Iipropati ze-ultraviolet zixhomekeke kwi-wavelength, kwaye i-ultraviolet evela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo ine-spectrum eyahlukileyo. Siza kuxubusha ukuba yeyiphi imithombo yokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kunye nendlela yokuyisebenzisa ukwenzela ukwandisa umphumo we-bactericidal ngelixa unciphisa umngcipheko wemiphumo engafunekiyo yezinto eziphilayo.
Irayisi. 1. Ifoto ayibonisi ukubulawa kweentsholongwane ngemitha ye-UVC, njengoko unokucinga, kodwa uqeqesho ekusebenziseni isuti ekhuselayo kunye nokufunyanwa kwamabala akhanyayo oqeqesho lolwelo lomzimba kwimitha ye-UVA. I-UVA yi-ultraviolet ethambileyo kwaye ayinayo i-bactericidal effect. Ukuvala amehlo akho lukhuseleko olufanelekileyo, njengoko i-spectrum ebanzi ye-UVA fluorescent izibane ezisetyenzisiweyo zigqithana ne-UVB, eyingozi emehlweni (umthombo uSimon Davis/DFID).
Ubude bokukhanya okubonakalayo buhambelana namandla e-quantum apho isenzo se-photochemical sinokwenzeka. Ukukhanya okubonakalayo kwequanta kuchulumancisa ukusabela kweefotochemical kwithishu ethile ye-photosensitive - i-retina.
I-Ultraviolet ayibonakali, ubude bayo bufutshane, i-frequency kunye namandla e-quantum iphezulu, i-radiation inzima, kwaye iintlobo zeempendulo ze-photochemical kunye nemiphumo ye-biological inkulu.
I-Ultraviolet iyahluka ngokwe:
- I-long-wavelength / soft / kufuphi ne-UVA (400 ... 315 nm) efana neempawu zokukhanya okubonakalayo;
- Ubulukhuni obuphakathi - UVB (315...280 nm);
- I-Short-wave / i-long-wave / nzima - i-UVC (280 ... 100 nm).
Impembelelo ye-bactericidal yokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet
Impembelelo ye-bactericidal yenziwa kukukhanya okunzima kwe-ultraviolet - i-UVC, kwaye kancinci ngokukhanya okuphakathi kwe-ultraviolet - UVB. I-curve esebenzayo ye-bactericidal ibonisa ukuba kuphela uluhlu oluncinci lwe-230 ... 300 nm, oko kukuthi, malunga nekota yoluhlu olubizwa ngokuba yi-ultraviolet, lunomphumela ocacileyo we-bactericidal.
Irayisi. 2 Iigophe ezisebenzayo zokubulala iintsholongwane ukusuka []
I-Quanta ene-wavelengths kolu luhlu ixutywa yi-nucleic acids, ekhokelela ekutshatyalaliswa kwesakhiwo se-DNA kunye ne-RNA. Ukongeza kwi-bactericidal, oko kukuthi, ukubulala ibhaktheriya, olu luhlu lune-virucidal (antiviral), i-fungicidal (antifungal) kunye ne-sporicidal (i-spores zokubulala). Oku kubandakanya ukubulala intsholongwane ye-RNA i-SARS-CoV-2020, ebangele ubhubhane ka-2.
Impembelelo ye-bactericidal yokukhanya kwelanga
Impembelelo ye-bactericidal yokukhanya kwelanga incinci. Makhe sijonge kwi-spectrum yelanga ngaphezulu nangaphantsi kwe-atmosfera:
Irayisi. 3. I-Spectrum yemitha yelanga ngaphezu kwe-atmosfera kunye kumgangatho wolwandle. Inxalenye enzima kakhulu yoluhlu lwe-ultraviolet alufiki kumphezulu womhlaba (ibolekwe kwi-Wikipedia).
Kufanelekile ukunikela ingqalelo kwi-spectrum engaphezulu-atmospheric egxininiswe kwi-yellow. I-quantum energy yecala lasekhohlo le-spectrum yemitha yelanga ye-supra-atmospheric ene-wavelength engaphantsi kwe-240 nm ihambelana namandla e-chemical bond ye-5.1 eV kwi-molecule ye-oxygen "O2". I-oksijeni ye-molekyuli ithatha le quanta, i-chemical bond yaphukile, i-oksijeni ye-athomu "O" yenziwa, edibanisa kwakhona kwiimolekyuli ze-oksijini "O2" kwaye, ngokuyinxenye, i-ozone "O3".
ISolar supra-atmospheric UVC yenza i-ozone kwiatmosfera, ebizwa ngokuba yi-ozone layer. I-chemical bond energy kwi-molecule ye-ozone iphantsi kune-molecule ye-oksijini kwaye ngoko i-ozone ithatha i-quanta yamandla angaphantsi kune-oxygen. Yaye ngoxa ioksijini ifunxa i-UVC kuphela, umaleko we-ozone ufunxa i-UVC ne-UVB. Kubonakala ukuba ilanga livelisa i-ozone emphethweni we-ultraviolet inxalenye ye-spectrum, kwaye le ozone emva koko ifunxa uninzi lwemitha yelanga ye-ultraviolet enzima, ikhusela uMhlaba.
Ngoku, ngononophelo, sinikele ingqalelo kumaza obude kunye nesikali, siya kudibanisa i-solar spectrum kunye ne-spectrum ye-bactericidal action.
Irayisi. 4 I-Spectrum yesenzo se-bactericidal kunye ne-spectrum yemitha yelanga.
