Isifundo sanamhlanje sintshayelelo kwiirutha zeCisco. Ngaphambi kokuba ndiqalise ukufunda lo mbandela, ndifuna ukuvuyisana naye wonke umntu obukele ikhosi yam, kuba isifundo sevidiyo "Usuku 1" siye sabonwa ngabantu abaphantse babe sisigidi namhlanje. Ndiyabulela kubo bonke abasebenzisi abafake isandla kwikhosi yevidiyo ye-CCNA.
Namhlanje siza kufunda izihloko ezithathu: i-router njengesixhobo somzimba, isingeniso esifutshane kwii-router zeCisco, kunye nokusekwa kwe-router yokuqala. Esi silayidi sibonisa ukuba injani i-router yeCisco 1921 eqhelekileyo.
Ngokungafaniyo nokutshintsha, okunamachweba amaninzi, i-router eqhelekileyo inamachweba onxibelelwano angama-2 kuphela, kulo mzekelo ezi zii-ports ze-Gigabit Ethernet GE0/0 kunye ne-GE/1 kunye nesixhumi se-USB. I-router nayo ineendawo zokubeka iimodyuli zokwandisa kunye ne-2 console port, kuquka i-1 USB port. Isici esahlukileyo kwii-router zeCisco kubukho bokutshintsha - iiswitshi zeCisco azinalo utshintsho. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umphambili we-router ukhangeleka njengalowo uboniswe emazantsi ekhohlo kwisilayidi. Kwiphaneli yangasemva ye-router kukho iziseko zokudibanisa iintambo. Kule meko, ikhebula elisuka kwi-slot GE0/0 okanye i-GE/1 liqhagamshelwe kwiswitshi.
Ngezantsi ekunene kuboniswa imodyuli yokwandisa i-NME-X 23-ES-1GP, enokuthi ifakwe kwi-router ngokususa iipaneli ezingenanto. Ukusebenzisa iimodyuli ezinjalo, unokwandisa amandla omzila weCisco oqhelekileyo ngokweemfuno zakho. Njengoko uyazi, iimveliso zeCisco, ngenxa yobunzima kunye nokusebenza okubanzi, zibiza kakhulu, ngoko ke umsebenzisi unethuba lokungahlawulisi kakhulu isixhobo esinamandla ngakumbi kunokuba afuna. Ngokuthenga i-router elula enezibuko ezi-2, unokuthenga iimodyuli zokwandisa eziyimfuneko njengoko inethiwekhi yakho ikhula. Ngokubanzi, izixhobo zeCisco ziyakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi emininzi. I-Cisco ayizange ivelise ii-routers, kodwa yayizii-routers ezenza i-Cisco inkampani esiyaziyo namhlanje. I-Cisco yaqala ukuveliswa kwee-routers ezikumgangatho ophezulu, eziqinisekisa ukuba ezi mveliso zihamba phambili kwimarike yezixhobo zokunxibelelana.
ICisco izibiza ngokuba yinkampani yesoftware, oko kukuthi, inkampani evelisa isoftware. I-Hardware efana ne-hardware ye-Cisco inokuveliswa yiyiphi na umenzi, umzekelo, i-China, ngokuthenga i-hardware efanelekileyo. Kodwa yiCisco IOS software eyenza izixhobo zenkampani oko zikuko. Inkampani iyaziqhenya ngokwenene ngale nkqubo yokusebenza, esebenza kuzo zonke izixhobo zeCisco - zombini iiswitshi kunye neerotha.
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ukuveliswa Cisco kwakhona CEF iteknoloji Enhanced, okanye Cisco Express Ukudlulisa. Inika ukuhanjiswa kwepakethi ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, phantse ngesantya esiphezulu esivumela ubuchwephesha bezakhono zenethiwekhi. Oku kwaba nombulelo kunokwenzeka kwiisekethe ezikhethekileyo-injongo ehlanganisiweyo Cisco ASIC - Isicelo Specific Iintegrated Circuitry, leyo ukunyanzela iswitshi ukuhambisa iipakethi phantse ngesantya womnatha.
Njengoko benditshilo, i-router ubukhulu becala sisixhobo sesoftware, ngoko ke izigqibo zomzila zenziwa yiCisco IOS inkqubo yokusebenza.
