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Kwi1990 , umcebisi wothungelwano kunye nengcali ye-UNIX, yapapasha inkcazo ebanzi yemeko yothungelwano lwekhompyutha ngelo xesha. Kwicandelo elifutshane malunga nekamva le-computing, waxela kwangaphambili ukuvela kwenethiwekhi enye yehlabathi "ye-imeyile, iinkomfa, ukuhanjiswa kweefayile, ukungena okude - njengokuba kukho inethiwekhi yomnxeba yehlabathi kunye ne-imeyile yehlabathi namhlanje." Nangona kunjalo, akazange afake indima ekhethekileyo kwi-Intanethi. Ucebise ukuba olu thungelwano lwehlabathi lonke "kusenokwenzeka ukuba luqhutywe ziiarhente zonxibelelwano zikarhulumente," ngaphandle kwase-United States, "apho luya kuqhutywa ngamacandelo ommandla weeNkampani eziSebenzayo zeBell kunye nabathwali abahamba umgama omde."
Injongo yeli nqaku kukucacisa ukuba, ngokukhula kwayo okuqhamuke ngesiquphe, i-Intanethi yazibhukuqa ngokugqibeleleyo iingqikelelo zendalo.
Ukugqithisa ikhuni
Isiganeko sokuqala esibalulekileyo esikhokelela ekuveleni kwe-Intanethi yanamhlanje yenzeka ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1980, xa i-Arhente yezoNxibelelwano lwezoKhuselo (DCA) [ngoku i-DISA] yagqiba ukuhlula i-ARPANET ibe ngamacandelo amabini. I-DCA yathatha ulawulo lothungelwano ngo-1975. Ngelo xesha, kwacaca ukuba i-ARPA ye-Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO), umbutho ozinikele ekufundeni iingcamango zethiyori, awuzange ube nengqiqo ekuthatheni inxaxheba ekuphuhliseni uthungelwano olungasetyenziselwa uphando lonxibelelwano kodwa kunxibelelwano lwemihla ngemihla. I-ARPA ayizange iphumelele ukuzama ukuhlutha ulawulo lwenethiwekhi kwinkampani yabucala ye-AT&T. I-DCA, ejongene neenkqubo zonxibelelwano zomkhosi, yabonakala ingcono kakhulu yesibini.
Kwiminyaka embalwa yokuqala yemeko entsha, i-ARPANET yakhula kwimeko yokungahoywa okumnandi. Nangona kunjalo, ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1980, iziseko zonxibelelwano zeSebe lezoKhuselo zazifuna ukuphuculwa. Iprojekthi yokutshintshwa ecetywayo, i-AUTODIN II, apho i-DCA yakhetha i-Western Union njengonokontraka wayo, ibonakala ngathi ayiphumelelanga. Iintloko ze-DCA emva koko zonyula uColonel Heidi Hayden ukuba alawule ukukhetha enye indlela. Ucebise ukusebenzisa itekhnoloji yokutshintsha ipakethi, i-DCA esele enayo ngendlela ye-ARPANET, njengesiseko sothungelwano olutsha lwedatha yokhuselo.
Nangona kunjalo, bekukho ingxaki ecacileyo yokuhambisa idatha yomkhosi kwi-ARPANET - inethiwekhi yayigcwele izazinzulu ezineenwele ezinde, ezinye zazo ezazichasene ngokunyanisekileyo nokhuseleko lwekhompyuter okanye imfihlo - umzekelo, kunye nabaduni bakhe abavela kwi-MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab. UHayden ucebise ukwahlula inethiwekhi ibe ziinxalenye ezimbini. Wagqiba ekubeni agcine izazinzulu zophando ezixhaswa yi-ARPA kwi-ARPANET kwaye zihlukanise iikhomputha zokukhusela zibe yinethiwekhi entsha ebizwa ngokuba yi-MILNET. Le mitosis yaba neziphumo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo. Okokuqala, ulwahlulo lomkhosi kunye neendawo ezingezizo ezomkhosi zothungelwano yayilinyathelo lokuqala ekudluliseleni i-Intanethi phantsi koluntu, kwaye emva koko phantsi kolawulo lwabucala. Okwesibini, yayibubungqina bokusebenza kobuchwephesha be-Intanethi be-Intanethi-iiprothokholi ze-TCP/IP, ezaqanjwa malunga neminyaka emihlanu ngaphambili. I-DCA yayidinga zonke iindawo ze-ARPANET ukuba zitshintshe kwiiprothokholi zelifa ukuya kwinkxaso ye-TCP/IP ekuqaleni kuka-1983. Ngelo xesha, iinethiwekhi ezimbalwa zasebenzisa i-TCP/IP, kodwa inkqubo emva koko yadibanisa iinethiwekhi ezimbini zeproto-Intanethi, ivumela i-traffic traffic ukudibanisa uphando kunye namashishini omkhosi njengoko kufuneka. Ukuqinisekisa ixesha elide le-TCP / IP kuthungelwano lwezempi, uHayden wasungula i-20 yezigidi zeedola ukuxhasa abavelisi beekhompyuter abaza kubhala isoftware ukuphumeza i-TCP / IP kwiinkqubo zabo.