Ingabonwa ukuba umphumo we-bactericidal wokukhanya kwelanga awubalulekanga. Inxalenye ye-spectrum ekwaziyo ukusebenzisa i-bactericidal effect iphantse ifunxe ngokupheleleyo emoyeni. Ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo onyaka nakwizibanzi ezahlukeneyo imeko yohluka kancinci, kodwa iyafana ngokomgangatho.
Ingozi ye-ultraviolet
Inkokeli yelinye lamazwe amakhulu icebise: "ukunyanga i-COVID-19, kufuneka uzise ukukhanya kwelanga ngaphakathi emzimbeni." Nangona kunjalo, i-UV ebulala iintsholongwane itshabalalisa i-RNA kunye ne-DNA, kuquka nabantu. Ukuba βuzisa ukukhanya kwelanga emzimbeni,β umntu uya kufa.
I-epidermis, ngokukodwa i-stratum corneum yeeseli ezifileyo, ikhusela izicubu eziphilayo kwi-UVC. Ngaphantsi koqweqwe lwe-epidermal, kuphela ngaphantsi kwe-1% ye-UVC imitha engena [WHO]. I-UVB ende kunye namaza e-UVA angena kubunzulu obukhulu.
Ukuba bekungekho imitha ye-ultraviolet yelanga, mhlawumbi abantu bebengayi kuba ne-epidermis kunye ne-stratum corneum, kwaye ubuso bomzimba buya kuba yi-mucous, njengaleyo yeenkumba. Kodwa ekubeni abantu bazivelela phantsi kwelanga, yimimandla ekhuselweyo elangeni kuphela enemifinya. Eyona nto isengozini yindawo ye-mucous yeso, ekhuselwe ngokwemeko kwimitha yelanga ye-ultraviolet ngeenkophe, iinkophe, amashiya, izakhono zobuso, kunye nomkhwa wokungajongi ilanga.
Xa baqala ukufunda ukutshintsha ilens ngeye-artificial, oogqirha bamehlo bajongana nengxaki yokutsha kweeretina. Baqala ukuqonda izizathu kwaye bafumanisa ukuba i-lens yomntu ephilayo i-opaque ekukhanyeni kwe-ultraviolet kwaye ikhusela i-retina. Emva koku, iilensi ezenziweyo zenziwe kwakhona zingabonakali kukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet.
Umfanekiso weliso kwimitha yeultraviolet ubonisa ukungafihli kwelensi kukukhanya kweultraviolet. Akufanele ukhanyise iliso lakho ngokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, kuba ekuhambeni kwexesha i-lens iba namafu, kubandakanywa ngenxa yedosi yokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet eqokelelwe kwiminyaka, kwaye kufuneka itshintshwe. Ke ngoko, siya kusebenzisa amava abantu abakhaliphileyo abangaluhoyanga ukhuseleko, bakhanyise isibane se-ultraviolet kubude obungama-365 nm emehlweni abo, kwaye bathumele isiphumo kwiYouTube.
Irayisi. 5 Kusenjalo kwividiyo kwitshaneli yeYouTube "Kreosan".
Izibane ze-ultraviolet ezivelisa ukukhanya kunye nobude be-365 nm (UVA) ziyaziwa. Zithengwa ngabantu abadala, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo ziwela ezandleni zabantwana. Abantwana bakhanyisa ezi totshi emehlweni abo kwaye bajonge ngenyameko kwaye ixesha elide kwikristale ekhanyayo. Kucetyiswa ukuthintela izenzo ezinjalo. Ukuba oku kuyenzeka, unokuziqinisekisa ukuba i-cataracts kwizifundo zempuku ibangelwa ngokuthembekileyo kukukhanya kwe-UVB kwilensi, kodwa umphumo we-catarogenic we-UVA awuzinzanga [].
Nangona kunjalo i-spectrum echanekileyo yesenzo sokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kwi-lens ayaziwa. Kwaye ukuqwalasela ukuba i-cataracts isiphumo sokulibaziseka kakhulu, udinga ubulumko obuthile ukuze ungakhanyisi ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet emehlweni akho kwangaphambili.
Iinwebu zeliso zivutha ngokukhawuleza phantsi kwemitha ye-ultraviolet, oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-photokeratitis kunye ne-photoconjunctivitis. I-mucous membranes iba bomvu, kwaye imvakalelo "yesanti emehlweni" ibonakala. Isiphumo siyaphela emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa, kodwa ukutshisa okuphindaphindiweyo kunokukhokelela ekubeni i-cornea ibe ngamafu.
Ubude bamaza obudala ezi ziphumo buhambelana malunga nomsebenzi wengozi ye-UV enobunzima obunikwe kumgangatho wokhuseleko wefotobhayoloji [IEC 62471] kwaye malunga nokufana noluhlu lwe-germicidal.
Irayisi. 6 I-Spectra yemitha ye-ultraviolet ebangela i-photoconjunctivitis kunye ne-photokeratitis evela [] kunye nomsebenzi onzima we-actinic yengozi ye-UV kwisikhumba kunye namehlo ukusuka [].
Imilinganiselo ye-threshold ye-photokeratitis kunye ne-photoconjunctivitis yi-50-100 J / m2, eli xabiso alidluli kwiidosi ezisetyenziselwa ukutshatyalaliswa kweentsholongwane. Akunakwenzeka ukutshabalalisa i-mucous membrane yeso ngokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet ngaphandle kokubangela ukuvuvukala.
