Isihloko sesifundo sanamhlanje yi-RIP, okanye iprotocol yolwazi lwendlela. Siza kuthetha ngeenkalo ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa kwayo, ukucwangciswa kwayo kunye nokulinganiselwa kwayo. Njengoko besenditshilo, i-RIP ayiqukwanga kwikharityhulam yekhosi ye-Cisco 200-125 ye-CCNA, kodwa ndagqiba ekubeni ndinikele isifundo esahlukileyo kule protocol ekubeni i-RIP yenye yeendlela eziphambili zokuhamba.
Namhlanje siza kujonga iinkalo ezi-3: ukuqonda ukusebenza kunye nokuseta i-RIP kwii-routers, i-RIP timers, i-RIP izithintelo. Le protocol yenziwa ngo-1969, ngoko ke yenye yezona ndlela zindala zenethiwekhi. Ingenelo yayo ikukuba lula kwayo okungaqhelekanga. Namhlanje, izixhobo ezininzi zenethiwekhi, kuquka iCisco, ziyaqhubeka nokuxhasa i-RIP kuba ayiyona iprotocol yobunikazi njenge-EIGRP, kodwa iprotocol yoluntu.
Kukho iinguqulelo ezi-2 ze-RIP. Eyokuqala, inguqulo yakudala, ayixhasi i-VLSM - ubude obuguquguqukayo be-subnet imaski apho idilesi ye-IP engenaklasi isekelwe, ngoko sinokusebenzisa inethiwekhi enye kuphela. Ndiza kuthetha ngale nto kamva. Olu guqulelo nalo aluxhasi uqinisekiso.
Masithi uneendlela ezi-2 eziqhagamshelwe enye kwenye. Kule meko, i-router yokuqala ixelela ummelwane wayo yonke into eyaziyo. Masithi inethiwekhi ye-10 iqhagamshelwe kwi-router yokuqala, inethiwekhi ye-20 ibekwe phakathi kwe-router yokuqala neyesibini, kwaye inethiwekhi ye-30 isemva kwe-router yesibini umzila 10 ukuba uyazi malunga womnatha 20 kunye nenethiwekhi 2.
Iprothokholi yomzila ibonisa ukuba ezi nethiwekhi zimbini kufuneka zongezwe kwitafile yomzila. Ngokubanzi, kuvela ukuba enye i-router ixelela i-router engummelwane malunga neenethiwekhi ezixhunyiwe kuyo, ezixelela ummelwane wayo, njl. Ngamafutshane, i-RIP yinkqubo yokuhleba evumela iirutha ezingabamelwane ukuba babelane ngolwazi, kunye nommelwane ngamnye ngaphandle kwemiqathango ekholelwa oko bakuxelelwayo. I-router nganye "iphulaphule" utshintsho kwinethiwekhi kwaye yabelane nabamelwane bayo.
Ukungabikho kwenkxaso yokuqinisekisa kuthetha ukuba nayiphi na i-router eqhagamshelwe kwinethiwekhi ngokukhawuleza iba ngumthathi-nxaxheba opheleleyo. Ukuba ndifuna ukuhlisa inethiwekhi, ndiya kudibanisa i-router yam ye-hacker kunye nohlaziyo olukhohlakeleyo kuyo, kwaye ekubeni zonke ezinye ii-routers zithembela kuyo, ziya kuhlaziya iitafile zabo zomzila ngendlela endifuna ngayo. Uguqulelo lokuqala lwe-RIP aluboneleli naluphi na ukhuseleko ngokuchasene nokukhwabanisa okunjalo.
Kwi-RIPv2, unokubonelela ngokuqinisekisa ngokuqwalasela i-router ngokufanelekileyo. Kule meko, ukuhlaziya ulwazi phakathi kwee-routers kuya kwenzeka kuphela emva kokudlula ukuqinisekiswa kwenethiwekhi ngokufaka igama eligqithisiweyo.
I-RIPv1 isebenzisa usasazo, oko kukuthi, lonke uhlaziyo luthunyelwa kusetyenziswa imiyalezo yosasazo ukuze yamkelwe ngabo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba kwinethiwekhi. Masithi kukho ikhompyutha eqhagamshelwe kwi-router yokuqala engazi nto malunga nohlaziyo kuba zizixhobo zokuhambisa kuphela ezizifunayo. Nangona kunjalo, i-router 1 iya kuthumela le miyalezo kuzo zonke izixhobo ezine-ID yoSasazo, oko kukuthi, kwanabo bangayifuniyo.
