I ngcaciso
Sele iintsuku ezi-2 ukususela ekukhutshweni kwenguqulo entsha yenkqubo yokusebenza ye-CentOS, eyi-CentOS 8. Kwaye ngoku kukho amanqaku amaninzi kwi-Intanethi malunga nendlela izinto ezenziwa ngayo kuyo, ngoko ke ndagqiba ekubeni ndizalise esi sikhewu. Ngapha koko, andizukukuxelela kuphela malunga nendlela yokufaka ezi zimbini zeenkqubo, kodwa nangendlela endibona ngayo ukufakwa kweLinux kwindawo ebonakalayo kwihlabathi lanamhlanje kwimisebenzi eqhelekileyo, kubandakanya ukwahlulahlula iidiski njalo njalo.
Kodwa ekuqaleni, ndifuna ukuthetha ngokufutshane malunga nokuba kutheni kufanelekile ukutshintshela kule nguqulo kuzo zonke zangaphambili, kwaye kukho izizathu ezibini zoku:
- php7! Kwinguqulo yangaphambili ye-CentOS, i-"Orthodox" php5.4 ifakwe...
Kulungile, ukuba nzulu ngakumbi, iipakethe ezininzi zitsibe kwiinguqulelo ezininzi ngobuninzi. Thina (abalandeli be-redhat-like OSes) siye sangena ekugqibeleni, ukuba asikho kwixesha elizayo, ngoko ubuncinci okwangoku. Kwaye abalandeli baka-Ubuntu abasayi kuphinda basihlekise kwaye basikhombe ngeminwe, kulungile ... noko okwethutyana;).
- Utshintsho ukusuka kwi-yum ukuya kwi-dnf. Umahluko omkhulu kukuba ngoku uxhaswa ngokusemthethweni ukuba usebenze ngeenguqulelo ezininzi zeepakethi kanye. Kanye kwisibhozo, andizange ndifumane oku kuluncedo, kodwa kuvakala ngathi kuyathembisa.
Yenza umatshini wenyani
Kukho ii-hypervisors ezahlukeneyo kwaye andinanjongo yokulungelelanisa umfundi kumntu othile, ndiya kukuxelela malunga nemigaqo jikelele.
Imemori
Okokuqala ... Ukufaka inkqubo ye-CentOS eqala kwi-7 ngokuqinisekileyo, kwaye ngokombono wam oku kwakunjalo kwi-6 ("kodwa oku akuqinisekanga"), udinga ubuncinci 2 GB RAM. Ke ngoko, ndikucebisa ukuba ukhuphe okungako kuqala.
Kodwa ukuba kukho nantoni na, emva kokufaka ubungakanani bememori bunokuncitshiswa. Kwi-1 GB inkqubo engenanto isebenza kakuhle, ndajonga.
Drive
Ufakelo oluqhelekileyo, kufuneka udale idiski ebonakalayo enomthamo we-20-30 GB. Oku kwanele kwinkqubo. Kwaye idiski yesibini yedatha. Inokongezwa zombini kwinqanaba lokudala umatshini wenyani nasemva koko. Ndidla ngokuyongeza kamva.
Iprosesa
Kwisiseko esinye, inkqubo engenanto ayicothi. Kwaye ekubeni izibonelelo zihlaziywa ngokukhululekileyo, andiyiboni nayiphi na ingongoma ekunikezeni ngakumbi kwinqanaba lofakelo (ngaphandle kokuba uyazi iimfuno ngokugqibeleleyo kwaye uyonqena ukungena kumququzeleli kwakhona)
Eminye idla ngokushiywa njengento emiyo.
Olona ufakelo
Ngoko ... Makhe siqalise i-installer ... Ngokwam, ndifake iinkonzo ezinjalo kuphela kwimo yomatshini wenyani ixesha elide, ngoko andiyi kuchaza zonke iintlobo zeerekhodi zokusabalalisa kwi-flash drive - nje nyusa i-ISO njengeCD kwi-hypervisor endiyithandayo, khuphela kwaye sihambe.
Ufakelo olusisiseko luqhelekile, ndiza kuhlala kumanqaku ambalwa.