I-Erythema, oko kukuthi, "ukutshiswa kwelanga," kuyingozi ngenxa yemitha ye-ultraviolet kuluhlu olufikelela kwi-300 nm. Ngokutsho kweminye imithombo, obona buchule buphezulu be-erythema bukwi-wavelengths emalunga ne-300 nm.]. Ubuncinci bedosi ebangela ukuba i-erythema ibonakale i-MED (I-Minimum Erythema Dose) kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zesikhumba ukusuka kwi-150 ukuya kwi-2000 J / m2. Kubahlali bommandla ophakathi, i-DER eqhelekileyo inokuthathwa njengexabiso malunga ne-200 ... 300 J / m2.
I-UVB kuluhlu lwe-280-320 nm, kunye nobuninzi obujikeleze i-300 nm, ibangela umhlaza wolusu. Akukho idosi yomqobo; ithamo eliphezulu lithetha umngcipheko ophezulu, kwaye umphumo ulibazisekile.
Irayisi. I-7 yesenzo se-UV esidala i-erythema kunye nomhlaza wolusu.
Ukuguga kwe-Photoinduced kwesikhumba kubangelwa yimisebe ye-ultraviolet kulo lonke uluhlu lwe-200 ... 400 nm. Kukho ifoto eyaziwayo yomqhubi welori owathi wachanabeka kwimitha yelanga yeultraviolet ikakhulu kwicala lasekhohlo ngelixa eqhuba. Umqhubi wayenomkhwa wokuqhuba ifestile yomqhubi ithotywe phantsi, kodwa icala lasekunene lobuso bakhe lalikhuselwe kwimitha yelanga yeultraviolet ngefestile. Umahluko kwimeko enxulumene nobudala bolusu kwicala lasekunene nasekhohlo liyamangalisa:
Irayisi. 8 Ifoto yomqhubi oqhube ngefestile yomqhubi ephantsi iminyaka engama-28 [].
Ukuba siqikelela ukuba ubudala bolusu kumacala ahlukeneyo obuso balo mntu buyohluka ngeminyaka engamashumi amabini kwaye oku kungenxa yokuba malunga neminyaka engamashumi amabini elinye icala lobuso lalikhanyiswa lilanga, kwaye elinye icala lakhanyiswa lilanga. kwakungekho, sinokugqiba ngononophelo ukuba usuku kwilanga elivulekileyo lusuku olunye kwaye ludala ulusu.
Ukusuka kwidatha yereferensi [] kuyaziwa ukuba phakathi kwezibanzi ehlotyeni phantsi kwelanga elithe ngqo, ubuncinane bedosi ye-erythemal eyi-200 J/m2 iqokelelwa ngokukhawuleza kuneyure. Ukuthelekisa la manani kunye nesigqibo esithathiweyo, sinokufikelela esinye isigqibo: ukuguga kwesikhumba ngexesha lexesha kunye nomsebenzi wexesha elifutshane kunye nezibane ze-ultraviolet akuyona ingozi enkulu.
Kungakanani ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet okufunekayo ukuze kubulawe iintsholongwane?
Inani lee microorganisms ezisindileyo kumphezulu nasemoyeni liyancipha ngokukhawuleza ngokwanda kwethamo lemitha yeultraviolet. Umzekelo, umthamo obulala i-90% ye-mycobacterium tuberculosis yi-10 J / m2. Iidosi ezimbini ezinjalo zibulala i-99%, iidosi ezintathu zibulala i-99,9%, njl.
Irayisi. 9 Ukuxhomekeka kwinxalenye yokusinda kwisifo sephepha se-mycobacterium kwithamo lemitha ye-ultraviolet kwi-wavelength ye-254 nm.
Ukuxhomekeka kwe-exponential kuyamangalisa kuba idosi encinci ibulala ii-microorganisms ezininzi.
Phakathi kwabo badweliswe kwi [] i-pathogenic microorganisms, iSalmonella yeyona nto ixhathisayo kwimitha ye-ultraviolet. Idosi ebulala i-90% yeebhaktheriya zayo yi-80 J / m2. Ngokophononongo [Kowalski2020], idosi eqhelekileyo ebulala i-90% ye-coronavirus yi-67 J/m2. Kodwa kwii-microorganisms ezininzi le dose ayidluli i-50 J / m2. Ngeenjongo eziphathekayo, unokukhumbula ukuba idosi eqhelekileyo ebulala iintsholongwane nge-90% esebenzayo yi-50 J/m2.
Ngokwendlela yangoku evunyiweyo liSebe lezeMpilo laseRashiya ekusebenziseni imisebe ye-ultraviolet yokubulala iintsholongwane emoyeni [] Ubuninzi be-disinfection "yethoba ezintathu" okanye i-99,9% iyafuneka kumagumbi okusebenza, izibhedlele zokubeleka, njl. Kumagumbi okufundela ezikolo, izakhiwo zikawonke-wonke, njl. "Inye esithoba" yanele, oko kukuthi, i-90% ye-microorganisms itshatyalalisiwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba, kuxhomekeke kudidi lwegumbi, ukusuka kwelinye ukuya kwiidosi ezintathu eziqhelekileyo ze-50 ... 150 J / m2 zanele.
Umzekelo wokuqikelela ixesha elifunekayo le-irradiation: masithi kuyimfuneko ukukhupha iintsholongwane emoyeni kunye nemigangatho kwigumbi elilinganisa i-5 Γ 7 Γ 2,8 yeemitha, apho isibane esivulekileyo se-Philips TUV 30W sisetyenziswa.