Inyathelo lokuqala ekutshintsheni kancinci kancinci kwe-Intanethi ukusuka emkhosini ukuya kulawulo lwabucala ikwasinika ithuba elihle lokuvalelisa kwi-ARPA kunye ne-IPTO. Inkxaso-mali kunye nempembelelo yayo, ekhokelwa nguJoseph Carl Robnett Licklider, u-Ivan Sutherland, kunye noRobert Taylor, bakhokelela ngokuthe ngqo kunye nokungathanga ngqo kulo lonke uphuhliso lwangaphambili kwi-interactive computing kunye ne-computer networking. Nangona kunjalo, ngokudalwa komgangatho we-TCP / IP phakathi kwe-1970s, idlale indima ephambili kwimbali yeekhompyuter okokugqibela.
Iprojekthi enkulu elandelayo yekhompyutha exhaswa yi-DARPA iya kuba yi-2004-2005 Autonomous Vehicles Competition. Eyona projekthi idumileyo phambi koku iya kuba linyathelo le-AI elisekelwe kwiibhiliyoni zeedola ezisekelwe kwikhompyuter kwiminyaka yoo-1980, eliza kubangela izicelo ezininzi zomkhosi eziluncedo kodwa ezingenampembelelo kuluntu ngokubanzi.
I-catalyst eqinisekileyo ekulahlekeni kwempembelelo yombutho yaba . Uninzi lwabaphandi bezemfundo bakholelwa ukuba babesilwa umlo olungileyo kwaye bekhusela idemokhrasi xa uphando lwexesha leMfazwe ebandayo lwaluxhaswa ngemali ngumkhosi. Nangona kunjalo, abo bakhule ngeminyaka yee-1950 kunye nee-1960s baphulukana nokholo kumkhosi kunye neenjongo zawo emva kokuba uphazamisekile kwiMfazwe yaseVietnam. Phakathi kwabokuqala yayinguTaylor ngokwakhe, owashiya i-IPTO ngo-1969, ethatha izimvo zakhe kunye noqhagamshelwano ne-Xerox PARC. ICongress elawulwa yiDemokhrasi, ixhalabele malunga nefuthe elitshabalalisayo lemali yomkhosi kuphando lwezenzululwazi olusisiseko, idlulise izilungiso ezifuna imali yokukhusela isetyenziswe ngokukodwa kuphando lomkhosi. I-ARPA ibonise olu tshintsho kwinkcubeko yenkxaso-mali ngo-1972 ngokuzithiya ngokutsha DARPA— .
Ngoko ke, isikhuni sadluliselwa kuluntu (NSF). Ngo-1980, kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwezigidi ezingama-20 zeedola, i-NSF yayinoxanduva lokuxhasa ngemali malunga nesiqingatha seenkqubo zophando lwekhompyutha eMelika. Kwaye uninzi lwezi mali kungekudala ziya kwabelwa uthungelwano olutsha lwekhompyutha yesizwe .
NSFNET
Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1980, uLarry Smarr, ingcali yefiziksi kwiYunivesithi yase-Illinois, watyelela iZiko. UMax Planck eMunich, apho i-supercomputer "Cray" isebenza, apho abaphandi baseYurophu bavunyelwe ukufikelela khona. Uphoxekile kukunqongophala kwezixhobo ezifanayo kwizazinzulu zase-US, ucebise ukuba i-NSF ixhase ngemali ukuyilwa kwamaziko aliqela e-supercomputing kwilizwe lonke. Umbutho uphendule ku-Smarr kunye nabanye abaphandi abanezikhalazo ezifanayo ngokudala i-Advanced Scientific Computing Division kwi-1984, eyakhokelela kwinkxaso-mali yamaziko amahlanu anjalo ngebhajethi yeminyaka emihlanu ye-42 yezigidi zeedola, ukusuka kwiYunivesithi yaseCornell kumntla-mpuma ukuya eSan Diego. kuMzantsi-ntshona. Ibekwe phakathi, iDyunivesithi yase-Illinois, apho uSmarr wayesebenza khona, yafumana iziko layo, iZiko leSizwe le-Supercomputing Applications, NCSA.