Kwinguqulo yesibini ye-RIP, le ngxaki ixazululwe - isebenzisa i-ID ye-Multicast, okanye ukuhanjiswa kwe-traffic multicast. Kule meko, kuphela ezo zixhobo ezichazwe kwimimiselo yeprotocol zifumana uhlaziyo. Ukongeza kuqinisekiso, olu guqulelo lwe-RIP luxhasa idilesi ye-IP ye-VLSM engenaklasi. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba inethiwekhi ye-10.1.1.1/24 iqhagamshelwe kwi-router yokuqala, ke zonke izixhobo zenethiwekhi ezinedilesi ye-IP ekuluhlu lwedilesi yale subnet nayo ifumana ukuhlaziywa. Inguqulo yesibini yeprotocol isekela indlela yeCIDR, oko kukuthi, xa i-router yesibini ifumana ukuhlaziywa, iyazi ukuba yeyiphi inethiwekhi ethile okanye indlela echaphazelekayo. Kwimeko yenguqulo yokuqala, ukuba inethiwekhi 10.1.1.0 iqhagamshelwe kwi-router, ngoko ke izixhobo kwinethiwekhi 10.0.0.0 kunye nezinye iinethiwekhi zeklasi enye nazo ziya kufumana ukuhlaziywa. Kule meko, i-router 2 iya kufumana ulwazi olupheleleyo malunga nohlaziyo lwala manethiwekhi, kodwa ngaphandle kwe-CIDR ayiyi kukwazi ukuba olu lwazi luchaphazela i-subnet kunye needilesi ze-IP zeklasi.
Yile nto i-RIP ekuyo ngokubanzi. Ngoku makhe sijonge indlela enokuthi iqwalaselwe ngayo. Kufuneka uye kwimodi yoqwalaselo lwehlabathi jikelele lwezicwangciso ze-router kwaye usebenzise umyalelo we-RIP ye-Router.
Emva koku, uya kubona ukuba iheader yelayini yomyalelo itshintshile ukuya kwi-R1(config-router)# kuba siye safudukela kwinqanaba lomyalelo osezantsi. Umyalelo wesibini uya kuba yiNguqulelo yesi-2, oko kukuthi, sibonisa kwi-router ukuba kufuneka isebenzise inguqulo yesi-2 yeprotocol. Okulandelayo, kufuneka singenise idilesi yothungelwano olukumgangatho ophezulu apho uhlaziyo kufuneka ludluliselwe kusetyenziswa inethiwekhi XXXX umyalelo unemisebenzi emi-2: okokuqala, ichaza ukuba yeyiphi inethiwekhi ekufuneka ibhengezwe, kwaye okwesibini, yoluphi ujongano olufuna ukusetyenziswa. yale. Uza kubona ukuba ndithetha ukuthini xa ujonga ubumbeko lwenethiwekhi.
Apha sineendlela ezi-4 kunye nekhompyuter eqhagamshelwe kwiswitshi ngenethiwekhi enesazisi 192.168.1.0/26, esahlulwe kwii-subnets ezi-4. Sisebenzisa i-subnets ezi-3 kuphela: 192.168.1.0/26, 192.168.1.64/26 kunye ne-192.168.1.128/26. Sisenayo i-subnet 192.168.1.192/26, kodwa ayisetyenziswanga kuba ayifuni.
Amazibuko isixhobo ezi dilesi IP zilandelayo: computer 192.168.1.10, izibuko lokuqala umzila wokuqala 192.168.1.1, izibuko yesibini 192.168.1.65, izibuko lokuqala umzila yesibini 192.168.1.66, izibuko yesibini umzila 192.168.1.129. izibuko lokuqala lomzila wesithathu 192.168.1.130 1 . Ngexesha lokugqibela sathetha ngeendibano, ngoko andinakukwazi ukulandela indibano kwaye ndinikeze idilesi .1 kwi-port yesibini ye-router, kuba .XNUMX ayiyona inxalenye yale nethiwekhi.
Emva koko, ndisebenzisa ezinye iidilesi, kuba siqala enye inethiwekhi - 10.1.1.0/16, ngoko ichweba lesibini le-router yesibini, apho le nethiwekhi ixhunywe kuyo, inedilesi ye-IP ye-10.1.1.1, kunye nechweba lesine. i-router, apho utshintsho ludibaniswe khona - idilesi 10.1.1.2.
Ukuqwalasela uthungelwano endilwenzileyo, kufuneka ndinike iidilesi ze-IP kwizixhobo. Masiqale ngezibuko lokuqala le-router yokuqala.
