Kulo nyaka i-Linux kernel ijika iminyaka engama-27 ubudala. OS esekelwe kuyo iinkampani ezininzi, ii-arhente zikarhulumente, amaziko ophando kunye emhlabeni jikelele.
Ngaphezu kwekota yenkulungwane, amanqaku amaninzi apapashiwe (kubandakanywa neHabré) echaza malunga neendawo ezahlukeneyo zembali yeLinux. Kolu luhlu lwezixhobo, sigqibe kwelokuba siqaqambise ezona nyaniso zibalulekileyo nezinomdla ezinxulumene nale nkqubo yokusebenza.
Masiqale ngophuhliso olwandulela iLinux kunye nembali yenguqulelo yokuqala yekernel.
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Ixesha "lemarike yasimahla"
Ukuvela kweLinux esinye seziganeko ezibalulekileyo kwimbali yesoftware evulekileyo. Ukuzalwa kwale nkqubo yokusebenza kutyala kakhulu kwiingcamango kunye nezixhobo eziye zaqulunqwa kwaye "zikhulile" amashumi eminyaka phakathi kwabaphuhlisi. Ke ngoko, okokuqala, makhe sijonge imvelaphi "yentshukumo yomthombo ovulekileyo."
Ekuqaleni kwee-50s, uninzi lwesoftware eUnited States yadalwa ngabaqeshwa beeyunivesithi kunye neelebhu kunye. ngaphandle kwezithintelo. Oku kwenziwa lula ukutshintshiselana ngolwazi kuluntu lwezenzululwazi. Isisombululo sokuqala somthombo ovulekileyo welo xesha inkqubo A-2, ebhaliweyo kwikhompyuter ye-UNIVAC Remington Rand ngo-1953.
Kuloo minyaka inye, iqela lokuqala labaphuhlisi besoftware yasimahla, SHARE, lasekwa. Basebenza ngokwemodeli" Isiphumo somsebenzi weli qela ukuya ekupheleni kwe-50s OS yegama elifanayo.
Le nkqubo (kunye nezinye imveliso SHARE) ukusuka kubenzi bezixhobo zekhompyutha. Ngombulelo kumgaqo-nkqubo wabo wokuvula, baye bakwazi ukunika abathengi kungekuphela nje i-hardware, kodwa kunye nesofthiwe ngaphandle kweendleko ezongezelelweyo.
Ukufika koRhwebo kunye nokuzalwa kwe-Unix
Ngo-1959, i-Applied Data Research (ADR) yafumana umyalelo ovela kumbutho weRCA - inkqubo yokugqibezela ngokuzenzekelayo iiflowutshati. Abaphuhlisi bawugqibile umsebenzi, kodwa abazange bavumelane neRCA ngexabiso. Ukuze "ungalahli" imveliso egqityiweyo, i-ADR yaphinda yalungisa isisombululo se-IBM 1401 yesikhulumi kwaye yaqala ukuyisebenzisa ngokuzimeleyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuthengisa kwakungekho kuhle kakhulu, njengoko abasebenzisi abaninzi babelindele enye indlela yamahhala kwisisombululo se-ADR esasicwangciswa yi-IBM.
I-ADR ayikwazanga ukuvumela ukukhutshwa kwemveliso yasimahla enomsebenzi ofanayo. Ke ngoko, umphuhlisi uMartin Goetz ovela kwi-ADR wafaka ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wenkqubo kwaye ngo-1968 waba ngowokuqala kwimbali yase-US. yakhe. Ukususela ngoku ukuya phambili ixesha lokurhweba kushishino lophuhliso - ukusuka "kwibhonasi" ukuya kwi-hardware, isofthiwe iye yajika yaba yimveliso ezimeleyo.
Ngexesha elifanayo, iqela elincinci labadwelisi benkqubo abavela kwiBell Labs phezu kwenkqubo yokusebenza yePDP-7 minicomputer - Unix. I-Unix yenziwe njengenye i-OS-Multics.
Le yokugqibela yayinzima kakhulu kwaye yayisebenza kuphela kwiiplatifomu ze-GE-600 kunye ne-Honeywell 6000. Ibhalwe kwakhona kwi-SI, i-Unix yayifanele ukuba iphathekayo kwaye ilula ukuyisebenzisa (ubukhulu becala ngenxa yenkqubo yefayile ye-hierarchical ene-root root directory).
