Cinga ukuba i-STP ikwimeko yokuhlangana. Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba ndithatha intambo kwaye ndiqhagamshele iswitsha H ngqo kwi-root switch A? I-Root Bridge "ibona" ukuba inezibuko elitsha elinikwe amandla kwaye ithumela i-BPDU phezu kwayo.
Ukutshintsha H, xa ufumene esi sakhelo ngexabiso elinguziro, uya kugqiba iindleko zendlela kwizibuko elitsha njenge-0 + 19 = 19, nangona ixabiso lezibuko leengcambu liyi-76. Emva koko, izibuko lokutshintsha H. , eyayikade ikwimeko ekhubazekileyo, iya kuhamba kuzo zonke izigaba zenguqu kwaye iya kutshintshela kwimodi yokuhambisa kuphela emva kwemizuzwana ye-50. Ukuba ezinye izixhobo ziqhagamshelwe kolu tshintsho, ke zonke ziya kulahlekelwa unxibelelwano kunye nengcambu yokutshintsha kunye nenethiwekhi iyonke imizuzwana engama-50.
Ukutshintsha i-G kwenza okufanayo, ukufumana isakhelo se-BPDU kwi-switch H ngesaziso seendleko ze-19. Itshintsha iindleko ze-port eyabelwe yona kwi-19+19= 38 kwaye iphinde inike njenge-root port entsha, ngenxa yokuba ixabiso le-Root yalo yangaphambili. I-Port yi-57, enkulu kune-38. Ngexesha elifanayo, zonke izigaba ze-port redirection ezithatha imizuzwana ye-50 ziqala kwakhona, kwaye, ekugqibeleni, yonke inethiwekhi iyawa.
Ngoku makhe sijonge oko kuya kwenzeka kwimeko efanayo xa usebenzisa i-RSTP. Ukutshintsha kweengcambu kuya kuthumela i-BPDU kwi-H switch eqhagamshele kuyo ngendlela efanayo, kodwa ngokukhawuleza emva koko iya kuvala i-port yayo. Ekufumaneni esi sakhelo, switsha H izakugqiba ukuba le ndlela inexabiso eliphantsi kuneengcambu zezibuko, kwaye izakuyivala kwangoko. Emva koko, i-H iya kuthumela iSindululo kwi-root switch kunye nesicelo sokuvula i-port entsha, kuba iindleko zayo zingaphantsi kweendleko ze-root port esele ikhona. Emva kokuba ingcambu yokutshintsha ivumelane nesicelo, ivula izibuko layo kwaye ithumele iSivumelwano sokutshintshela i-H, emva koko i-port entsha iya kwenza i-port entsha ye-port yayo.
Kwangaxeshanye, enkosi kwiNkqubo yeSindululo / isiVumelwano, ukwabiwa ngokutsha kwezibuko leengcambu kuya kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza, kwaye zonke izixhobo eziqhagamshelwe ekutshintsheni i-H aziyi kuphulukana nonxibelelwano nenethiwekhi.
Ngokwabela i-Root Port entsha, switsha H izakuguqula izibuko leengcambu elidala libe kwelinye izibuko. Okufanayo kuya kwenzeka ngokutshintshwa kwe-G - kuya kutshintshiselana imiyalezo yeSindululo / isiVumelwano kunye nokutshintsha H, yabela i-port entsha yengcambu kwaye ivimbe amanye amazibuko. Emva koko inkqubo iya kuqhubeka kwicandelo lothungelwano elilandelayo ngokutshintsha F.
Ukutshintshwa kwe-F, emva kokuhlalutya iindleko, kuya kubona ukuba indlela eya kwi-root switch kwi-port ephantsi iya kubiza i-57, ngelixa indlela ekhoyo idlula i-port ephezulu ibiza i-38, kwaye iya kushiya yonke into njengoko injalo. Ekufundeni koku, tshintsha u-G uya kuvala izibuko elijonge ku-F kwaye lizakudlulisela phambili itrafikhi kwi-root switch ecaleni kwendlela entsha ye-GHA.