Okokuqala, siya kudala igama lomkhosi u-R1, sinikeze idilesi ye-0 kwi-port f0/192.168.1.1 kwaye ucacise imaski ye-subnet 255.255.255.192, ekubeni sinenethiwekhi ye-26. Masigqibezele uqwalaselo lwe-R1 kunye nomyalelo wokungavaliwe. I-port yesibini ye-router yokuqala ye-f0 / 1 iya kufumana idilesi ye-IP ye-192.168.1.65 kunye ne-subnet mask ye-255.255.255.192.
Umzila wesibini uya kufumana igama R2, siya kwabela idilesi 0 kunye subnet imaski 0 kwizibuko lokuqala f192.168.1.66/255.255.255.192, idilesi 0 kunye subnet imaski 1 ukuya yesibini port f192.168.1.129/255.255.255.192 XNUMX.
Ukuqhubela phambili kwi-router yesithathu, siya kwabela igama lomninimzi u-R3, i-port f0/0 iya kufumana idilesi 192.168.1.130 kunye ne-mask 255.255.255.192, kunye ne-port f0/1 iya kufumana idilesi 10.1.1.1 kunye nemaski 255.255.0.0. 16, kuba le nethiwekhi ngu /XNUMX.
Ekugqibeleni, ndiza kuya kwi-router yokugqibela, ndiyinike igama elithi R4, kwaye ndinike i-port f0/0 idilesi ye-10.1.1.2 kunye ne-mask ye-255.255.0.0. Ke, siqwalasele zonke izixhobo zenethiwekhi.
Ekugqibeleni, makhe sijonge izicwangciso zenethiwekhi yekhompyutheni - inedilesi ye-IP engatshintshiyo ye-192.168.1.10, i-half-net mask ye-255.255.255.192, kunye nedilesi yesango engagqibekanga ye-192.168.1.1.
Ngoko, ubonile indlela yokuqwalasela imaski ye-subnet yezixhobo kwii-subnets ezahlukeneyo, ilula kakhulu. Ngoku masivule indlela. Ndingena kwisethingi ye-R1, setha imowudi yoqwalaselo lwehlabathi kwaye uchwetheze umyalelo we-router. Emva koku, isixokelelwano sibonelela ngeengcebiso malunga nendlela elandelwayo enokwenzeka yalo myalelo: bgp, eigrp, ospf kunye ne rip. Kuba isifundo sethu simalunga ne-RIP, ndisebenzisa i-router rip command.
Ukuba uchwetheza uphawu lombuzo, inkqubo iya kukhupha ingcebiso entsha kulo myalelo ulandelayo ngeenketho ezinokwenzeka zemisebenzi yale protocol: isishwankathelo esizenzekelayo - isishwankathelo esizenzekelayo seendlela, ulwazi olungagqibekanga - ulawulo lonikezelo lolwazi olungagqibekanga, uthungelwano. - uthungelwano, amaxesha, njalo njalo. Apha ungakhetha ulwazi esiya kulutshintshisa ngezixhobo ezingabamelwane. Owona msebenzi ubalulekileyo yinguqulelo, ngoko ke siza kuqala ngokufaka inguqulo yesi-2 yomyalelo Okulandelayo kufuneka sisebenzise isitshixo somyalelo wothungelwano, owenza umzila womnatha we-IP ochaziweyo.
Siza kuqhubeka nokuqwalasela i-Router1 kamva, kodwa okwangoku ndifuna ukuqhubela phambili kwi-Router 3. Ngaphambi kokuba ndisebenzise umyalelo wothungelwano kuyo, makhe sijonge kwicala lasekunene le-topology yethu yenethiwekhi. I-port yesibini ye-router inedilesi 10.1.1.1. Isebenza njani iRIP? Nakuhlobo lwayo lwesibini, i-RIP, njengeprotocol endala, isasebenzisa iiklasi zayo zenethiwekhi. Ngoko ke, nangona uthungelwano lwethu lwe-10.1.1.0/16 luyiklasi A, kufuneka sichaze iklasi epheleleyo yedilesi ye-IP usebenzisa inethiwekhi 10.0.0.0 umyalelo.
Kodwa nokuba ndichwetheza inethiwekhi yomyalelo 10.1.1.1 kwaye emva koko ndijonge uqwalaselo lwangoku, ndiya kubona ukuba inkqubo ilungisile i-10.1.1.1 ukuya ku-10.0.0.0, isebenzisa ngokuzenzekelayo ifomathi yedilesi yeklasi epheleleyo. Ke ukuba udibana nombuzo malunga ne-RIP kuviwo lweCCNA, kuya kufuneka usebenzise idilesi yeklasi epheleleyo. Ukuba endaweni ka-10.0.0.0 uchwetheza 10.1.1.1 okanye 10.1.0.0, uya kwenza impazamo. Nangona into yokuba ukuguqulwa kwifom yedilesi yeklasi epheleleyo kwenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo, ndikucebisa ukuba uqale usebenzise idilesi echanekileyo ukuze ungalindi de inkqubo ilungise iphutha. Khumbula-i-RIP ihlala isebenzisa idilesi yenethiwekhi yodidi olupheleleyo.