Nangona kunjalo, isakhono samaziko sokuphucula ukufikelela kumbane wekhompyutha sasilinganiselwe. Ukusebenzisa iikhompyutha zabo kubasebenzisi abangahlali kufuphi nelinye lamaziko amahlanu kuya kuba nzima kwaye kuya kufuna inkxaso-mali yohambo lophando lwesiqingatha sonyaka okanye lwasehlotyeni. Ke ngoko, iNSF igqibe kwelokuba yakhe inethiwekhi yekhompyuter. Imbali iphindaphinda-uTaylor wakhuthaza ukudalwa kwe-ARPANET ekupheleni kwe-1960 ngokuchanekileyo ukunika uluntu lophando ukufikelela kwizixhobo ezinamandla zekhompyutha. I-NSF iya kubonelela ngomqolo oya kudibanisa amaziko aphambili e-supercomputing, yolule kwilizwekazi lonke, ize emva koko iqhagamshele kuthungelwano lwengingqi olunika ezinye iiyunivesithi kunye neelebhu zophando ukufikelela kula maziko. I-NSF iya kuxhamla kwiiprothokholi ze-Intanethi ezakhuthazwa nguHayden ngokunikezela ngoxanduva lokwakha uthungelwano lwengingqi kuluntu lwenzululwazi lwengingqi.
I-NSF iqale yadlulisela imisebenzi yokuyila nokugcina uthungelwano lwe-NCSA ukusuka kwiDyunivesithi yase-Illinois njengomthombo wesindululo sokuqala sokudala inkqubo ye-supercomputing yesizwe. I-NCSA yona yaqesha amakhonkco angama-56 e-kbps awayesetyenziswa yi-ARPANET ukususela ngo-1969 kwaye yasungula uthungelwano ngo-1986. Nangona kunjalo, le migca yakhawuleza yavalwa yitrafikhi (iinkcukacha zale nkqubo zinokufumaneka kumsebenzi kaDavid Mills ""). Kwaye kwakhona imbali ye-ARPANET iphindaphinda - ngokukhawuleza kwacaca ukuba umsebenzi oyintloko wothungelwano akufanele ube ukufikelela kwizazinzulu kumandla ekhompyutheni, kodwa ukutshintshiselana kwemiyalezo phakathi kwabantu ababenokufikelela kuyo. I-ARPANET inokuxolelwa ngokungazi ukuba into enje inokwenzeka - kodwa ingenzeka njani impazamo efanayo kwakhona phantse kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini kamva? kubiza amanani asibhozo kunokuba kuthetheleleke ukuchitha imali enjalo kwiinjongo ezibonakala zingenamsebenzi, njengokukwazi ukutshintshiselana ngee-imeyile.. Oku akuthethi ukuba iNSF ilahlekisa nabani na ngabom.Kodwa njengomgaqo we-anthropic, ichaza ukuba izinto ezingaguqukiyo zendalo iphela kungenxa yokuba ngenye indlela besingayi kuba khona, kwaye thina Ukuba bebengakwazi ukuziqwalasela, bekunganyanzelekanga ukuba ndibhale malunga nothungelwano lwekhompyuter oluxhaswa ngemali ngurhulumente ukuba bekungekho zizizathu ezifanayo, ezingeyonyani zobukho bayo.
Eqinisekile ukuba inethiwekhi ngokwayo ibaluleke kakhulu njengee-supercomputers ezithethelela ubukho bayo, i-NSF yaphendukela kuncedo lwangaphandle ukuze kuphuculwe i-backbone yenethiwekhi kunye ne-T1-capacity links (1,5 Mbps) /With). Umgangatho we-T1 wasekwa yi-AT & T kwi-1960s, kwaye bekufuneka iphathe ukuya kwiifowuni ze-24, nganye yazo ifakwe kwikhowudi kwi-64 kbit / s umlambo wedijithali.