Ukukhetha umthombo
Ukususela ekukhululweni kwenguqulo yesibhozo, isibuko esivela kwiYandex silele ngeentsuku. Ewe, oko kukuthi, inyuka rhoqo, kwaye iphinde iqale ukubonisa impazamo. Ndiqinisekile ukuba kungenxa yomthwalo ogqithisileyo kwinkonzo. Ngoko ke, ukubonisa umthombo, mna ngokobuqu kwafuneka, endaweni yokufaka idilesi eqhelekileyo, ndiye , khetha isipili endisithandayo apho kwaye ungenise idilesi ngesandla kwifestile yomfaki. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula apha ukuba kufuneka ukhankanye indlela eya kwisilawulo apho uvimba weefayili ukhoyo ingxelo. Umzekelo .
Ukwahlulahlula kwidiski
Lo mbuzo kunokuba yenkolo ngokoluvo lwam. Admin ngamnye unoluvo lwakhe ngalo mba. Kodwa ndiseza kubelana ngoluvo lwam ngalo mba.
Ewe, ngokomgaqo, unokwaba yonke indawo kwingcambu kwaye iya kusebenza, ngokufuthi ilungile. Kutheni ke ngoko ukubiyela isitiya esinamacandelo ahlukeneyo? - Ngokombono wam, kukho izizathu ezibini eziphambili zoku: i-quotas kunye nokuphatheka.
Umzekelo, ukuba kukho into engahambi kakuhle kwaye iimpazamo zenzeka kwisahlulelo sedatha ephambili, ufuna ukukwazi ukuqalisa inkqubo kwaye wenze amanyathelo okuvuselela. Ke ngoko, mna ngokwam ndabela isahlulelo esahlukileyo se/boot. Kukho i-kernel kunye ne-bootloader. Ngokuqhelekileyo i-500 megabytes yanele, kodwa kwiimeko ezinqabileyo kunokufuneka ngaphezulu, kwaye ngenxa yokuba sele sijwayele ukulinganisa indawo kwii-terabytes, ndabela i-2GB kweli candelo. Kwaye into ebalulekileyo apha kukuba ayinakwenziwa lvm.
Okulandelayo kuza ingcambu yenkqubo. Ufakelo oluqhelekileyo, andizange ndifune ngaphezulu kwe-4 GB ngenkqubo nganye, kodwa ngexesha leziganeko ezicwangcisiweyo ndihlala ndisebenzisa i-tmp directory ukukhupha ukuhanjiswa, kwaye andiyiboni nayiphi na ingongoma ekunikezeleni isahlulelo esahlukileyo - kwiinkqubo zanamhlanje. icocwa ngokuzenzekelayo, ngoko ayigcwaliswa . Ngoko ke ndabela i-8GB yengcambu.
Ukutshintsha... Ngokubanzi, kuncinci ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kuyo. Ukuba uqala ukusebenzisa utshintshiselwano kwiseva yakho, namhlanje kwihlabathi lokwenyani oku kuthetha kuphela ukuba umncedisi ufuna ukongeza i-RAM. Ngaphandle koko, iingxaki zokusebenza ziqinisekisiwe (okanye imemori yenkqubo "evuzayo"). Ngoko ke, eli candelo lifuneka ngeenjongo zokuxilonga kuphela. Ngoko ke, i-2 GB linani elihle kakhulu. Ewe, nokuba ingakanani imemori ekhoyo kwiseva. Ewe, ndafunda onke loo manqaku apho kubhalwe khona malunga nomlinganiselo wevolumu yememori yokutshintsha ivolumu ... I-IMHO, iphelelwe yisikhathi. Kwiminyaka eyi-10 yokusebenza andizange ndiyifune le nto. Kwiminyaka eyi-15 eyadlulayo ndazisebenzisa, ewe.
I-IMHO, wonke umntu unokuzigqibela ngokwakhe ukuba abele/abele ikhaya kwisahlulo esahlukileyo. Ukuba umntu kumncedisi uya kusebenzisa ngokusebenzayo olu lawulo, kungcono ukuwabela. Ukuba akukho mntu, akukho mfuneko.
Okulandelayo, /var. Ngokombono wam, kufuneka igxininiswe ngokuqinisekileyo. Ukuqala, ungazikhawulela kwi-4 GB, kwaye ubone ukuba ihamba njani. Kwaye ewe, ngokuthi "ihamba njani" ndithetha loo nto
- Okokuqala, ungasoloko unyusa enye idiski kwi/var subdirectory (endiza kuyibonisa kamva ngomzekelo)
- Okwesibini, sinayo i-lvm - ungahlala udibanisa. Kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo kufuneka uyongeze xa iinkuni ezininzi ziqala ukugalela apho. Kodwa andizange ndikwazi ukuqikelela eli nani kwangaphambili, ngoko ndiqala nge-2 GB kwaye ndibukele.