Inkcazo yobugcisa yesibane ibonisa ukuhamba kwe-bactericidal ye-12 W []. Kwimeko efanelekileyo, ukuhamba konke kuhamba ngokuthe ngqo kwiindawo ezisetyenziselwa i-disinfected, kodwa kwimeko yokwenyani, isiqingatha sokuhamba siya kuchithwa ngaphandle kwenzuzo, umzekelo, iya kukhanyisa udonga emva kwesibane ngokugqithisileyo. Ngoko ke, siya kubala ekuhambeni okuluncedo kwee-watts ezi-6. Ummandla ogcwele irradiated kwigumbi ngumgangatho 35 m2 + isilingi 35 m2 + iindonga 67 m2, iyonke 137 m2.
Ngokomyinge, ukuhamba kwemitha ye-bactericidal ewela phezu komhlaba yi-6 W / 137 m2 = 0,044 W / m2. Ngeyure, oko kukuthi, kwimizuzwana ye-3600, ezi ndawo ziya kufumana umthamo we-0,044 W / m2 Γ 3600 s = 158 J / m2, okanye malunga ne-150 J / m2. Okuhambelana nemilinganiselo emithathu ye-50 J / m2 okanye "iisithoba ezithathu" - 99,9% ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-bactericidal, i.e. iimfuno zegumbi lokusebenza. Kwaye ekubeni idosi ebalwayo, ngaphambi kokuwa phezu komhlaba, yadlula umthamo wegumbi, umoya wawukhutshelwe intsholongwane ngaphandle kokusebenza okuncinci.
Ukuba iimfuno zokungabi ntsholongwane zincinci kwaye "i-20 enye" ββyanele, ngokomzekelo oqwalaselweyo, ixesha eliphindwe kathathu le-radiation liyafuneka - malunga nemizuzu engama-XNUMX.
Ukukhuselwa kwe-UV
Umlinganiselo oyintloko wokukhusela ngexesha lokutshatyalaliswa kwe-ultraviolet kukushiya igumbi. Ukuba kufutshane nesibane se-UV esisebenzayo, kodwa ukujonga kude akusayi kunceda; i-mucous membranes yamehlo isakhanya.
Iiglasi zeglasi zinokuba ngumlinganiselo othile wokukhusela inwebu yamehlo. Ingxelo yodidi "iglasi ayigqithisi imitha ye-ultraviolet" ayichanekanga; ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elithile, kwaye iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeglasi zikwenza oko ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Kodwa ngokubanzi, njengoko i-wavelength iyancipha, ukuhanjiswa kuncipha, kwaye i-UVC ihanjiswa ngokufanelekileyo kuphela ngeglasi yequartz. Iiglasi ze-Spectacle azikho i-quartz kuyo nayiphi na imeko.
Singatsho ngokuzithemba ukuba iilensi zeglasi eziphawulwe nge-UV400 azihambisi imitha ye-ultraviolet.
Irayisi. I-10 i-spectrum yokuhanjiswa kweeglasi ze-spectacle ezine-indices UV380, UV400 kunye ne-UV420. Umfanekiso osuka kwiwebhusayithi []
Kwakhona umlinganiselo wokukhusela kukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yoluhlu lwe-UVC ye-bactericidal engakhuphi ngokunokuba yingozi, kodwa engasebenziyo ekubulaleni iintsholongwane, i-UVB kunye noluhlu lwe-UVA.
Imithombo ye-ultraviolet
UV diode
Ezona zixhaphakileyo ze-365 nm ultraviolet diode (UVA) zenzelwe "izibane zamapolisa" ezivelisa ukukhanya ukuze kubonwe ungcoliseko olungabonakaliyo ngaphandle kweultraviolet. Ukubulala iintsholongwane ngeediode ezinjalo akunakwenzeka (jonga umfanekiso we-11).
Ukubulala iintsholongwane, iidiode ze-UVC ezinamaza amafutshane ezinobude obungama-265 nm zingasetyenziswa. Iindleko zemodyuli ye-diode eya kuthatha indawo yesibane se-mercury bactericidal yimiyalelo emithathu yobukhulu obuphezulu kuneendleko zesibane, ngoko ekusebenzeni ezo zisombululo azisetyenziselwa ukutshabalalisa iintsholongwane kwiindawo ezinkulu. Kodwa izixhobo ezidibeneyo ezisebenzisa i-UV diode zivela kwi-disinfection kwiindawo ezincinci - izixhobo, iifowuni, izilonda zesikhumba, njl.
Izibane zemercury eziphantsi koxinzelelo
Isibane esiphantsi soxinzelelo lwe-mercury ngumgangatho apho yonke eminye imithombo ithelekiswa nayo.
Esona sabelo siphambili samandla emitha ye-mercury vapor kuxinzelelo oluphantsi ekukhutshweni kombane luwela kwi-wavelength ye-254 nm, efanelekileyo yokubulala iintsholongwane. Inxalenye encinci yamandla ikhutshwa kwi-wavelength ye-185 nm, eyenza ngokugqithisileyo i-ozone. Kwaye amandla amancinci kakhulu akhutshwa kwamanye amaza obude, kuquka uluhlu olubonakalayo.
Kwizibane eziqhelekileyo ezimhlophe ze-mercury fluorescent, iglasi yebhalbhu ayidlulisi imisebe ye-ultraviolet ekhutshwa ngumphunga we-mercury. Kodwa i-phosphor, ipowder emhlophe kwiindonga zeflask, ikhanya kwibala elibonakalayo phantsi kwefuthe lokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet.