Uyazi ukuba kukho amakhadi egraphics abizayo emidlalo yekhompyuter. Ke, ukuba awunalo ikhadi elinjalo, zonke izibalo ezinzima, oopopayi be-3D kunye nokulungiswa kwemizobo entsonkothileyo kwenziwa yinkqubo yakho yokusebenza, ukulayisha iprosesa yekhompyuter. Ukuba unekhadi levidiyo elinamandla elineprosesa yalo ye-GPU kunye nememori yayo, ukusebenza kwemidlalo kwandisa amaxesha amaninzi, kuba inxalenye yegraphics iphathwa yihardware eyahlukileyo.
Ukutshintsha kusebenza ngendlela efanayo, kuba zonke izigqibo ekutshintsheni iipakethi zenziwe nge-hardware eyahlukileyo, ngaphandle kokulayisha i-router, apho ezi zigqibo ziya kufuneka zenziwe ngesofthiwe. I-Cisco isebenzisa i-software enesiqingatha, iteknoloji ye-CEF ye-half-hardware enyanzelisa i-router ukuba yenze izigqibo zomzila ngokukhawuleza. Eli nqaku lifumaneka kuphela kwiirotha zeCisco.
Sele sijonge indlela yokwenza uqwalaselo lokuqala lweeparamitha zokutshintsha, kwaye ekubeni ukuseta i-router kwenziwa ngendlela efanayo, ndiya kukuxelela ngokukhawuleza. Ndiza kuvula i-Cisco Packet Tracer kwaye ndikhethe i-router ye-1921, emva koko ndivule i-IOS console ifestile apho ndinokubona inkqubo yokusebenza ye-router iqala phezulu.
Uyabona ukuba sikhuphele inguqulo ye-15.1, le yinguqulelo yamva nje ye-IOS, umthamo wememori yi-512 MB, iqonga le-CISCO 2911, emva koko ezinye iiparameters zenkqubo yokusebenza zifumaneka, uvavanyo lomfanekiso we-IOS, kwaye kunjalo, kukho. sisivumelwano selayisensi kunye nezinye izinto ezifanayo.
Ndiza kwenza ividiyo eyahlukileyo enikezelwe kuphela kwiCisco IOS, okanye ndiza kuthetha nje ngeenkonzo ezahlukeneyo zale nkqubo yokusebenza. Manditsho nje ukuba ngenombolo yoguqulelo unokugqiba ukuba yeyiphi izakhono kunye nemisebenzi enikiweyo ye-OS. Ukususela kwi-15.1, zonke iinguqulelo ze-IOS zizonke, oko kukuthi, kuxhomekeke kwilayisenisi ethengwa ngumsebenzisi, unokuthatha inzuzo kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yenkqubo. Umzekelo, ukuba ufuna ukuqinisekisa ukwanda kokhuseleko lwenethiwekhi, uthenge ilayisenisi yenkonzo yokhuseleko, ukuba ufuna imisebenzi yenkonzo yezwi, uthenge ilayisenisi yenkonzo yezwi, njl.
Ngaphambi kwenguqulo ye-15.1, ii-routers zine-OS ezineenguqulelo ezahlukeneyo-iSiseko, uKhuseleko, uShishino, i-Voice Enable njalo njalo. Masithi i-router yomhlobo wam yayinoguqulelo lwe-IOS ye-Enterprise, kwaye ndandinayo inguqulo ye-Basic IOS, kwaye akukho nto indithintelayo ekuthatheni uguqulelo lomhlobo wam kwaye ndiyifake kwi-router yam, kuba iCisco ayizange isebenzise ingcamango yeelayisensi ze-OS.
Ukuqala ngenguqulo ye-15.1, inkampani yaqala ukuphumeza ingcamango yokukhethwa kwelayisensi, kwaye ude uthenge isitshixo esifanelekileyo, awukwazi ukusebenzisa nayiphi na inkonzo yenkqubo yokusebenza eyongezelelweyo. Kancinci kamva, xa sijonga imigaqo-nkqubo yelayisensi yeCisco, ndiya kukuxelela malunga neenguqulelo ezahlukeneyo ze-IOS. Okwangoku, ungayihoyi le kwaye uye ngqo kwilog yokukhuphela.
