqokelelwe izinto zakudala ezigcinwe e-SAIEE, kwaye uphumeze injongo yakhe ngowama-2014. Kubonakala ngathi kufanelekile, kwinqaku elinikezelwe koovulindlela bonxibelelwano lukanomathotholo, ukuqaphela ukufaneleka kweVermeulen kwaye ukhumbule umtshina wamaza kanomathotholo awawufumanayo.
umthombo: www.habr.com