De itshintshe F ifumane iSindululo/IsiVumelwano kwiswitshi G, iya kugcina izibuko layo elisezantsi livaliwe ukunqanda iilophu. Ngoko unokubona ukuba i-RSTP yiprotocol ekhawulezayo kakhulu engenzi iingxaki i-STP enayo kumsebenzi wothungelwano.
Ngoku masiqhubele phambili kwimiyalelo. Kufuneka ufake imowudi yoqwalaselo lwehlabathi kwaye ukhethe imowudi ye-PVST okanye ye-RPVST usebenzisa umyalelo wemowudi yomthi. . Emva koko kufuneka uthathe isigqibo malunga nendlela yokutshintsha okuphambili kweVLAN ethile. Ukwenza oku, sebenzisa i-spanning-tree vlan <inombolo yeVLAN> ephambili <ixabiso> umyalelo. Ukusuka kwisifundo sokugqibela sevidiyo, kufuneka ukhumbule ukuba okuphambili kukuphindaphindwa kwe-4096 kwaye ngokungagqibekanga eli nani ngu-32768 kunye nenombolo yeVLAN. Ukuba ukhethe i-VLAN1, ngoko umba ophambili ongagqibekanga uya kuba ngu-32768+1= 32769.
Kutheni unokufuna ukutshintsha okuphambili kothungelwano? Siyazi ukuba i-BID iqulethe ixabiso eliphambili lamanani kunye nedilesi ye-MAC. Idilesi ye-MAC yesixhobo ayinakuguqulwa, inexabiso elihlala lihlala, ngoko kuphela ixabiso eliphambili elinokutshintshwa.
Makhe sicinge ukuba kukho inethiwekhi enkulu apho zonke izixhobo zeCisco zixhunyiwe kwipatheni ejikelezayo. Kule meko, i-PVST ivuliwe ngokungagqibekanga, ngoko ke inkqubo iya kukhetha ingcambu yokutshintsha. Ukuba zonke izixhobo zinokubaluleka okufanayo, ngoko ke ukutshintshela kwidilesi endala ye-MAC kuya kuthatha indawo yokuqala. Nangona kunjalo, inokuba yiminyaka eyi-10-12 yokutshintsha ilifa elingenawo amandla kunye nokusebenza "ukukhokela" kuthungelwano olubanzi kangaka.
Kwangaxeshanye, unokuba notshintsho olutsha kuthungelwano lwamawaka aliqela eedola, okuthi, ngenxa yexabiso eliphezulu ledilesi ye-MAC, kunyanzeleke ukuba “angenise” kutshintsho oludala oluxabisa iidola ezilikhulu. Ukuba iswitshi endala iba yingcambu yokutshintsha, oku kubonisa impazamo enkulu yoyilo lwenethiwekhi.
Ngoko ke, kufuneka uye kwizicwangciso zotshintshi olutsha kwaye unikeze ixabiso elisezantsi eliphambili, umzekelo, 0. ingcambu yokutshintsha.
Ngoku khawucinge ngemeko enjalo. Ukuba ingcambu yokutshintsha ayifumaneki ngenxa yesizathu esithile, unokufuna ingcambu entsha yokutshintsha ingabiyiyo nayiphi na inguqu ephantsi ephambili, kodwa iswitshi ethile eneempawu ezingcono zothungelwano. Kulo mzekelo, iisetingi zeRoot Bridge zisebenzisa umyalelo onika iingcambu zokutshintsha okungundoqo kunye nesibini: i-spanning-tree vlan <inombolo yenethiwekhi yeVLAN> ingcambu <esisiseko/yesibini>. Ixabiso eliphambili kwi-Primary switch liya kuba yi-32768 - 4096 - 4096 = 24576. Ukutshintsha kweSekondari, kubalwa ngefomula 32768 - 4096 = 28672.
Awudingi ukufaka la manani ngesandla - inkqubo iya kukwenzela oku ngokuzenzekelayo. Ngaloo ndlela, ukutshintshela okuphambili kwe-24576 kuya kuba yingcambu yokutshintsha, kwaye ukuba ayifumaneki, ukutshintshela ngokuphambili kwe-28672, nangona i-priority yazo zonke ezinye iiswitshi ngokungagqibekanga zincinci 32768. Oku kufuneka kwenziwe ukuba awufuni. ufuna isixokelelwano sabela ngokuzenzekelayo isitshixo sengcambu.