Merit Network, Inc. iphumelele ikhontrakthi. ngentsebenziswano ne-MCI kunye ne-IBM, kwaye ifumene i-58 yezigidi zenkxaso-mali evela kwi-NSF kwiminyaka yayo yokuqala emihlanu yokwakha nokugcina uthungelwano. I-MCI ibonelele ngeziseko zonxibelelwano, i-IBM ibonelele ngamandla ekhompyuter kunye nesoftware yeerouters. Inkampani engenzi nzuzo i-Merit, eyayisebenza kuthungelwano lwekhompyutha edibanisa iikhampasi zeYunivesithi yaseMichigan, yeza kunye namava okugcina uthungelwano lwekhompyutha yesayensi, kwaye wanika lonke ubambiswano lweyunivesiti oluye lwakwenza kube lula ukwamkela yi-NSF kunye noososayensi abasebenzisa i-NSFNET. Nangona kunjalo, ukukhutshelwa kweenkonzo ukusuka kwiNCSA ukuya kwiMerit yayilinyathelo lokuqala elicacileyo elibhekiselele kushishino lwabucala.
I-MERIT ekuqaleni yayimele iMichigan Educational Research Information Triad. I-Michigan State yongeze i-5 yezigidi zeedola ukunceda inethiwekhi yayo yasekhaya ye-T1 ikhule.
I-Merit backbone ithwele i-traffic esuka kwinethiwekhi zengingqi ezingaphezu kweshumi elinesibini, ukusuka kwi-NYSERNet yaseNew York, uthungelwano lophando kunye nemfundo edityaniswe neYunivesithi yaseCornell e-Ithaca, ukuya kwi-CERFNet, i-California federated research and education network edityaniswe neSan Diego. Uthungelwano ngalunye lwengingqi luqhagamshelwe kuthungelwano lwekhampasi yasekuhlaleni engenakubalwa, njengoko iilebhu zekholeji kunye neeofisi zefakhalthi ziqhuba amakhulu oomatshini be-Unix. Le nethiwekhi yomdibaniso wothungelwano yaba yikristale yembewu ye-Intanethi yanamhlanje. I-ARPANET iqhagamshelene kuphela nabaphandi besayensi yekhompyuter abaxhaswa ngemali kakuhle abasebenza kumaziko enzululwazi aphezulu. Kwaye ngo-1990, phantse nawuphi na umfundi waseyunivesithi okanye umfundisi-ntsapho sele engene kwi-intanethi. Ngokuphosa iipakethi ukusuka kwi-node ukuya kwi-node-nge-Ethernet yendawo, emva koko ukuya kuthungelwano lwengingqi, emva koko kwimigama emide ngesantya sokukhanya kwi-NSFNET backbone-banokutshintshiselana nge-imeyile okanye babe neengxoxo ezihloniphekileyo ze-Usenet kunye noogxa abavela kwezinye iindawo zelizwe. .
Emva kokuba i-NSFNET ifikeleleke kwimibutho emininzi yenzululwazi kune-ARPANET, i-DCA yarhoxisa uthungelwano lwelifa ngo-1990, kwaye yakhuphela ngaphandle ngokupheleleyo iSebe lezoKhuselo ekuphuhliseni uthungelwano lwabahlali.
Suka uhambe
Ngalo lonke eli xesha, inani leekhompyuter eziqhagamshelwe kwi-NSFNET kunye nothungelwano olunxulumeneyo - kwaye konke oku sinokukubiza ngokuba yi-Intanethi - malunga nokuphindaphinda kabini ngonyaka. abangama-28 000 ngoDisemba 1987, abangama-56,000 1988 ngo-Oktobha 159, abali-000 1989 ngo-Oktobha 1990, njalo njalo. Lo mkhwa waqhubeka de kwaphakathi kwiminyaka yee-XNUMX, kwaza emva koko kwakhula . Ngaba, xa kujongwa lo mkhwa, ndiyazibuza, ngaba uQuarterman wayenokusilela ukuqaphela ukuba i-Intanethi yayimiselwe ukulawula umhlaba? Ukuba ubhubhane wakutshanje usifundise nantoni na, kukuba kunzima kakhulu ebantwini ukucinga ukukhula okubonakalayo kuba akuhambelani nayo nantoni na esidibana nayo kubomi bemihla ngemihla.