Ekupheleni kwelogi ubona inkcazo ye-hardware apho inkqubo isebenza khona: uphawu lweprosesa, i-3 gigabit interfaces, i-64-bit DRAM, i-256 KB yememori engaguqukiyo. Esi sixa sememori sibonakala sincinci kakhulu, kodwa kwi-router yenza izigqibo zomzila, kwanele. Le nkumbulo ayifanele ithelekiswe nenkumbulo yekhompyuter yakho, njengoko zizinto ezihluke ngokupheleleyo.
I-log ye-Cisco IOS yokuqalisa iphetha ngombuzo othi: “Qhubeka nencoko yababini yoqwalaselo? Hayi ncma". Ukuba uphendula "Ewe," inkqubo iya kukukhokela kuthotho lwemibuzo ukuze ugqibezele uqwalaselo lokuqala lwesixhobo.
Akufanele wenze oku ngexesha lekhosi yeCCNA, ngoko hlala uphendula "Hayi" kulo mbuzo. Ngokuqinisekileyo, unokukhetha "Ewe" kwaye uskrole kwimimiselo yoqwalaselo, kodwa ekubeni ungayazi indlela yokwenza oko, kungcono ukhethe "Hayi".
Ngokukhetha "Hayi" kwaye ucinezele i-RETURN, siya kuthathwa kwi-prompts yomyalelo, apho sinokuchwetheza imiyalelo eyahlukeneyo. Njengakwimeko yokutshintsha, okokuqala siya kuchwetheza umyalelo we-Router> vumela ukutshintshela kwimo yokumisela ilungelo. Emva koko ndichwetheza u-config t (qwalasela i-terminal) kwaye ndingene kwimowudi yoqwalaselo yehlabathi.
Masingene ngokukhawuleza kwimiyalelo. Ndifuna ukutshintsha igama lenginginya, ke ndisebenzisa igama lenginginya R1 umyalelo, ilandelwa yimiyalelo yokuchasa, ngoko ke ndiqala ngokucela ukundibonisa ujongano lwendlela usebenzisa i do show ip interface emfutshane umyalelo. Siyabona ukuba i-port ye-Gigabit Ethernet 0/0 iphantsi kolawulo, ngoko ndisebenzisa i-int gigabitEthernet 0/0 kwaye akukho miyalelo yokuvala. Emva koku, imeko yezibuko iyatshintsha ukuya phezulu. Ukuba uphinda ujonge imeko ye-interfaces ye-router, unokubona ukuba le port ngoku inesimo "esinikwe amandla". Umbuso weprotocol uhlala uphantsi kuba akukho nto ixhunyiwe kwi-router yethu, kwaye ukuba akukho traffic, ihlala ikwimeko ekhubazekileyo. Kodwa ngokukhawuleza ukuba i-traffic ifike kwi-port ye-router, iprotocol iya kutshintsha isimo sayo ukuya phezulu.
Okulandelayo kufuneka usete igama lokugqitha leconsole. Ukwenza oku, ndichwetheza umgca wemiyalelo con 0, password console, kwaye bonisa run ukuqinisekisa ukuba igama lokugqithisa leconsole libekiwe. Igama lokugqitha liya kujongwa kuphela emva kokuba ndifake umyalelo wokungena. Ngoku i-console port ye-router ikhuselwe igama eliyimfihlo.
Sele ndikuxelele malunga ne-encryption ye-password. Khawucinge ukuba kukho umntu ofikelele kuqwalaselo lwangoku lwesi sixhobo. Ekubeni i-password ebekiwe ibonakala ngokucacileyo kuyo, lo mntu unokuyiba ngokulula ukuze angene kwiisethingi ze-router nanini na kwaye aqhekeze inkqubo.
Enye indlela yokwenza ufihlo lwegama lokugqitha kukusebenzisa umyalelo wofihlo lwenkonzo. Kuba ukungagqibeki kwalo myalelo kusetyenziswa nokuchasa akukho myalelo kwaye akukho nkonzo yokufihla igama lokugqitha, akukho lufihlo lwephasiwedi lwenziwayo. Masingene kwimowudi yoqwalaselo lwehlabathi, chwetheza i-password-encryption command yenkonzo kwaye ucinezele u-Enter. Lo myalelo uthetha ukuba inkqubo ithatha igama eligqithisiweyo lokubhaliweyo elingenanto endilimiselayo kwaye ndilifihlile.