Emva kokuba usebenzise inethiwekhi 10.0.0.0 umyalelo, i-router yesithathu iya kufaka le nethiwekhi yeshumi kwi-protocol yomzila kwaye ithumele ukuhlaziywa kwindlela ye-R3-R4. Ngoku kufuneka uqwalasele iprotocol yomzila we-router yesine. Ndingena kwizicwangciso zayo kwaye ngokulandelelana ngenisa imiyalelo umzila rip, uguqulelo 2 kunye network 10.0.0.0. Ngalo myalelo ndicela i-R4 ukuba iqalise ukuthengisa inethiwekhi 10. isebenzisa i-RIP yomzila olandelwayo.
Ngoku ezi routers zimbini zinokutshintshiselana ngolwazi, kodwa aziyi kutshintsha nantoni na. Ukusebenzisa umboniso we-ip indlela yomyalelo kubonisa ukuba i-FastEthernrt port 0/0 iqhagamshelwe ngokuthe ngqo kuthungelwano 10.1.0.0. I-router yesine, ifumene isibhengezo senethiwekhi kwi-router yesithathu, iya kuthi: "Mkhulu, mfondini, ndifumene isibhengezo sakho senethiwekhi yeshumi, kodwa sele ndiyazi malunga nalo, kuba ndidibaniswe ngokuthe ngqo kule nethiwekhi."
Ngoko ke, siya kubuyela kwizicwangciso ze-R3 kwaye sifake enye inethiwekhi kunye nomyalelo womnatha we-192.168.1.0. Ndiphinda ndisebenzise ifomathi yeedilesi zeklasi epheleleyo. Emva koko, i-router yesithathu iya kukwazi ukuthengisa inethiwekhi ye-192.168.1.128 ecaleni kwendlela ye-R3-R4. Njengoko besenditshilo, i-RIP "yintlebendwane" exelela bonke abamelwane bayo malunga nothungelwano olutsha, idlulisela ulwazi oluvela kwitafile yomzila kubo. Ukuba ngoku ujonga itafile ye-router yesithathu, unokubona idatha yeenethiwekhi ezimbini eziqhagamshelwe kuyo.
Iza kudlulisela le datha kuzo zombini iziphelo zendlela ukuya kwii-router zesibini kunye nezesine. Masiqhubele phambili kwiisetingi ze-R2. Ndifaka imiyalelo efanayo i-router rip, uguqulelo 2 kunye nenethiwekhi 192.168.1.0, kwaye kulapho izinto ziqala khona ukuba nomdla. Ndicacisa inethiwekhi 1.0, kodwa zombini inethiwekhi 192.168.1.64/26 kunye nenethiwekhi 192.168.1.128/26. Ke ngoko, xa ndicacisa inethiwekhi 192.168.1.0, ndibonelela ngobuchwephesha indlela kuzo zombini iindawo zale router. Uncedo kukuba ngomyalelo nje omnye unokuseta umzila kuwo onke amazibuko esixhobo.
Ndixela ngqo iiparamitha ezifanayo ze-router R1 kwaye ndibonelele ngokujonga kuzo zombini iindlela ngendlela efanayo. Ukuba ngoku ujonga kwitafile ye-R1, unokubona zonke iinethiwekhi.
Le router iyazi malunga nenethiwekhi ye-1.0 kunye nenethiwekhi 1.64. Kwakhona iyazi malunga neenethiwekhi ze-1.128 kunye ne-10.1.1.0 kuba isebenzisa i-RIP. Oku kuboniswa ngeheda engu-R kumqolo ohambelanayo wetheyibhile yomzila.