Ewe, igama kunye nengqikelelo ye-Intanethi yandulela iNSFNET. Iprotocol ye-Intanethi yaqanjwa ngo-1974, kwaye nangaphambi kwe-NSFNET kwakukho uthungelwano olunxibelelana nge-IP. Sele sikhankanye i-ARPANET kunye ne-MILNET. Nangona kunjalo, andizange ndifumane nakuphi na ukukhankanywa “kwi-intanethi”—uthungelwano olunye, lwehlabathi lonke—phambi kokufika kwe-NSFNET yamanqanaba amathathu.
Inani lothungelwano ngaphakathi kwi-Intanethi likhule ngomlinganiselo ofanayo, ukusuka kwi-170 ngoJulayi 1988 ukuya kwi-3500 ekwindla ka-1991. Ekubeni uluntu lwezenzululwazi alukwazi imida, uninzi lwazo lwaluhlala phesheya, luqala ngoqhagamshelwano kunye neFransi neKhanada esekwe kwi. 1988. Ngowe-1995, phantse amazwe ali-100 ayekwazi ukufikelela kwi-Intanethi, ukusuka eAlgeria ukuya eVietnam. Kwaye nangona inani loomatshini kunye nothungelwano kulula kakhulu ukubala ngaphezu kwenani labasebenzisi bokwenyani, ngokoqikelelo olufanelekileyo, ekupheleni kuka-1994 bekukho izigidi ezili-10-20. Ngokungabikho kwedatha eneenkcukacha malunga nokuba ngubani, kutheni ngexesha elisetyenziswe ngalo i-Intanethi, kunzima kakhulu ukungqina oku okanye enye inkcazo yembali yokukhula okumangalisayo. Ingqokelela encinane yamabali kunye nengxelo engokwembali ayinakukwazi ukuchaza indlela iikhompyutha ezingama-1991 1992 eziqhagamshele ngayo kwi-Intanethi ukususela ngoJanuwari 350 ukusa kuJanuwari 000, kwaza kwalandela ama-600 000 kunyaka olandelayo, nesinye esisi-1,1 sesigidi kunyaka olandelayo.
Nangona kunjalo, ndiza kungena kulo mmandla ushukumayo kwaye ndixoxa ukuba amaza amathathu adlulanayo abasebenzisi abanoxanduva lokukhula okuqhumayo kwe-Intanethi, ngamnye enezizathu zabo zokuqhagamshelwa, aqhutywa yingqiqo engenakuxelwa. , ethi ixabiso (kwaye ngoko ke amandla okukhanga) womnatha ayanda njengoko isikwere senani labathathi-nxaxheba balo.
Izazinzulu zeza kuqala. I-NSF isasaze ngabom ubalo kwiidyunivesithi ezininzi kangangoko. Emva koko, zonke izazinzulu zazifuna ukujoyina le projekthi kuba wonke umntu wayesele elapho. Ukuba ii-imeyile zingenakufikelela kuwe, ukuba awukwazi ukubona okanye ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiingxoxo zamva nje kwi-Usenet, usengozini yokuphulukana nesibhengezo senkomfa ebalulekileyo, ithuba lokufumana umcebisi, uphando olulahlekileyo ngaphambi kokuba lupapashwe, njalo njalo. . Ukuziva unyanzelekile ukuba ujoyine iingxoxo zesayensi kwi-intanethi, iiyunivesithi zikhawuleza ziqhagamshelwe kuthungelwano lwengingqi olunokuthi luzidibanise nomqolo weNSFNET. Ngokomzekelo, iNEARNET, eyayigubungela amaphondo amathandathu kummandla waseNew England, yayifumene amalungu angaphezu kwama-1990 ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-200.
Kwangelo xesha, ukufikelela kwaqala ukuhla ukusuka kwifakhalthi kunye nabafundi abaphumeleleyo ukuya kuluntu olukhulu lwabafundi. Ngo-1993, malunga nama-70% abantu abasanda kufunda eHarvard babenedilesi ye-imeyile. Ngeli xesha, i-Intanethi eHarvard yayifikelele ngokwasemzimbeni kuzo zonke iikona kunye namaziko anxulumeneyo. ukuze kubonelelwe nge-Ethernet kungekuphela nje kuzo zonke izakhiwo zeziko lemfundo, kodwa nakuzo zonke iindawo zokulala zabafundi. Ngokuqinisekileyo bekungayi kuba kudala ngaphambi kokuba omnye wabafundi abe ngowokuqala ukukhubeka kwigumbi lakhe emva kobusuku obuvuthuzayo, awele esitulweni aze asokole ukuchwetheza i-imeyile awayezisola ngokuyithumela ngentsasa elandelayo - nokuba sisibhengezo sothando okanye isohlwayo esinobushushu kutshaba.