Izibane ze-UVB okanye ze-UVA zenziwe ngendlela efanayo, iglobhu yeglasi ayidlulisi i-185 nm peak kunye ne-254 nm peak, kodwa i-phosphor phantsi kweempembelelo zemitha emifutshane ye-ultraviolet ayikhuphi ukukhanya okubonakalayo, kodwa i-ultraviolet-long-wave. imitha. Ezi zizibane ngeenjongo zobugcisa. Yaye ekubeni ukukhanya kwezibane ze-UVA kufana nelanga, ezo zibane zikwasetyenziselwa ukwenza ulusu. Ukuthelekisa i-spectrum kunye ne-bactericidal esebenza kakuhle ijiko ibonisa ukuba ukusebenzisa i-UVB kwaye ngakumbi izibane ze-UVA zokubulala iintsholongwane akufanelekanga.
Irayisi. 11 Uthelekiso lwejiko lobuchule bokubulala iintsholongwane, i-spectrum yesibane se-UVB, i-spectrum yesibane solusu se-UVA kunye ne-spectrum ye-365 nm diode. Umboniso wesibane othathwe kwiwebhusayithi yeAmerican Paint Manufacturers Association [].
Qaphela ukuba i-spectrum yesibane se-UVA fluorescent sibanzi kwaye sigubungela uluhlu lwe-UVB. I-spectrum ye-365 nm diode iyancipha kakhulu, le "yi-UVA enyanisekileyo". Ukuba i-UVA iyadingeka ukuvelisa i-luminescence ngeenjongo zokuhombisa okanye ukufumanisa ukungcola, ukusebenzisa i-diode kukhuselekile kunokusebenzisa isibane se-ultraviolet fluorescent.
Isibane esiphantsi soxinzelelo lwe-UVC ye-mercury bactericidal sihluke kwizibane ze-fluorescent ngokuba akukho phosphor kwiindonga zebhalbhu, kwaye i-bulb ihambisa ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet. Umgca ophambili we-254 nm uhlala uhanjiswa, kwaye umgca we-ozone-185 nm ungashiywa kwi-spectrum yesibane okanye ususwe ngebhalbhu yeglasi kunye nokudluliselwa okukhethiweyo.
Irayisi. 12 Uluhlu olukhutshwayo lubonakaliswe kwiileyibhile zezibane zeultraviolet. Isibane se-UVC se-germicidal sinokubonwa ngokungabikho kwe-phosphor kwibhalbhu.
I-Ozone inempembelelo eyongezelelweyo ye-bactericidal, kodwa i-carcinogen, ngoko ke, ukwenzela ukuba ungalindi ukuba i-ozone ichithe emva kokutshatyalaliswa kwe-disinfection, izibane ze-non-ozone-forming ngaphandle komgca we-185 nm kwi-spectrum zisetyenziswa. Ezi zibane zine-spectrum ephantse ilungile-umgca ophambili onobuchwephesha obuphezulu be-254 nm, imitha yemitha ebuthathaka kakhulu kwiintlobo ze-ultraviolet ezingenayo i-bactericidal, kunye nemitha "yesiginali" encinci kuluhlu olubonakalayo.
Irayisi. 13. I-spectrum ye-low-pressure UVC mercury isibane (ebonelelwe ngumagazini i-lumen2b.ru) idibaniswe ne-spectrum ye-radiation yelanga (ukusuka kwi-Wikipedia) kunye ne-bactericidal efficient curve (ukusuka kwi-ESNA Lighting Handbook []).
Ukukhanya okuluhlaza kwezibane ze-germicidal kukuvumela ukuba ubone ukuba isibane semercury sivuliwe kwaye siyasebenza. Ukukhanya kubuthathaka, yaye oku kunika ingcamango elahlekisayo yokuba kukhuselekile ukujonga isibane. Asiziva ukuba i-radiation kuluhlu lwe-UVC i-akhawunti ye-35 ... 40% yamandla onke asetyenziswe sisibane.
Irayisi. 14 Iqhezu elincinane lamandla okusasazeka komphunga wemekyuri likuluhlu olubonakalayo kwaye libonakala njengokukhanya okuluhlaza okubuthathaka.
Isibane esisezantsi se-bactericidal mercury sinesiseko esifanayo nesibane esiqhelekileyo se-fluorescent, kodwa senziwe ngobude obuhlukeneyo ukwenzela ukuba isibane se-bactericidal singafakwa kwizibane eziqhelekileyo. Isibane sesibane se-bactericidal, ngaphezu kobukhulu baso, sihlukaniswa yinto yokuba zonke iindawo zeplastiki zichasene nemitha ye-ultraviolet, iingcingo ezivela kwi-ultraviolet zigqunyiwe, kwaye akukho diffuser.
Ngeemfuno ze-bactericidal zasekhaya, umbhali usebenzisa isibane se-bactericidal se-15 W, ngaphambili esetyenziselwa ukutshabalalisa isisombululo sezondlo sokufakelwa kwe-hydroponic. I-analogue yayo inokufunyanwa ngokukhangela βi-aquarium uv sterilisatorβ. Xa isibane sisebenza, i-ozone ikhutshwa, engalunganga, kodwa iluncedo kwi-disinfecting, umzekelo, izicathulo.
Irayisi. 15 Izibane eziphantsi ze-mercury ezineentlobo ezahlukeneyo zesiseko. Imifanekiso evela kwiwebhusayithi yeAliexpress.
Izibane zemercury eziphakathi kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu
Ukwanda koxinzelelo lomphunga wemekyuri kukhokelela kwimbonakalo entsonkothileyo ngakumbi; i-spectrum iyakhula kwaye kuvela imigca engakumbi kuyo, kubandakanywa nobude bamaza okuvelisa i-ozone. Ukuqaliswa kwezongezo kwimekyuri kukhokelela kubunzima obukhulu ngakumbi bespectrum. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zezibane ezinjalo, kwaye i-spectrum nganye ikhethekileyo.