Ukuba ufuna ukubona imimiselo yomthetho we-STP, kufuneka usebenzise umyalelo wesishwankathelo somthi we-STP. Ngoku makhe sijonge kuzo zonke izihloko ezigutyungelwe namhlanje kusetyenziswa iPacket Tracer. Ndisebenzisa i-topology yenethiwekhi ye-4 2690-switch, ayinamsebenzi njengoko zonke iimodeli zokutshintsha kweCisco zixhasa i-STP. Badityaniswe omnye komnye ukuze inethiwekhi yenze isangqa esibi.
Ngokungagqibekanga, izixhobo zeCisco zisebenza kwimodi ye-PSTV +, okuthetha ukuba izibuko ngalinye aliyi kufuna ngaphezu kwemizuzwana engama-20 ukudibana. Iphaneli yokulinganisa ikuvumela ukuba ubonise ukuthunyelwa kwetrafikhi kwaye ujonge iiparameters zenethiwekhi eyenziweyo.
Uyakwazi ukubona ukuba yintoni isakhelo se-STP BDU. Ukuba ubona uguqulelo 0, ngoko une STP, kuba uguqulelo 2 lusetyenziselwa RSTP.Ikwabonisa ixabiso ID Root, equlathe kuqala kunye nedilesi ye MAC ye root switch, kunye neBridge ID ixabiso elilingana nayo.
La maxabiso ayalingana, kuba iindleko zendlela eya kwingcambu yokutshintsha kwe-SW0 ngu-0, ngoko ke, yingcambu ngokwayo. Ngaloo ndlela, emva kokutshintsha ukutshintshwa, ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwe-STP, i-Root Bridge yakhethwa ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye inethiwekhi yaqala ukusebenza. Uyakwazi ukubona ukuba ukuthintela iluphu, izibuko eliphezulu Fa0 / 2 yokutshintsha SW2 yamiselwa kwimeko yokuThintela, kodwa yintoni ebonisa umbala orenji wesiphawuli.
Masiyeni kwi-SW0 switsha useto lwekhonsoli kwaye sisebenzise imiyalelo embalwa. Eyokuqala ngumyalelo wokubonisa umthi, emva kokungena apho siya kuboniswa ulwazi malunga ne-PSTV + mode ye-VLAN1 kwisikrini. Ukuba sisebenzisa iiVLAN ezininzi, enye ibhloko yolwazi iya kuvela ezantsi kwefestile okwesibini kunye nothungelwano olulandelayo olusetyenzisiweyo.
Uyabona ukuba i-STP protocol iyafumaneka phantsi komgangatho we-IEEE, othetha ukusebenzisa i-PVSTP+. Ngokobuchwephesha, oku akungomgangatho we-.1d. Ikwabonisa ulwazi lwe-ID ye-Root: i-priority 32769, idilesi ye-MAC yesixhobo sengcambu, ixabiso le-19, njl. Oku kulandelwa ngolwazi lwe-ID ye-Bridge, echaza ixabiso eliphambili le-32768 +1, kwaye lilandelwa enye idilesi ye-MAC. Njengoko ubona, bendiphazamile - iswitshi ye-SW0 ayiyonto yokutshintsha ingcambu, i-root switch inedilesi eyahlukileyo ye-MAC enikwe kwiparameters ye-ID yeNqaku. Ndicinga ukuba oku kungenxa yokuba i-SW0 ifumene isakhelo se-BPDU ngolwazi lokuba enye iswitshi kwinethiwekhi inesizathu esihle sokudlala indima yeengcambu. Ngoku siza kukuqwalasela oku.
(inqaku lomguquleli: Ingcambu yesazisi sisazisi sokutshintsha ingcambu, iyafana kuzo zonke izixhobo zeVLAN enye esebenza phantsi kweSTP protocol, iBridge ID isazisi sokutshintsha kwendawo njengenxalenye yeRoot Bridge, enokwahluka utshintsho ezahlukeneyo kunye VLAN ezahlukeneyo).