Isithuba esingabiwanga siya kuhlala sikhululekile kwiqela levolumu kwaye sinokuhlala sisetyenziswa kamva.
LVM
bonke Iyavakala ukwenza izahlulelo ngaphandle kwe/boot kwiLVM. Ewe, kuquka utshintshiselwano. Ewe, ngokwezo zonke iingcebiso, ukutshintshwa kufuneka kube ekuqaleni kwediski, kodwa kwimeko ye-LVM indawo yayo ayikwazi ukumiselwa ngokomgaqo. Kodwa njengoko ndibhale ngasentla, inkqubo yakho akufanele sebenzisa ukutshintsha konke. Ngoko ke, akukhathaliseki apho akhoyo. Ewe, asihlali ngo-'95, ngokunyanisekileyo!
Ngapha koko, kwi-LVM kukho amaziko amaninzi asisiseko ekufuneka ukwazi ukuhlala nawo:
- umthamo womzimba
- iqela levolumu
- umthamo osengqiqweni
Umthamo womzimba udityaniswa ngokwamaqela, kwaye umthamo womzimba ngamnye unokuba kwiqela elinye kuphela, kwaye iqela linokufumaneka kwimiqulu emininzi yomzimba kanye.
Kwaye imiqulu esengqiqweni ngamnye kwiqela elinye.
Kodwa ... Damn, yinkulungwane yama-21 kwakhona. Kwaye iiseva zinyanisekile. Akukho ngqiqweni ukusebenzisa kubo iindlela ezifanayo ezazisetyenziswa kwizinto ezibonakalayo. Kwaye kwinyani kubalulekile ukuba nedatha ngokwahlukileyo kwinkqubo! Oku kubaluleke kakhulu, ngokukodwa kwisakhono sokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza idatha komnye umatshini wenyani (umzekelo, xa utshintshela kwi-OS entsha) kwaye ngokubanzi kuzo zonke iintlobo zezinto eziluncedo (i-backups eyahlukileyo ngokwahlula usebenzisa izixhobo ze-hypervisor, umzekelo) . Ngoko ke, elinye iqela levolumu lisetyenziselwa inkqubo kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo elinye lisetyenziselwa idatha! Olu lwahlulo olunengqiqo lunceda kakhulu ebomini!
Ukuba udale kuphela idiski enye enenyani xa usenza umatshini wenyani, kulapho uqwalaselo luphela khona. Kwaye ukuba zimbini, ungamaki eyesibini okwangoku.
Zapuskaem ustanovku.
Emva kofakelo
Ke, inkqubo esanda kufakwa ekugqibeleni yaqaliswa. Into yokuqala ekufuneka uyijongile yi-Intanethi.
ping ya.ru
Ngaba ikho impendulo? -Kakhulu, cofa u-Ctrl-C.
Ukuba akunjalo, hamba usethe inethiwekhi, akukho bomi ngaphandle koku, kodwa ayisiyiyo loo nto inqaku lam lithetha ngalo.
Ngoku, ukuba asikabi phantsi kweengcambu, yiya phantsi kweengcambu, kuba ukuchwetheza njalo inani lemiyalelo ene-sudo ngokwam ngokwaphula mna (kwaye ngaba i-paranoid admins ingandixolela):
sudo -iNgoku into yokuqala esiyenzayo kukuchwetheza
dnf -y updateKwaye ukuba ufunda eli nqaku ngo-2019, akukho nto iya kwenzeka, kodwa bekufanelekile ukuzama.
Ngoku makhe siqwalasele idiski eseleyo
Masithi ulwahlulo lwesixokelelwano ibiyi-xvda, emva koko idiski yedatha izakuba yi xvdb. KULUNGILE.
Uninzi lweengcebiso ziya kuqala ngo "Run fdisk kwaye wenze isahlulelo..."
Ngoko oku engalunganga!
Ndiza kuphinda ndiyithethe kuba ibaluleke kakhulu! Kule meko, ukusebenza kunye ne-LVM, ehlala idiski enye epheleleyo, ukudala izahlulo kuyo kuyingozi! Igama ngalinye elikweli binzana libalulekile. Ukuba sisebenza ngaphandle kwe-LVM, kufuneka senze. Ukuba sinenkqubo kunye nedatha kwidiski, siyayifuna. Ukuba ngesizathu esithile kufuneka sishiye isiqingatha sediski singenanto, kufuneka nathi. Kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo zonke ezi ngqikelelo ziyithiyori kuphela. Kuba ukuba sithatha isigqibo sokongeza isithuba kwisahlulelo esikhoyo, ke eyona ndlela ilula yokuyenza kungolu qwalaselo. Kwaye ulawulo olulula luzodlula ezinye izinto ezininzi kangangokuba sihamba ngenjongo ukuya kolu lungelelwaniso.