Irayisi. 16 Imizekelo ye-spectra yezibane zemercury eziphakathi kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu
Ukwandisa uxinzelelo kunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwesibane. Ukusebenzisa uphawu lwe-Aquafineuv njengomzekelo, izibane ze-UVC zoxinzelelo oluphakathi zikhupha i-15-18% yokusetyenziswa kwamandla, kwaye kungekhona i-40% njengezibane eziphantsi koxinzelelo. Kwaye ixabiso lezixhobo ngewatt nganye yokuhamba kwe-UVC liphezulu [].
Ukuncipha kokusebenza kakuhle kunye nokunyuka kweendleko zesibane kuhlawulwa ngokuxinana kwayo. Umzekelo, ukubulawa kweentsholongwane kumanzi abalekayo okanye ukomiswa kwevanishi esetyenziswa ngesantya esiphezulu ekushicileleni kufuna imithombo ebambeneyo nenamandla; iindleko ezithile kunye nokusebenza kakuhle azibalulekanga. Kodwa akulunganga ukusebenzisa isibane esinjalo ukuze kubulawe iintsholongwane.
I-irradiator ye-UV eyenziwe kwi-DRL yokushisa kunye nesibane se-DRT
Kukho indlela "yabantu" yokufumana umthombo onamandla we-ultraviolet ngokwexabiso eliphantsi. Ziya kuphelelwa ukusetyenziswa, kodwa izibane ezimhlophe ze-DRL ze-125 ... 1000 W zisathengiswa. Kwezi zibane, ngaphakathi kwiflask yangaphandle kukho "isitshisi" - isibane semercury soxinzelelo oluphezulu. Ikhupha ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet ye-broadband, evalwe yiglobhu yeglasi yangaphandle, kodwa ibangela ukuba i-phosphor kwiindonga zayo ikhanye. Ukuba uyaphula i-flask yangaphandle kwaye uqhagamshele isitshisi kwinethiwekhi ngokusebenzisa i-choke eqhelekileyo, uya kufumana i-broadband ultraviolet emitter enamandla.
I-emitter enjalo yasekhaya inezingeloncedo: ukusebenza okuphantsi xa kuthelekiswa nezibane eziphantsi koxinzelelo, umlinganiselo omkhulu wemitha ye-ultraviolet ingaphandle koluhlu lwe-bactericidal, kwaye awukwazi ukuhlala kwigumbi ixesha elithile emva kokucima isibane de i-ozone ihlakazeke okanye iphele.
Kodwa iingenelo nazo zingenakuphikiswa: ixabiso eliphantsi kunye namandla aphezulu kwisayizi edibeneyo. Enye yeenzuzo kukuveliswa kwe-ozone. I-ozone iya kubulala iintsholongwane kwiindawo ezinomthunzi ezingavezwanga kwimitha ye-ultraviolet.
Irayisi. I-17 Ultraviolet irradiator eyenziwe kwizibane zeDRL. Ifoto ishicilelwe ngemvume yombhali, ugqirha wamazinyo waseBulgaria, usebenzisa le irradiator ngaphezu kwesibane esiqhelekileyo se-Philips TUV 30W isibane se-bactericidal.
Imithombo efanayo ye-ultraviolet ye-disinfection ngendlela yezibane ze-mercury eziphezulu zoxinzelelo zisetyenziselwa i-irdiators yohlobo lwe-OUFK-01 "Solnyshko".
Ngokomzekelo, kwisibane esithandwayo "i-DRT 125-1" umenzi akapapashi i-spectrum, kodwa unikezela iiparitha kumaxwebhu: ukuqina kwe-irradiation kumgama we-1 m ukusuka kwisibane se-UVA - 0,98 W / m2, UVB - 0,83 I-W / m2, i-UVC - 0,72 W / m2, ukuhamba kwe-bactericidal 8 W, kwaye emva kokusetyenziswa, umoya wegumbi ukusuka kwi-ozone iyadingeka []. Ekuphenduleni umbuzo othe ngqo malunga nokwahlukana phakathi kwesibane se-DRT kunye nesitshisi se-DRL, umenzi waphendula kwiblogi yakhe ukuba i-DRT ine-insulating green coating kwi-cathodes.
Irayisi. 18 Umthombo we-Broadband ultraviolet - isibane se-DRT-125
Ngokweempawu ezichaziweyo, kucacile ukuba i-spectrum yi-broadband enesabelo esiphantse silingane semitha yemitha kwi-ultraviolet ethambileyo, ephakathi, kunye neqinile, kubandakanywa ne-ozone evelisa i-UVC enzima. Ukuhamba kwe-bactericidal yi-6,4% yokusetyenziswa kwamandla, oko kukuthi, ukusebenza kakuhle kumaxesha angama-6 ngaphantsi kweso sibane esincinci se-tubular.
Umenzi akapapashi i-spectrum yesi sibane, kwaye umfanekiso ofanayo kunye ne-spectrum enye ye-DRTs ijikeleza kwi-Intanethi. Umthombo wokuqala awaziwa, kodwa umlinganiselo wamandla kwi-UVC, UVB kunye noluhlu lwe-UVA aluhambelani nezo zibhengezwe kwisibane se-DRT-125. Kwi-DRT, umlinganiselo olinganayo uyachazwa, kwaye i-spectrum ibonisa ukuba amandla e-UVB makhulu ngokuphindwe kaninzi kunamandla e-UBC. Kwaye kwi-UVA iphezulu ngokuphindwe kaninzi kune-UVB.