Nceda uqaphele ulwazi [120/2] - lo ngumgama wolawulo, oko kukuthi, ukuthembeka komthombo wolwazi lokuhamba. Eli xabiso linokuba likhulu okanye lincinci, kodwa ukungagqibeki kwe-RIP yi-120. Umzekelo, indlela engatshintshiyo inomgama wolawulo we-1. Umgama ophantsi wolawulo, iprotocol inokuthenjwa. Ukuba i-router inethuba lokukhetha phakathi kweeprothokholi ezimbini, umzekelo phakathi kwendlela ye-static kunye ne-RIP, ngoko iya kukhetha ukuhambisa i-traffic phezu kwendlela engatshintshiyo. Ixabiso lesibini kwizibiyeli, /2, yimetric. Kwi-RIP protocol, i-metric ithetha inani leehops. Kule meko, inethiwekhi 10.0.0.0/8 inokufikelela kwii-hops ezi-2, oko kukuthi, i-router R1 kufuneka ithumele i-traffic kwinethiwekhi 192.168.1.64/26, le yi-hop yokuqala, kunye nenethiwekhi 192.168.1.128/26, oku i-hop yesibini, ukuya kuthungelwano 10.0.0.0/8 ngesixhobo esine-FastEthernet 0/1 ujongano ngedilesi ye-IP 192.168.1.66.
Ukuthelekisa, i-router R1 inokufikelela kwinethiwekhi 192.168.1.128 kunye nomgama wolawulo we-120 kwi-1 hop ngokusebenzisa i-interface 192.168.1.66.
Ngoku, ukuba uzama i-ping ujongano lwe-router R0 ngedilesi ye-IP 4 ukusuka kwikhompyuter PC10.1.1.2, iya kubuya ngempumelelo.
Umzamo wokuqala awuphumelelanga ngomyalezo wesicelo ophelelwe lixesha, kuba xa usebenzisa i-ARP ipakethi yokuqala ilahleka, kodwa ezinye ezithathu zibuyiselwe ngempumelelo kumamkeli. Oku kubonelela ngonxibelelwano lwe-point-to-point kwinethiwekhi usebenzisa i-RIP yomzila weprotocol.
Ngoko ke, ukuze uvule ukusetyenziswa kwe-protocol ye-RIP yi-router, kufuneka uchwetheze ngokulandelelana imiyalelo ye-router rip, i-version 2 kunye nenethiwekhi <inombolo yenethiwekhi / isazisi senethiwekhi kwifom yeklasi epheleleyo>.
Makhe siye kwiseto lwe-R4 kwaye singenise umyalelo wendlela yokubonisa i-ip. Uyakwazi ukubona ukuba inethiwekhi 10. iqhagamshelwe ngqo kwi-router, kwaye inethiwekhi 192.168.1.0/24 ifikeleleka nge-port f0/0 ngedilesi ye-IP 10.1.1.1 nge-RIP.
Ukuba ubeke ingqalelo kwimbonakalo yenethiwekhi ye-192.168.1.0/24, uya kuqaphela ukuba kukho ingxaki ngokushwankathelwa kweendlela. Ukuba ushwankathelo oluzenzekelayo luvuliwe, i-RIP iya kushwankathela zonke iinethiwekhi ukuya kuthi ga kwi-192.168.1.0/24. Makhe sijonge ukuba zeziphi izibali-xesha. Iprotocol ye-RIP inezibali ezi-4 eziphambili.
Isibali-xesha soHlaziyo sinoxanduva lokuphindaphinda kokuthumela uhlaziyo, ukuthumela uhlaziyo lweprotocol rhoqo ngemizuzwana engama-30 kuzo zonke iindibano ezithatha inxaxheba kumzila weRIP. Oku kuthetha ukuba ithatha itafile yomzila kwaye isasaze kuwo onke amazibuko asebenza kwimo ye-RIP.
Makhe sicinge ukuba sine-router 1, eqhagamshelwe kwi-router 2 ngenethiwekhi ye-N2. Ngaphambi kokuqala nangemva kwe-router yesibini kukho iinethiwekhi ze-N1 kunye ne-N3. I-Router 1 ixelela i-Router 2 ukuba iyayazi inethiwekhi i-N1 kunye ne-N2 kwaye iyithumele uhlaziyo. I-Router 2 ixelela i-Router 1 ukuba iyayazi inethiwekhi i-N2 kunye ne-N3. Kule meko, yonke imizuzwana ye-30 i-router port porting exchange tables.