Kwaye uncedo kukuba ukuba ufuna ukwandisa ulwahlulo lwedatha, wongeza ngokulula izithuba kulwahlulo lwenyani, emva koko wandise iqela usebenzisa i-vgextend kwaye yiyo loo nto! Kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, enye into inokufuneka, kodwa ubuncinci awuyi kuba nokwandisa umthamo onengqiqo ekuqaleni, esele ilungile. Ngaphandle koko, ukwandisa lo mthamo, bacebisa kuqala ukucima esele ikhona, kwaye emva koko udale entsha phezulu ... Engabonakali intle kakhulu kwaye ayinakwenziwa ngokuphila, kodwa ukwandiswa ngokwemeko endiyibonisileyo kunokuba yenziwe “ngobhabho” ngaphandle kokuthoba isahlulo.
Ke, senza umthamo womzimba, emva koko iqela levolumu elibandakanya, kwaye emva koko isahlulelo seseva yethu:
pvcreate /dev/xvdb
vgcreate data /dev/xvdb
lvcreate -n www -L40G data
mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/mapper/data-www
Apha, endaweni yeleta enkulu "L" (kunye nobukhulu kwi-GB), ungakhankanya encinci, kwaye ke endaweni yobukhulu obupheleleyo, khankanya isalamane, umzekelo, ukusebenzisa isiqingatha sendawo ekhululekileyo ngoku. iqela levolumu, kufuneka uchaze "-l +50% FREE"
Kwaye umyalelo wokugqibela ufomatha ulwahlulo kwinkqubo yefayile ye-ext4 (okuthi ngoku, kumava am, ebonisa ukuzinza okukhulu kwimeko yophuka yonke into, ndiyayikhetha).
Ngoku sibeka isahlulelo kwindawo efanelekileyo. Ukwenza oku, yongeza umgca ochanekileyo ku /etc/fstab:
/dev/mapper/data-www /var/www ext4 defaults 1 2Kwaye siyacofa
mount /var/wwwUkuba kukho impazamo, khalisa i-alam! Kuba oku kuthetha ukuba sinempazamo kwi/etc/fstab. Kwaye ekuqaliseni kwakhona okulandelayo siya kuba neengxaki ezinkulu kakhulu. Inkqubo isenokungaqalisi konke konke, okuhlala kulusizi kakhulu kwiinkonzo zelifu. Ke ngoko, kuyafuneka ukuba ulungise ngokukhawuleza umgca wokugqibela owongeziweyo, okanye uwucime ngokupheleleyo! Yiyo loo nto singakhange sibhale umyalelo wokunyuka ngesandla- ke ngekhe sibenalo elo thuba libalaseleyo lokujonga uqwalaselo kwangoko.
Ngoku sifaka yonke into ebesiyifunayo kwaye sivule amazibuko ewebhu:
dnf groupinstall "Development Tools"
dnf -y install httpd @nodejs @redis php
firewall-cmd --add-service http --permanent
firewall-cmd --add-service https --permanent
Ukuba unqwenela, ungaphinda ubeke isiseko sedatha apha, kodwa ngokobuqu ndizama ukusigcina sahlukile kumncedisi wewebhu. Nangona ukumgcina ekufutshane kukhawuleza, ewe. Isantya seeadaptha zenethiwekhi yenyani ngokuqhelekileyo sijikeleze i-gigabit, kwaye xa usebenza kumatshini omnye, iifowuni zenzeka ngokukhawuleza. Kodwa ayikhuselekanga kangako. Yintoni ebaluleke ngakumbi kubani?
Ngoku songeza iparameter kwifayile yoqwalaselo (senza entsha, ingcamango yangoku yeCentOS inje)
echo "vm.overcommit_memory = 1"> /etc/sysctl.d/98-sysctl.conf
Qalisa kwakhona iseva.
Kumagqabantshintshi, ndiye ndangxoliswa ngokundicebisa ukuba ndicime iSeLinux, ke ndiza kuzilungisa kwaye ndibhale ngento yokuba emva koku kufuneka ukhumbule ukulungisa iSeLinux.
Ngokwenene, inzuzo! 🙂
umthombo: www.habr.com