Ngoku, ukuba ujonga uqwalaselo lwangoku usebenzisa i do show run command kwaye uye kumgca wegama lokugqitha, uyabona ukuba igama lokugqitha lesixhenxe lithathe uhlobo lolandelelwano olungenamkhethe lwamanani. Ngoku, ukuba omnye wabalingane bakho unokujonga egxalabeni lakho kwaye abone le phasiwedi, baya kuba nexesha elinzima kakhulu lokukhumbula olu landelelwano. Ngaloo ndlela, senze umgca wokuqala wokukhusela inkqubo yokhuseleko lokufikelela.
Kodwa nangona ekwazi ukukopisha le password, ngena kwizicwangciso kwaye uzame ukuyincamathisela kumgca wegama lokugqitha, inkqubo ayiyi kunika ukufikelela kwizicwangciso, kuba le seti yamanani ayilona igama eliyimfihlo, kodwa ixabiso layo elifihliweyo. Igama eligqithisiweyo elichanekileyo ligama elithi console, kwaye xa ndilifaka, ndiza kuba nofikelelo kwizibuko le console. Ke, nokuba umntu ukhuphele la manani, akanakukwazi ukufikelela kwisixhobo.
Nangona kunjalo, enyanisweni, asilungile, kuba zonke iimfuno zomhlaseli kukuya kwindawo ekuvumela ukuba uguqule ngokulula uCisco ubhale amagama ayimfihlo asixhenxe. Kwanele ukufaka iphepha lesayithi, faka iinombolo ezikopishiweyo, kwaye uya kufumana igama eliyimfihlo elifihliweyo, kwimeko yethu ligama elithi console. Ngoku i-hacker ifuna nje ukukopa eli gama, buyela emva kuseto lwe-IOS kwaye ulincamathisele kwi-password prompt.
Kule meko, umsebenzi olula we-Vumela igama lokugqithisa awuboneleli ngokhuseleko oluyimfuneko. Eyona ndlela ingcono yokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kukusebenzisa imfihlo cisco umyalelo. Ukuba ujonga kuqwalaselo lwangoku, ungabona ukuba ixabiso legama lokugqitha liseti yabasebenzi abahluke kakhulu. Kule meko, uhlobo lwesihlanu lwephasiwedi yeCisco isetyenziswa.
Akunakwenzeka ukucofa olu hlobo lwegama lokugqitha kwi-intanethi, ke ngoku ikhonsoli yesixhobo sakho ikhuselekile ngokupheleleyo.
Okulandelayo kufuneka usete igama lokugqitha leTelnet. Ukwenza oku, ndichwetheza umgca womyalelo vty 0 4, oya kuvumela abantu aba-5 ukuba basebenzise le router, kwaye bangenise i-password telnet umyalelo. Ngoku, ukuba umntu ufuna ukudibanisa kwi-router usebenzisa i-protocol ye-Telnet, kuya kufuneka ukuba afake le-password - igama elithi telnet.
Emva koko, silungiselele idilesi yoLawulo lwe-IP yokutshintsha, kuba ukutshintshwa koluhlu lwe-OSI ye-2. Nangona kunjalo, i-router iyisixhobo se-Layer 3, oku kuthetha ukuba i-port nganye kwi-router inedilesi yayo ye-IP.
Ekutshintsheni, siye kwiisetingi zeVLAN1 okanye kwiisetingi zayo nayiphi na enye inethiwekhi apho sifuna ukubhalisa idilesi ye-IP. Senze ujongano olubonakalayo kwaye sabanika iidilesi ze-IP kubo. Kodwa kwimeko ye-router, ezi dilesi kufuneka zinikezelwe kwizibuko ezibonakalayo, ngoko ke ndifaka imiyalelo config t kunye ne-int g0/0. Emva koko, ndisebenzisa umyalelo ukunika idilesi ye-IP ngendlela efanayo njengoko ndenzayo ngeVLAN, oko kukuthi, ndifaka idilesi ye-ip yomyalelo 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 kwaye emva koko uchwetheze akukho kucima.
Ukuba ngoku ujonga ubume amazibuko usebenzisa do show int mfutshane umyalelo, ungabona ukuba idilesi 10.1.1.1 yabelwe Gigabit Ethernet 0/0 ujongano. Le yindlela esenze ngayo idilesi ye-IP.