Kwiliza elilandelayo, malunga ne-1990, abasebenzisi bezorhwebo baqala ukufika. Ngaloo nyaka, iindawo ze-1151 .com zabhaliswa. Abathathi-nxaxheba bokuqala bezorhwebo babe ngamasebe ophando lweenkampani zobuchwepheshe (i-Bell Labs, i-Xerox, i-IBM, njl.). Babesebenzisa inethiwekhi ngeenjongo zesayensi. Unxibelelwano lwezoshishino phakathi kweenkokeli zabo lwahamba kwezinye iinethiwekhi. Noko ke, ngowe-1994 Sele kukho amagama angaphezu kwe-60 kwi-domain .com, kwaye ukwenza imali kwi-Intanethi kuqalile ngokunyanisekileyo.
Ngasekupheleni kwee-1980s, iikhomputha zaqala ukuba yinxalenye yomsebenzi wemihla ngemihla kunye nobomi basekhaya babemi base-US, kwaye ukubaluleka kobukho bedijithali kulo naliphi na ishishini elinzima kwacaca. I-imeyile inika indlela ngokulula nangokukhawuleza kakhulu ukutshintshiselana ngemiyalezo noogxa babo, abathengi kunye nababoneleli. Uluhlu lokuposa kunye ne-Usenet zibonelela ngeendlela ezintsha zokuqhubeka nophuhliso kuluntu lobuchwephesha kunye neendlela ezintsha zentengiso ephantsi kakhulu kuluhlu olubanzi lwabasebenzisi. Nge-Intanethi kwakunokwenzeka ukufikelela kuluhlu olukhulu lweedathabheyisi zasimahla - ezomthetho, ezonyango, ezemali kunye nezopolitiko. Abafundi bayizolo abebefumana imisebenzi nabahlala kwiindawo zokulala ezinxibeleleneyo baye bayithanda i-Intanethi kanye njengabaqeshi babo. Inika ukufikelela kwiseti enkulu kakhulu yabasebenzisi kunayo nayiphi na inkonzo yorhwebo lomntu (uMthetho weMetcalfe kwakhona). Emva kokuhlawula ukufikelela kwi-intanethi yenyanga, phantse yonke enye into yayisimahla, ngokuchaseneyo neentlawulo ezinkulu zeyure nganye okanye zomyalezo ngamnye ezifunwa yiCompuServe kunye nezinye iinkonzo ezifanayo. Abangenisi bokuqala kwimarike ye-Intanethi baquka iinkampani ze-imeyile, ezifana ne-Corner Store yase-Litchfield, e-Connecticut, epapashwe kumaqela ase-Usenet, kunye ne-Online Bookstore, i-e-book store eyasungulwa ngumhleli wangaphambili we-Little, Brown kunye neNkampani, kunye neminyaka elishumi ngaphambi kweKindle.
Kwaye kwafika iliza lesithathu lokukhula, lizisa abathengi bemihla ngemihla abaqala ukungena kwi-intanethi ngamanani amakhulu phakathi koo-1990. Ngeli xesha, uMthetho kaMetcalfe wawusele usebenza ngegiya eliphezulu. Ngokungakumbi, “ukuba kwi-Intanethi” kwakuthetha “ukuba kwi-Intanethi.” Abathengi abanako ukuyongeza imigca yeklasi ye-T1 ezinikeleyo kumakhaya abo, ngoko ke phantse babesoloko befikelela kwi-Intanethi nge. . Sele siyibonile inxalenye yeli bali xa ii-BBS zorhwebo ngokuthe ngcembe zaguquka zaba ngababoneleli be-Intanethi. Olu tshintsho luncede bobabini abasebenzisi (abathe ichibi labo ledijithali liye lakhula ngokukhawuleza ukuya elwandle) kunye ne-BBSs ngokwabo, abafudukela kwishishini elilula kakhulu lomlamli phakathi kwenkqubo yefowuni kunye ne-Intanethi "i-backbone" ephumayo kwi-T1, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokugcina. iinkonzo zabo.