Enye imeko ebonisa ukuba i-SW0 ayisiyiyo i-root switch yeyokuba i-root switch ayinayo i-Root Port, kwaye kule meko kukho zombini i-Root Port kunye ne-Mirror eMiselweyo ekwimo yokuthunyelwa. Ubona kwakhona uhlobo loqhagamshelwano lwe-p2p, okanye i-point-to-point. Oku kuthetha ukuba amazibuko fa0/1 kunye ne-fa0/2 aqhagamshelwe ngokuthe ngqo kwizitshixo ezingabamelwane.
Ukuba ezinye izibuko beziqhagamshelwe kwi-hub, uhlobo loqhagamshelo luya kuchongwa njengolwabelwana ngalo, siya kujonga oku kamva. Ukuba ndingenisa umyalelo osisishwankathelo somthi wokujonga ulwazi olusisishwankathelo, siza kubona ukuba olu tshintsho lukwimo ye-PVSTP, ilandelwa luluhlu lwemisebenzi yezibuko engafumanekiyo.
Oku kulandelayo kubonisa ubume kunye nenani lezibuko ezikhonza i-VLAN1: ukuvala i-0, ukuphulaphula i-0, ukufunda i-0, kukho izibuko ezi-2 kwimeko yokudlulisela kwimo ye-STP.
Phambi kokuba uqhubele phambili utshintshe SW2, makhe sijonge useto lokutshintsha SW1. Ukwenza oku, sisebenzisa umboniso ofanayo womyalelo womthi.
Uyabona ukuba idilesi ye-MAC ye-ID yeNgcambu yokutshintsha SW1 iyafana naleyo ye-SW0, kuba zonke izixhobo kuthungelwano zifumana idilesi efanayo yesixhobo se-Root Bridge xa zihlangana, ekubeni zithembela ukhetho olwenziwa yi-STP. iprotocol. Njengoko ubona, i-SW1 yingcambu yokutshintsha, kuba i-ID yengcambu kunye needilesi ze-ID zeBridge ziyafana. Ukongeza, kukho umyalezo "olu tshintsho luyingcambu".
Olunye uphawu lokutshintsha kweengcambu kukuba ayinayo i-Root port, omabini amazibuko atyunjwe njengeNyuliweyo. Ukuba onke amazibuko abonisiwe njengeMinyuliwe kwaye akwimo yonikezelo, ngoko unengcambu yokutshintsha.
Tshintsha i-SW3 iqulethe ulwazi olufanayo, kwaye ngoku nditshintshela kwi-SW2 kuba elinye lamazibuko ayo likwimeko yokuThintela. Ndisebenzisa umyalelo we-shopping-tree kwaye sibona ukuba ulwazi lwe-ID ye-Root kunye nexabiso eliphambili liyafana nolunye utshintsho.
Kwakhona kubonakaliswe ukuba elinye lamazibuko liNxuwa. Ungabhideki, umgangatho we-802.1d uyibiza ngokuba yi-Block Port, kwaye kwi-PVSTP izibuko elivaliweyo lihlala libizwa ngokuba yi-Alternative. Ke, le enye izibuko iFa0/2 ikwimo evaliweyo, kwaye izibuko leFa0/1 lisebenza njenge Root Port.
Izibuko elivaliweyo likwicandelo lomsebenzi womnatha phakathi kokutshintsha SW0 kunye nokutshintsha SW2, ngoko ke asenzi iluphu. Njengoko ubona, iiswitshi zisebenzisa uqhagamshelo lwe-p2p kuba azikho ezinye izixhobo eziqhagamshelwe kuzo.
Sinenethiwekhi edibana ngaphezulu kweSTP protocol. Ngoku ndiza kuthatha intambo kwaye ndiqhagamshele ngokuthe ngqo iswitshi SW2 kwiswitshi yehashe SW1. Emva koko, onke amazibuko e-SW2 aya kuboniswa ngabamakishi abaorenji.