Makhe sicinge ukuba ngenxa yesizathu esithile uxhulumaniso lwe-N1-R1 luphukile kwaye i-router 1 ayikwazi ukunxibelelana nenethiwekhi ye-N1. Emva koku, i-router yokuqala iya kuthumela kuphela ukuhlaziywa malunga nenethiwekhi ye-N2 kwi-router yesibini. I-Router 2, ifumene uhlaziyo lokuqala olunjalo, iya kucinga ukuba: "kakhulu, ngoku kufuneka ndibeke inethiwekhi ye-N1 kwi-Timer engasebenziyo," emva koko iya kuqalisa ixesha elingasebenziyo. Ngemizuzwana ye-180 ayiyi kutshintshiselana nokuhlaziywa kwenethiwekhi ye-N1 nabani na, kodwa emva kweli xesha liza kumisa i-Timer engasebenziyo kwaye iqalise i-Timer yoHlaziyo kwakhona. Ukuba ngale mizuzwana ye-180 ayifumani naluphi na uhlaziyo kwimeko yenethiwekhi ye-N1, iya kuyibeka kwindawo yokubamba ixesha elihlala imizuzwana eyi-180, oko kukuthi, iBamba ixesha liqala ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba isibali-xesha esingasebenziyo siphelile.
Ngaxeshanye, esinye, isibali-xesha sesine se-Flush siyasebenza, eqala ngaxeshanye nesibali-xesha esingasebenziyo. Esi sibali-xesha simisela ikhefu lexesha phakathi kokufumana uhlaziyo lokugqibela oluqhelekileyo malunga nenethiwekhi ye-N1 de inethiwekhi isuswe kwitafile yomzila. Ngaloo ndlela, xa ixesha lesi sibali-xesha sifikelela kwimizuzwana engama-240, inethiwekhi ye-N1 iya kukhutshwa ngokuzenzekelayo kwitafile yomzila wendlela yesibini.
Ke, uHlaziyo lweXesha lithumela uhlaziyo rhoqo ngemizuzwana engama-30. Ixesha elingasebenziyo, elisebenza rhoqo kwimizuzwana ye-180, lilinda de uhlaziyo olutsha lufike kwi-router. Ukuba ayifiki, ibeka loo nethiwekhi kwindawo yokubamba, kunye ne-Hold Down Timer isebenza rhoqo ngemizuzwana eyi-180. Kodwa i-Invalid kunye ne-Flush timers iqala ngaxeshanye, ukuze imizuzwana engama-240 emva kokuba i-Flush iqale, inethiwekhi engakhankanywanga kuhlaziyo ayibandakanywanga kwitafile yokuqhuba. Ubude bezi zibali-xesha zisetwa ngokungagqibekanga kwaye zinokutshintshwa. Yiloo nto i-RIP yamaxesha.
Ngoku makhe siqhubele phambili siqwalasele imida ye-RIP protocol, zininzi kakhulu zazo. Omnye wemida ephambili kukushwankathela okuzenzekelayo.
Masibuyele kwinethiwekhi yethu 192.168.1.0/24. I-Router 3 ixelela i-Router 4 malunga nenethiwekhi yonke ye-1.0, eboniswa ngu /24. Oku kuthetha ukuba zonke iidilesi ze-IP ezingama-256 kule nethiwekhi, kubandakanywa ne-ID yenethiwekhi kunye nedilesi yosasazo, ziyafumaneka, intsingiselo yemiyalezo evela kwizixhobo ezinayo nayiphi na idilesi ye-IP kolu luhlu iya kuthunyelwa ngenethiwekhi ye-10.1.1.1. Makhe sijonge itafile ye-routing ye-R3.
Sibona inethiwekhi 192.168.1.0/26, yahlulwe kwii-subnets ezi-3. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-router iyazi kuphela malunga needilesi ezintathu ze-IP ezichaziweyo: 192.168.1.0, 192.168.1.64 kunye ne-192.168.1.128, ezizezothungelwano /26. Kodwa ayazi nantoni na, umzekelo, malunga nezixhobo ezineedilesi ze-IP ezikuluhlu ukusuka kwi-192.168.1.192 ukuya kwi-192.168.1.225.
Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yesizathu esithile, i-R4 icinga ukuba iyazi yonke into malunga ne-traffic i-R3 eyithumela kuyo, oko kukuthi, zonke iidilesi ze-IP kwinethiwekhi ye-192.168.1.0/24, ebuxoki ngokupheleleyo. Ngelo xesha, ii-routers zingaqala ukulahla i-traffic kuba "bayakhohlisa" - emva koko, i-router 3 ayinalo ilungelo lokuxelela i-router yesine ukuba iyazi yonke into malunga ne-subnets yale nethiwekhi. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yomba othi "auto-summing". Kwenzeka xa itrafikhi ihamba kuthungelwano olukhulu olwahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, kwimeko yethu, inethiwekhi eneedilesi zeklasi C ixhunyiwe nge-router ye-R3 kwinethiwekhi eneedilesi zeklasi A.