Emva koko siqhubela phambili ukuseta i-Logon Banner. Nje ngotshintsho, ndisebenzisa umyalelo webhanile motd kwaye ke ndingangenisa nawuphi na umbhalo endiwufunayo, umzekelo, Wamkelekile kwiNetworKing Router, krwela umgca ngaphantsi kokubhaliweyo ngeenkwenkwezi kwaye uyivale ngeampersand &.
Okulandelayo, ukuba ufuna ukukhubaza izibuko, sebenzisa i Cima umyalelo. Ukugcina useto, sebenzisa ikopi esebenzayo-config-startup-config command. Ubumbeko olusebenzayo lunokujongwa kusetyenziswa umboniso osebenzayo womyalelo weconf, kwaye uqwalaselo lwesiqalo lunokujongwa ngokusebenzisa umboniso wokuqalisa umyalelo weconf. Ukusukela ukuba sisebenzise isixhobo esitsha ngaphandle kwebhokisi kwaye siqale ngeeparamitha ezingagqibekanga, xa sicelwa ukuba sibonise uqwalaselo lwesiqalo, inkqubo iphendula ukuba ayikabikho.
Emva kokufaka ikopi esebenzayo-uqwalaselo lokuqalisa-umyalelo woqwalaselo, inkqubo ikucela ukuba uqinisekise ukuba ifayile ebhalwa ngaphezulu yifayile yeparameters yenkqubo yokuqalisa yokuqalisa. Emva kokuphinda ndibhale ifayile yoqwalaselo lwesiqalo, ndiyayijonga ndisebenzisa umboniso wokuqalisa weconf umyalelo kwaye ndiyabona ukuba ngoku iyafana ncam nefayile yeparamitha yemeko yesixhobo. Ngoku ukuba ndicima i-router kwaye ndiyivule kwakhona, iya kuqalisa ngokusebenzisa izicwangciso ezigciniweyo.
Kungcono ukungqinisisa ubume be-router usebenzisa i-show int emfutshane umyalelo, ungasebenzisa kwakhona umyalelo we-int, oya kubonisa isimo sawo onke amazibuko. Ukuba ufuna ukujonga ubume bezibuko elithile, ungasebenzisa ujongano lokubonisa g0/0 umyalelo, emva koko inkqubo izakubonisa izibalo ezipheleleyo zojongano.
Njengoko benditshilo, eyona nxalenye ibalulekileyo ye-router yitafile yomzila. Ungayijonga usebenzisa umboniso wendlela yomyalelo we-ip.
Okwangoku, itafile ayinanto ngenxa yokuba akukho zixhobo ezixhunyiwe kwi-router yethu. Kwisifundo sevidiyo esilandelayo siza kujonga indlela itafile yokujonga eyenziwa ngayo kusetyenziswa iiprothokholi ezahlukeneyo, igcwaliswa njani xa izixhobo ezitsha ziqhagamshelwe kusetyenziswa indlela engatshintshiyo okanye iprothokholi eguquguqukayo. Ehlabathini lee-router, umyalelo we-ip umboniso ngowona uthandwa kakhulu kuba ngokuqhelekileyo zonke iingxaki zomzila ziqala ngetafile.
Oku kuqukumbela isifundo sethu sevidiyo, njengoko bendithetha ngayo yonke into ebicwangciselwe namhlanje. Abasebenzisi abaninzi babuza ukuba yintoni umdla wam xa ndirekhoda kwaye ndithumela ezi zifundo zevidiyo. Oku ndikwenza ngexesha lam mahala. Ewe ungandithumelela imali ukuba uyafuna. Amaziko amaninzi asebenzisa izifundo zam zevidiyo kwaye acele imali ngayo, kodwa andifuni ukwenza oku kubaphulaphuli bam kwaye ndithembisa ukuba izifundo zam aziyi kuhlawulwa.
Enkosi ngokuhlala nathi. Ngaba uyawathanda amanqaku ethu? Ngaba ufuna ukubona umxholo onomdla ngakumbi? Sixhase ngokufaka iodolo okanye ngokucebisa abahlobo, I-30% isaphulelo kubasebenzisi beHabr kwi-analogue ekhethekileyo yeeseva zomgangatho wokungena, eyenzelwe wena: (ifumaneka nge-RAID1 kunye ne-RAID10, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-24 cores kunye ne-40GB DDR4).
I-Dell R730xd 2 amaxesha aphantsi? Kuphela apha eNetherlands! Dell R420 - 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB - ukusuka $99! Funda malunga
umthombo: www.habr.com