Ukuba sisebenzisa umboniso wesishwankathelo somthi, siya kubona ukuba ekuqaleni amazibuko amabini akwimeko yokuMamela, emva koko angena kwisimo sokuFunda, kwaye emva kwemizuzwana embalwa ukuya kwimo yokudlulisa, ngelixa umbala wesimaki utshintsha ukuya. luhlaza. Ukuba ngoku ukhupha umyalelo womthi ojikelezayo, ungabona ukuba iFa0/1, eyayifudula iyi Root port, ngoku ingenile kwimeko yothintelo kwaye yaziwa njenge Elternative port.
I-Fa0/3 izibuko, apho intambo yokutshintsha ingcambu iqhagamshelwe kuyo, iye yaba yi-Root port, kunye ne-Fa0/2 port iye yaba lizibuko elichongiweyo. Masiphinde sijonge inkqubo eqhubekayo yokudibanisa. Ndiza kuqhawula intambo ye-SW2-SW1 kwaye ndibuyele kwi-topology yangaphambili. Unokubona ukuba izibuko ze-SW2 ziqala zibhloke kwaye zijike i-orenji kwakhona, emva koko ngokulandelelanayo udlulele kwiphondo lokuMamela kunye nokuFunda kwaye uphelele kwimo yoPhambili. Kule meko, enye i-port ijika eluhlaza, kwaye okwesibini, idibaniswe kwi-SW0 switch, ihlala i-orange. Inkqubo yokudibanisa ithathe ixesha elide, ezi ziindleko zomsebenzi we-STP.
Ngoku makhe sijonge indlela esebenza ngayo i-RSTP. Masiqale ngotshintshiselwano lwe-SW2 kwaye singenise imowudi yomthi we-spinning ngokukhawuleza-pvst kwiseto zayo. Lo myalelo unezikhetho ezimbini zeparameter kuphela: pvst kunye ne-rapid-pvst, ndisebenzisa eyesibini. Emva kokufaka umyalelo, utshintsho lutshintshela kwimodi ye-RPVST, unokujonga oku kunye nomyalelo we-shopping-tree.
Ekuqaleni, ubona umyalezo ochaza ukuba ngoku sine-RSTP protocol esebenzayo. Yonke enye into yahlala ingatshintshanga. Emva koko kufuneka ndenze okufanayo kuzo zonke ezinye izixhobo, kwaye oku kugqiba ukuseta i-RSTP. Makhe sijonge indlela le protocol esebenza ngayo ngendlela esenze ngayo kwi-STP.
Ndiphinda intambo yokutshintsha i-SW2 ngqo kwi-root switch SW1 - masibone ukuba ukudibanisa kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza kangakanani. Ndichwetheza umyalelo osisishwankathelo somthi ojikelezayo kwaye ndibone ukuba izibuko ezimbini zokutshintsha zikwimeko yoThintelo, i-1 ikwimo yoKugqithiselwa.
Uyabona ukuba ukudibana kwenzeke ngokukhawuleza, ngoko unokubona ukuba i-RSTP ekhawuleza kangakanani kune-STP. Okulandelayo, sinokusebenzisa umyalelo omiselweyo womthi we-portfast, oya kubeka onke amazibuko ekutshintsheni kwimowudi ye-portfast ngokungagqibekanga. Oku kuyinyani ukuba uninzi lwezibuko zokutshintsha zi-Edge port eziqhagamshelwe ngokuthe ngqo kwinginginya. Ukuba sinezibuko elingeyo-Edge, siyibuyisela kwimowudi yomthi we-spanning.
Ukuqwalasela umsebenzi ngeVLAN, ungasebenzisa i-spanning-tree vlan <number> umyalelo kunye neparameters eziphambili (icwangcisa ukutshintshwa kuqala kwi-spinning-tree) okanye ingcambu (icwangcisa iswitshi njengengcambu). Sisebenzisa i-spanning-tree i-vlan 1 yokubaluleka komyalelo, ichaza nakuphi na ukuphindaphinda kwe-4096 kuluhlu ukusuka ku-0 ukuya ku-61440 njengokubaluleka.