Irayisi. 19. I-Spectrum ye-high-pressure mercury arc isibane, ehlala ibonisa i-spectrum ye-DRT-125, esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiinjongo zonyango.
Kucacile ukuba izibane ezineengcinezelo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezongezo ze-mercury zikhupha ngokwahlukileyo. Kwakhona kucacile ukuba umthengi ongenalwazi utyekele ekucingeni ngokuzimeleyo iimpawu ezifunwayo kunye neempawu zemveliso, ukufumana ukuzithemba ngokusekelwe kwiingcamango zakhe, kwaye athenge. Kwaye ukupapashwa kwe-spectrum yesibane esithile kuya kubangela iingxoxo, uthelekiso kunye nezigqibo.
Umbhali wakha wathenga ukufakwa kwe-OUFK-01 ngesibane se-DRT-125 kwaye wayisebenzisa iminyaka emininzi ukuvavanya ukuxhathisa kwe-UV kwiimveliso zeplastiki. Ndafakela iimveliso ezimbini ngexesha elinye, enye yazo yayiyi-control enye eyenziwe ngeplastiki enganyangekiyo kwi-ultraviolet, kwaye ndajonga ukuba yeyiphi eya kuba tyheli ngokukhawuleza. Kwisicelo esinjalo, ulwazi lwemilo echanekileyo ye-spectrum ayiyimfuneko; kubalulekile kuphela ukuba i-emitter ibe yi-broadband. Kodwa kutheni usebenzisa ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet ye-broadband ukuba kufuneka kubulawe iintsholongwane?
Injongo ye-OUFK-01 ithi i-irradiator isetyenziselwa iinkqubo ezivuthayo ezivuthayo. Oko kukuthi, kwiimeko apho isiphumo esihle sokubulala iintsholongwane kwesikhumba sidlula ingozi enokwenzeka ye-radiation ye-ultraviolet. Ngokucacileyo, kule meko, kungcono ukusebenzisa i-ultraviolet-band ultraviolet, ngaphandle kwamaza okukhanya kwi-spectrum enempembelelo ngaphandle kwe-bactericidal.
Ukubulala iintsholongwane emoyeni
Ukukhanya kwe-Ultraviolet kuthathwa njengeendlela ezinganeleyo zokubulala iintsholongwane, kuba imitha ayinakungena apho, umzekelo, utywala bungena khona. Kodwa ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kubulala iintsholongwane emoyeni.
Xa uthimla kwaye ukhohlela, kwenziwa amathontsi eemicrometer ezininzi ngobukhulu, ajinga emoyeni ukusuka kwimizuzu emininzi ukuya kwiiyure ezininzi []. Uphononongo lweSifo sephepha lubonise ukuba ithontsi enye ye-aerosol yanele ukubangela usulelo.
Esitratweni sikhuselekile ngenxa yemithamo emikhulu kunye nokuhamba komoya, onokuchithachitha kwaye ubulale iintsholongwane nakuphi na ukuthimla ngexesha kunye nemitha yelanga. Nakwimetro, ngelixa inani labantu abosulelekileyo lincinci, umthamo opheleleyo womoya kumntu ngamnye owosulelweyo mkhulu, kwaye umoya opholileyo uwenza umngcipheko wokusasaza usulelo ube mncinci. Eyona ndawo iyingozi kakhulu ngexesha lendyikityha yesifo emoyeni yi-elevator. Ke ngoko, abo bathimla kufuneka bahlaliswe bodwa, kwaye umoya kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke ezingenakungena ngokwaneleyo umoya kufuneka ubulawe iintsholongwane.
Recirculators
Enye yeenketho zokubulala iintsholongwane emoyeni zivaliwe i-UV recyclers. Makhe sixoxe ngenye yala ma-recirculators - "Dezar 7", eyaziwayo ngokubonwa nakwiofisi yomntu wokuqala wombuso.
Inkcazo ye-recirculator ithi ivuthela i-100 m3 ngeyure kwaye yenzelwe ukunyanga igumbi kunye nomthamo we-100 m3 (malunga ne-5 Γ 7 Γ 2,8 yeemitha).
Nangona kunjalo, ukukwazi ukubulala iintsholongwane kwi-100 m3 yomoya ngeyure akuthethi ukuba umoya okwigumbi le-100 m3 ngeyure uya kuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo. Umoya ophathwayo unciphisa umoya ongcolileyo, kwaye kule fomu ingena kwi-recirculator ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Kulula ukwakha imodeli yemathematika kwaye ubale ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo enjalo:
Irayisi. 20 Impembelelo yokusebenza kwe-UV recirculator kwinani le-microorganisms emoyeni wegumbi ngaphandle kokungena umoya.
Ukunciphisa ukuxinwa kwee-microorganisms emoyeni ngama-90%, i-recirculator kufuneka isebenze ngaphezu kweeyure ezimbini. Ukuba akukho kungena komoya kwigumbi, oku kunokwenzeka. Kodwa ngokwesiqhelo awekho amagumbi anabantu kwaye angenawo umoya. Umzekelo, [] ichaza umyinge omncinci wokuhamba komoya wangaphandle wokungenisa umoya we-3 m3 ngeyure nge-1 m2 yendawo yokuhlala. Oku kuhambelana nokutshintshwa okupheleleyo komoya kanye ngeyure kwaye kwenza ukusebenza kwe-recirculator kungenamsebenzi.