I-router ye-R3 ibona ezi nethiwekhi zifana kwaye zishwankathela ngokuzenzekelayo zonke iindlela kwidilesi enye yenethiwekhi 192.168.1.0. Masikhumbule into ebesiyithethile malunga nokushwankathela iindlela zesupernet kwenye yeevidiyo ezidlulileyo. Isizathu sokudibanisa silula - i-router ikholelwa ukuba enye ingeniso kwitafile yomzila, kuthi le nto ingena 192.168.1.0/24 [120/1] nge-10.1.1.1, ingcono kuneengenelo ezi-3. Ukuba inethiwekhi iqulathe amakhulu ee subnets ezincinci, ngoko xa ushwankathelo luvaliwe, itafile yomzila iya kuba nenani elikhulu lamangeno ahambayo. Ke ngoko, ukuthintela ukuqokelelwa kolwazi oluninzi kwiitafile zomzila, isishwankathelo sendlela esizenzekelayo sisetyenziswa.
Nangona kunjalo, kwimeko yethu, iindlela zokushwankathela ngokuzenzekelayo zenza ingxaki kuba inyanzelisa i-router ukuba itshintshe ulwazi lobuxoki. Ngoko ke, kufuneka singene kwisethingi ye-router ye-R3 kwaye singenise umyalelo ovimbela iindlela zokushwankathela ngokuzenzekelayo.
Ukwenza oku, ndichwetheza ngokulandelelana imiyalelo ye-router rip kwaye akukho sishwankathelo esizenzekelayo. Emva koku, kufuneka ulinde de uhlaziyo lusasazeka kwinethiwekhi, kwaye emva koko ungasebenzisa umyalelo wendlela ye-ip kwizicwangciso ze-router ye-R4.
Uyakwazi ukubona ukuba itshintshile njani itheyibhile yomzila. Ukungena kwe-192.168.1.0/24 [120/1] nge-10.1.1.1 kwagcinwa kwinguqu yangaphambili yetafile, kwaye ke kukho amangeno amathathu, ngokubonga kwi-Update timer, ihlaziywa rhoqo ngemizuzwana ye-30. I-timer ye-Flush iqinisekisa ukuba imizuzwana ye-240 emva kohlaziyo kunye nemizuzwana ye-30, oko kukuthi, emva kwemizuzwana ye-270, le nethiwekhi iya kususwa kwitafile yomzila.
Uthungelwano 192.168.1.0/26, 192.168.1.64/26 kunye 192.168.1.128/26 zidweliswe ngokuchanekileyo, ke ngoku ukuba i-traffic imiselwe isixhobo 192.168.1.225, eso sixhobo siya kuyilahla kuba i-router ayiyazi apho isixhobo esinesixhobo loo dilesi. Kodwa kwimeko yangaphambili, xa sasisenza isishwankathelo esizenzekelayo seendlela ezivumela i-R3, le traffic yayiza kubhekiswa kuthungelwano lwe-10.1.1.1, oko kwakungalunganga ngokupheleleyo, kuba i-R3 kufuneka ilahle ngokukhawuleza ezi pakethe ngaphandle kokuthumela ngaphezulu.
Njengomlawuli wothungelwano, kufuneka wenze uthungelwano ngexabiso elincinci lokuhamba okungafunekiyo. Umzekelo, kule meko akukho mfuneko yokuthumela le traffic nge-R3. Umsebenzi wakho kukwandisa inethiwekhi kangangoko, ukuthintela ukuthunyelwa kwetrafikhi kwizixhobo ezingayifuniyo.
Umda olandelayo we-RIP ziiLops, okanye iilophu zokuhola. Sele sithethile malunga nokudibanisa kwenethiwekhi, xa itafile yomzila ihlaziywa ngokuchanekileyo. Kwimeko yethu, i-router ayifanele ifumane ukuhlaziywa kwenethiwekhi ye-192.168.1.0/24 ukuba ingazi nto ngayo. Ngokobuchwephesha, ukuhlangana kuthetha ukuba itheyibhile yomzila ihlaziywa kuphela ngolwazi oluchanekileyo. Oku kufuneka kwenzeke xa i-router icinyiwe, iqaliswe kwakhona, iphinde ixhunywe kwinethiwekhi, njl. Ukuhlangana yimeko apho lonke uhlaziyo oluyimfuneko lwetheyibhile yomzila lugqityiwe kwaye zonke izibalo eziyimfuneko zenziwe.
I-RIP inokudibana okulambathayo kakhulu kwaye iyiprothokholi yokucotha kakhulu. Ngenxa yokucotha, i-Loops ye-routing, okanye "i-counter engapheliyo" ingxaki, ivela.