Ungakhupha i-spaning-tree vlan 1 ingcambu yomyalelo ngeyona ndlela iphambili okanye yeenketho ezizisekondari ukuqwalasela i-port engundoqo okanye yogcino lweengcambu yomsebenzi womnatha othile. Ukuba ndisebenzisa i-spinning-tree vlan 1 ingcambu engundoqo, eli zibuko lizakuba yingcambu engundoqo ye-VLAN1.
Ndiya kungena umboniso othululwayo-umthi umyalelo, kwaye siya kubona ukuba le switsha SW2 inokubaluleka 24577, iidilesi MAC of ID Root kunye ID Bridge ziyafana, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ngoku ibe ingcambu switsha.
Unokubona ukuba ukudibanisa kunye neendima zokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza kwenzeke kangakanani. Ngoku ndiya kurhoxisa imowudi yokutshintsha engundoqo kunye no-opharetha-umthi vlan 1 ingcambu yomyalelo oyintloko, emva koko i-priority yayo iya kubuyela kwixabiso langaphambili le-32769, kunye nendima yokutshintshwa kweengcambu kwakhona ukuya kwi-SW1.
Makhe sibone ukuba isebenza njani i-portfast. Ndiza kungenisa umyalelo int f0 / 1, yiya kwizicwangciso zeli zibuko kwaye usebenzise umyalelo womthi ojikelezayo, emva koko inkqubo iya kubangela amaxabiso eparameter.
Okulandelayo, ndisebenzisa umyalelo we-portfast womthi othululwayo, onokungenwa ngokhetho lukhubazeke (ikhubaze i-portfast yesi zibuko) okanye isiqu (yenza i-portfast yesi zibuko, nakwimo yesiqu).
Ukuba ungenisa i-portfast yomthi ojikelezileyo, ngoko umsebenzi uzakuvula ngokulula kwelizibuko. Umyalelo wokwenza umthi we-bpduguard kufuneka usetyenziswe ukwenza i-BPDU Guard isebenze, i-spanning-tree bpduguard khubaza umyalelo iyaluvala olu phawu.
Ndiza kukuxelela into enye ngokukhawuleza. Ukuba kwi-VLAN1 ujongano lokutshintsha SW2 kwicala le-SW3 luvaliwe, ngoko nezinye izicwangciso zenye iVLAN, umzekelo, VLAN2, ujongano olufanayo lunokuba yingcambu yezibuko. Ngaloo ndlela, inkqubo inokuphumeza indlela yokulinganisa umthwalo wezithuthi - kwenye imeko, le nxalenye yenethiwekhi ayisetyenziswanga, kwelinye, isetyenziswe.
Ndiza kubonisa okwenzekayo xa sinojongano ekwabelwana ngalo xa sidibanisa hub. Ndiza kongeza hub kumzobo kwaye uqhagamshele kwi SW2 iswitshi ngeentambo ezimbini.
Umboniso othululwayo womthi umyalelo uya kubonisa lo mfanekiso ulandelayo.
Fa0/5 (izibuko elisezantsi lasekhohlo lokutshintsha) liba lizibuko logcino, kunye nezibuko Fa0/4 (izibuko elisezantsi lasekunene lokutshintsha) liba lizibuko elimiselweyo. Uhlobo lwamazibuko omabini luqhelekile, okanye lwabelwana ngalo. Oku kuthetha ukuba icandelo le-hub-switch interface yinethiwekhi ekwabelwana ngayo.
Enkosi kusetyenziso lwe-RSTP, siye sahlulahlulwe kwezinye iindawo kunye namazibuko okugcina. Ukuba sitshintshela i-SW2 iswitsha kwimowudi ye-pvst ngomyalelo we-pvst womthi we-spanning, siya kubona ukuba ujongano lwe-Fa0 / 5 lutshintshele kwi-Alternative state kwakhona, kuba ngoku akukho mahluko phakathi kwe-port yogcino kunye ne-port engenye.
Yayisisifundo eside kakhulu, kwaye ukuba kukho into ongayiqondiyo, ndikucebisa ukuba uyiphonononge kwakhona.
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