Ukuba siqwalasela imodeli engeyiyo yokuxuba ngokupheleleyo, kodwa yeejethi ze-laminar ezidlula kwi-trajectory eyinkimbinkimbi kwigumbi kwaye ingene kwi-ventilation, inzuzo yokubulala iintsholongwane enye yale jets ingaphantsi nakwimodeli yokuxuba ngokupheleleyo.
Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, i-recirculator ye-UV ayiloncedo ngakumbi kunefestile evulekileyo.
Esinye sezizathu zentsebenzo ephantsi ye-recirculators kukuba i-bactericidal effect incinci kakhulu ngokwe-watt nganye yokuhamba kwe-UV. Umqadi uhamba malunga neesentimitha ezili-10 ngaphakathi kofakelo, kwaye emva koko ubonakaliswe kwi-aluminium kunye ne-coefficient malunga ne-k = 0,7. Oku kuthetha ukuba indlela esebenzayo ye-boam ngaphakathi kokufakela malunga nesiqingatha semitha, emva koko ifakwe ngaphandle kwenzuzo.
Irayisi. 21. Isuka kwividiyo yeYouTube ebonisa isisebenzi sichithwa. Izibane zeGermicidal kunye nomphezulu we-aluminiyam ekhanyayo ziyabonakala, ezibonisa imitha ye-ultraviolet mbi kakhulu kunokukhanya okubonakalayo [].
Isibane se-bactericidal, esixhonywe ngokuvulekileyo eludongeni kwiofisi yekliniki kwaye sivulwe ngugqirha ngokweshedyuli, amaxesha amaninzi asebenzayo. Imitha yesibane esivulekileyo ihamba iimitha ezininzi, ibulala iintsholongwane kuqala emoyeni ize emva koko iye phezulu.
Iirradiator zomoya kwindawo ephezulu yegumbi
Kwiiwadi zesibhedlele apho izigulane ezilalayo zihlala zikhona, iiyunithi ze-UV ngamanye amaxesha zisetyenziselwa ukukhupha umoya ojikelezayo ohamba phantsi kwesilingi. Ukungalungi okuphambili kofakelo olunjalo kukuba i-grille egquma izibane ivumela kuphela imitha edlula ngokungqongqo kwicala elinye, ithatha ngaphezu kwe-90% yokuhamba okuseleyo ngaphandle kwenzuzo.
Unako ukongeza ukuvuthela umoya ngokusebenzisa i-irradiator ukwenza i-recirculator ngexesha elifanayo, kodwa oku akwenziwanga, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokungafuni ukuba ne-accumulator yothuli kwigumbi.
Irayisi. 22 Isibane esifakwe eluphahleni se-UV, umfanekiso osuka kwindawo [].
Iigrills zikhusela abantu kwigumbi ukusuka ekuhambeni ngokuthe ngqo kwemitha ye-ultraviolet, kodwa ukuhamba okudlula kwi-grille kubetha isilingi kunye neendonga kwaye kubonakaliswe ngokubanzi, kunye ne-coefficient ye-reflection malunga ne-10%. Igumbi lizaliswe yimisebe ye-ultraviolet ye-omnidirectional kwaye abantu bafumana umthamo wemitha ye-ultraviolet ngokuhambelana nexesha elichithwe kwigumbi.
Abahloli kunye nombhali
Abajongi:
Artyom Balabanov, injineli ye-elektroniki, umphuhlisi weenkqubo zokunyanga ze-UV;
URumen Vasilev, Ph.D., injineli yokukhanyisa, OOD "Interlux", Bulgaria;
Vadim Grigorov, i-biophysicist;
UStanislav Lermontov, injineli yokukhanyisa, iComplex Systems LLC;
U-Alexey Pankrashkin, Ph.D., uNjingalwazi oDityanisiweyo, ubunjineli bokukhanyisa i-semiconductor kunye neefotonics, INTECH Engineering LLC;
U-Andrey Khramov, ingcali yoyilo lokukhanyisa kumaziko ezonyango;
U-Vitaly Tsvirko, intloko yelebhu yokuvavanya "TSSOT NAS yaseBelarus"
umbhali: U-Anton Sharakshane, Ph.D., injineli yokukhanyisa kunye ne-biophysicist, i-First Moscow State Medical University ebizwa emva kwayo. KWAZO. Sechenov
iimbekiselo
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[CIE 155:2003] CIE 155:2003 ULTRAVIOLET AIR DISINFECTION
[DIN 5031-10] DIN 5031-10 2018 Ifiziksi yemitha ye-Optical kunye nobunjineli obukhanyisayo. Icandelo le-10: Imitha yemitha esebenzayo ngokwefoto, izixa, iisimboli kunye nembonakalo yentshukumo. I-Physics ye-radiation optical kunye nobunjineli bokukhanyisa. Imitha ye-Photobiologically esebenzayo. Imilinganiselo, iisimboli kunye nembonakalo yentshukumo
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[Kowalski2020] Wladyslaw J. Kowalski et al., 2020 COVID-19 Ukuchaphazeleka kweCoronavirus Ultraviolet, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.22803.22566
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[WHO] UMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi. I-Ultraviolet Radiation: Uphononongo olusesikweni lwezenzululwazi malunga nokusingqongileyo kunye neziphumo zempilo zemitha ye-UV, ngokubhekiselele ekuphelisweni kwe-ozone yehlabathi.
[Desar]
[R 3.5.1904-04] R 3.5.1904-04 Ukusetyenziswa kwemitha ye-ultraviolet bactericidal radiation yokubulala iintsholongwane emoyeni wangaphakathi
[SP 60.13330.2016] SP 60.13330.2016 Ukufudumala, umoya kunye nomoya womoya.
umthombo: www.habr.com