Iinkonzo ezinkulu ze-intanethi ziphuhliswe ngendlela efanayo. Ngo-1993, zonke iinkonzo zesizwe e-United States-Prodigy, CompuServe, GEnie, kunye nenkampani esandula i-America Online (AOL)-inike abasebenzisi be-3,5 yezigidi ezidibeneyo amandla okuthumela i-imeyile kwiidilesi ze-Intanethi. Kwaye kuphela iDelphi eshiyekileyo (kunye nababhalisi be-100) banikezela ukufikelela okupheleleyo kwi-Intanethi. Nangona kunjalo, kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo, ixabiso lokufikelela kwi-Intanethi, eliye laqhubeka likhula ngesantya esicacileyo, ngokukhawuleza ligqithise ukufikelela kwiiforamu zobunini, imidlalo, izitolo kunye neminye imixholo yeenkonzo zorhwebo ngokwazo. Unyaka ka-000 waba yinguquko-ngo-Oktobha, i-1996% yabasebenzisi abasebenzisa i-intanethi babesebenzisa iWWW, xa kuthelekiswa ne-73% kunyaka ongaphambili. Igama elitsha laqulunqwa, "i-portal," ukuchaza iintsalela zeenkonzo ezibonelelwa yi-AOL, Prodigy kunye nezinye iinkampani abantu abahlawula imali ukuze bafikelele kwi-Intanethi.
Isithako esiyimfihlo
Ke, sinombono ongalunganga wokuba i-Intanethi ikhule njani ngesantya esiqhuma ngolo hlobo, kodwa asikaqondi ukuba kutheni yenzekile. Kwakutheni ukuze ibe yeyona nto iphambili xa kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinye iinkonzo ezizama ukukhula zibe zezandulelayo? ?
Kakade ke, iinkxaso-mali zikarhulumente zaba negalelo. Ukongeza kwinkxaso-mali yomqolo, xa i-NSF yagqiba ekubeni ityale imali ngokunzulu kuphuhliso lothungelwano oluzimeleyo kwiprogram yayo ye-supercomputing, ayizange ichithe ixesha kwizinto ezincinci. Iinkokeli zeengcamango zeprogram ye-NSFNET, uSteve Wolfe kunye noJane Cavines, bagqiba ekubeni bakhe kungekuphela nje uthungelwano lwee-supercomputers, kodwa iziseko zolwazi olutsha kwiikholeji zaseMelika kunye neeyunivesithi. Ngoko badala inkqubo yoQhagamshelwano, eyathatha inxalenye yeendleko zokudibanisa iiyunivesithi kuthungelwano ngokutshintshiselana nabo ngokubonelela abantu abaninzi kangangoko banakho ukufikelela kwinethiwekhi kwiikhampasi zabo. Oku kukhawulezise ukusasazeka kwe-Intanethi ngokuthe ngqo nangokungathanga ngqo. Ngokungathanga ngqo, kuba uninzi lothungelwano lwengingqi luvelise amashishini orhwebo asebenzisa iziseko zoncedo ezifanayo ukuthengisa ukufikelela kwi-Intanethi kwimibutho yorhwebo.
Kodwa iMinitel nayo yayinenkxaso-mali. Nangona kunjalo, eyona nto yahlula i-Intanethi uninzi lwazo yayikukumiswa kwayo okunamanqanaba amaninzi kunye nokuguquguquka kwayo. I-IP ivumele amanethiwekhi aneempawu ezihluke ngokupheleleyo zomzimba ukuba asebenze kunye nenkqubo yedilesi efanayo, kwaye i-TCP iqinisekise ukuhanjiswa kweepakethi kummkeli. Kuko konke. Ubulula beskimu sokusebenza sothungelwano olusisiseko lwenza ukuba kwenzeke ukongeza phantse nasiphi na isicelo kuso. Okubalulekileyo, nawuphi na umsebenzisi unokufaka isandla ekusebenzeni okutsha ukuba unokuqinisekisa abanye ukuba basebenzise inkqubo yakhe. Umzekelo, ukudlulisa iifayile usebenzisa i-FTP yenye yezona ndlela zidumileyo zokusebenzisa i-Intanethi kwiminyaka yokuqala, kodwa kwakungenakwenzeka ukufumana iiseva ezinikezela ngeefayile onomdla kuzo ngaphandle kwelizwi lomlomo. Ke ngoko, abasebenzisi abashishinayo benze iiprothokholi ezahlukeneyo zoluhlu kunye nokugcina uluhlu lweeseva zeFTP - umzekelo, iGopher, Archie kunye neVeronica.