Ndiya kutsala umzobo womnatha ofana nomzekelo wangaphambili - umzila 1 uqhagamshelwe kwi-router 2 ngenethiwekhi ye-N2, inethiwekhi ye-N1 iqhagamshelwe kwi-router 1, kunye nenethiwekhi ye-N2 ixhunyiwe kwi-router 3. Masicinge ukuba ngenxa yesizathu esithile uxhulumaniso lwe-N1-R1 lwaphukile.
Umzila 2 uyazi ukuba inethiwekhi N1 iyafikeleleka kwi-hop enye nge-router 1, kodwa le nethiwekhi ayisebenzi okwangoku. Emva kokuba inethiwekhi ingaphumeleli, inkqubo ye-timer iqala, i-router 1 ibeka kwi-Hold Down state, njalo njalo. Nangona kunjalo, i-router 2 ine-Update timer esebenzayo, kwaye ngexesha elimisiweyo ithumela uhlaziyo kwi-router 1, ethi inethiwekhi ye-N1 ifikeleleke ngayo kwii-hops ezimbini. Olu hlaziyo lufika kwi-router 1 ngaphambi kokuba ibe nexesha lokuthumela i-router 2 uhlaziyo malunga nokusilela kwenethiwekhi ye-N1.
Emva kokufumana olu hlaziyo, i-router 1 icinga ukuba: "Ndiyazi ukuba inethiwekhi ye-N1 eqhagamshelwe kum ayisebenzi ngesizathu esithile, kodwa i-router 2 indixelele ukuba ifumaneka ngayo kwii-hops ezimbini. Ndiyamkholelwa, ngoko ke ndiza kongeza i-hop enye, ndihlaziye itafile yam yendlela kwaye ndithumele i-router 2 uhlaziyo oluthi inethiwekhi i-N1 iyafikeleleka nge-router 2 kwii-hops ezintathu!
Emva kokuba ndifumene olu hlaziyo kwi-router yokuqala, i-router 2 ithi: "Kulungile, ngaphambili ndifumene uhlaziyo oluvela kwi-R1, eyathi inethiwekhi ye-N1 ifumaneka ngayo kwi-hop enye. Ngoku undixelele ukuba iyafumaneka kwi-hops ezi-3. Mhlawumbi kukho into etshintshileyo kwinethiwekhi, andinakuzinceda kodwa ndiyayikholelwa, ke ndiza kuyihlaziya itafile yam yomzila ngokongeza ihop enye.β Emva koko, i-R2 ithumela ukuhlaziywa kwi-router yokuqala, echaza ukuba inethiwekhi ye-N1 ngoku ifumaneka kwii-hops ezi-4.
Uyabona ukuba yintoni ingxaki? Zombini ii-router zithumela uhlaziyo komnye nomnye, zongeza i-hop enye ngexesha, kwaye ekugqibeleni inani leehops lifikelela kwinani elikhulu. Kwi-protocol ye-RIP, inani eliphezulu le-hops liyi-16, kwaye ngokukhawuleza xa lifikelela kweli xabiso, i-router iyaqonda ukuba kukho ingxaki kwaye isuse ngokulula le ndlela kwitafile yokujikeleza. Le yingxaki ngomzila we-RIP. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-RIP iprotocol ye-vector yomgama ibeka esweni kuphela umgama, ngaphandle kokunikela ingqalelo kwimeko yamacandelo enethiwekhi. Ngo-1969, xa uthungelwano lwekhompyutha lwalucotha kakhulu kunokuba lunjalo ngoku, indlela yevektha yomgama yayithetheleleka, ngoko abaphuhlisi be-RIP bakhetha ukubalwa kwe-hop njengeyona metric engundoqo. Nangona kunjalo, namhlanje le ndlela idala iingxaki ezininzi, ngoko ke uthungelwano lwangoku lutshintshe ngokubanzi kwiiprothokholi ezihamba phambili, ezifana ne-OSPF. Enyanisweni, le protocol iye yaba ngumgangatho wothungelwano lweenkampani ezininzi zehlabathi. Siza kujonga le protocol ngokweenkcukacha ezinkulu kwenye yezi vidiyo zilandelayo.
Asiyi kuphinda sibuyele kwi-RIP, kuba usebenzisa umzekelo wale protocol yenethiwekhi endala, ndikuxelele ngokwaneleyo malunga neziseko zomzila kunye neengxaki ngenxa yokuba bazama ukuyeka ukusebenzisa le protocol kwiinethiwekhi ezinkulu. Kwizifundo zevidiyo ezilandelayo siza kujonga iiprothokholi zomzila zale mihla-OSPF kunye ne-EIGRP.
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