Ngokwethiyori, kwakukho ukuguquguquka okufanayo, kunye nentsikelelo esemthethweni yemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nezigebenga zonxibelelwano ukuze zisebenze njengomgangatho wokusebenza kwe-intanethi. Nangona kunjalo, ekusebenzeni, intsimi yahlala kunye ne-TCP / IP, kwaye inzuzo yayo echanekileyo yayiyikhowudi ehamba kuqala kumawaka kwaye emva kwezigidi zoomatshini.
Ukutshintshela ulawulo umaleko wesicelo kwimida yenethiwekhi kukhokelele kwesinye isiphumo esibalulekileyo. Oku kwakuthetha ukuba imibutho emikhulu, eqhele ukulawula imimandla yayo yomsebenzi, yayinokuziva ikhululekile. Imibutho inokuseta iiseva zayo ze-imeyile kwaye ithumele kwaye ifumane ii-imeyile ngaphandle kokuba yonke imixholo igcinwe kwikhompyuter yomnye umntu. Banokubhalisa amagama abo e-domain, bamise iiwebhusayithi zabo ezifikeleleke kuwo wonke umntu kwi-Intanethi, kodwa zigcine ngokupheleleyo phantsi kolawulo lwabo.
Ngokwendalo, owona mzekelo ubalaseleyo wolwakhiwo olunamaleko amaninzi kunye nokwabela amagunya yiWebhu eBanzi yeHlabathi. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini, iinkqubo ezivela kwiikhomputha zokwabelana ngexesha le-1960 ukuya kwiinkonzo ezifana neCompuServe kunye neMinitel zijikeleze isethi encinci yeenkonzo zokutshintshiselana ngolwazi olusisiseko - i-imeyile, iiforamu kunye namagumbi okuxoxa. Iwebhu ibe yinto entsha ngokupheleleyo. Iintsuku zokuqala zewebhu, xa yayiquka ngokupheleleyo, amaphepha enziwe ngesandla, ayifani nanamhlanje. Nangona kunjalo, ukutsiba ukusuka kwikhonkco ukuya kwikhonkco sele kunomdla ongaqhelekanga, kwaye kwanika amashishini ithuba lokubonelela ngentengiso ephantsi kakhulu kunye nenkxaso kubathengi. Akukho namnye wabayili be-intanethi abacwangciselwe iwebhu. Yayisisiqhamo sobuchule bukaTim Berners-Lee, injineli yaseBritani kwiZiko laseYurophu loPhando lweNyukliya (i-CERN), owayidala ngo-1990 ngenjongo yokusasaza ngokulula ulwazi phakathi kwabaphandi basebhubhoratri. Nangona kunjalo, iphila ngokulula kwi-TCP / IP kwaye yasebenzisa inkqubo yegama lesizinda esenzelwe ezinye iinjongo kwii-URL ezifumaneka kuyo yonke indawo. Nabani na onokufikelela kwi-Intanethi angenza i-website, kwaye phakathi kwe-90s, kwakubonakala ngathi wonke umntu wayeyenza-iiholo zedolophu, amaphephandaba asekuhlaleni, amashishini amancinci, kunye nabathanda ukuzilibazisa kuyo yonke imivimbo.
Ukwenziwa kwezinto zabucala
Ndizishiyile iziganeko ezimbalwa ezibalulekileyo kweli bali malunga nokunyuka kwe-Intanethi, kwaye unokushiyeka unemibuzo embalwa. Umzekelo, ngaba ngokwenene amashishini kunye nabathengi bafumana ukufikelela kwi-Intanethi, eyayigxile kwi-NSFNET, inethiwekhi exhaswa ngurhulumente wase-US ekucingelwa ukuba ijolise ekukhonzeni uluntu lophando? Ukuphendula lo mbuzo, kwinqaku elilandelayo siza kubuyela kwiziganeko ezibalulekileyo endingakhange ndizikhankanye ngoku; Iziganeko ezithe ngokuthe ngcembe kodwa ngokungaphephekiyo zajika i-Intanethi yenzululwazi yelizwe yaba yeyabucala kunye neyorhwebo.
Yintoni enye ekufuneka uyifunde
- UJanet Abatte, wenza i-Intanethi (1999)
- UKaren D. Fraser "NSFNET: Ubambiswano lwe-Speed Speed Networking, iNgxelo yokuGqibela" (1996)
- UJohn S. Quarterman, iMatrix (1990)
- UPeter H. Salus, Ukuphosa umnatha (1995)
umthombo: www.habr.com