Kwi-50s, i-AT&T ibambe, ngelo xesha yayiquka iiLabhu zeBell, isivumelwano norhulumente wase-US esithintela ikomishini ekuthengiseni isoftware. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, abasebenzisi bokuqala be-Unix - imibutho yenzululwazi - Ikhowudi yomthombo we-OS isimahla.
I-AT&T ihambile kwingqikelelo yokusasazwa kwesoftware yasimahla kwiminyaka yoo-80s. Nje ngeziphumo Emva kokwahlula i-corporation kwiinkampani ezininzi, ukuvinjelwa kokuthengiswa kwesoftware kuye kwasebenza, kwaye ukubamba kuyeka ukusasaza i-Unix simahla. Abaphuhlisi bagrogriswa ngezimangalo zokwabelwana okungagunyaziswanga kwekhowudi yomthombo. Izoyikiso bezingekho ngqiqweni - ukusukela ngo-1980, iinkqubo zekhompyuter ziphantsi kwelungelo lokushicilela eUnited States.
Ayingabo bonke abaphuhlisi abanelisekanga ziimeko ezichazwe yi-AT&T. Iqela labantu abanomdla kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia eBerkeley baqala ukukhangela esinye isisombululo. Kwiminyaka ye-70, isikolo safumana ilayisenisi evela kwi-AT & T, kwaye abathandekayo baqala ukudala ukusabalalisa okutsha ngokusekelwe kuyo, okwathi kamva kwaba yi-Unix Berkeley Software Distribution, okanye i-BSD.
Inkqubo evulekileyo efana ne-Unix ibe yimpumelelo, eyathi yaqatshelwa kwangoko yi-AT&T. Inkampani enkundleni, kwaye ababhali be-BSD kwafuneka basuse kwaye babuyisele yonke ikhowudi yomthombo we-Unix ebandakanyekayo. Oku kucuthe ukwanda kwe-Berkeley Software Distribution kancinane ngaloo minyaka. Inguqulelo yamva nje yenkqubo yakhululwa ngo-1994, kodwa eyona nyaniso yokuvela kwe-OS yasimahla nevulekileyo yaba yinto ebalulekileyo kwimbali yeeprojekthi zomthombo ovulekileyo.
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Buyela kwimvelaphi yesoftware yasimahla
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engama-70, abasebenzi baseMassachusetts Institute of Technology umqhubi weprinta efakwe kwenye yeeklasi. Xa i-jam yephepha ibangela umgca wemisebenzi yokushicilela, abasebenzisi bafumana isaziso sokubacela ukuba balungise ingxaki. Kamva, isebe lafumana umshicileli omtsha, apho abasebenzi bafuna ukongeza umsebenzi onjalo. Kodwa ngenxa yoku besidinga ikhowudi yomthombo womqhubi wokuqala. Umdwebi wenkqubo wabasebenzi uRichard M. Stallman ucele oko koogxa bakhe, kodwa wala - kwavela ukuba olu lulwazi oluyimfihlo.
Esi siqendu sincinci sinokuba sesona sibi kwimbali yesoftware yasimahla. UStallman wayecaphukile yile meko. Wayengonwabanga ngezithintelo ezibekwe ekwabelaneni ngekhowudi yomthombo kwindawo ye-IT. Ke ngoko, uStallman wagqiba kwelokuba enze inkqubo evulekileyo yokusebenza kwaye avumele abanomdla ukuba benze utshintsho ngokukhululekileyo kuyo.
NgoSeptemba 1983, wabhengeza ukuyilwa kweProjekthi ye-GNU - i-GNU's Not UNIX (“GNU is not Unix”). Yayisekwe kwi-manifesto ekwasebenza njengesiseko selayisensi yesoftware yasimahla- iGNU General Public License (GPL). Le ntshukumo iphawule isiqalo sentshukumo yesoftware yomthombo ovulekileyo osebenzayo.
Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, uprofesa waseVrije Universiteit Amsterdam u-Andrew S. Tanenbaum wavelisa inkqubo ye-Unix efana ne-Minix njengesixhobo sokufundisa. Wayefuna ukuyenza ifikeleleke kangangoko kubafundi. Umpapashi wencwadi yakhe, eze ne-OS, ubuncinci umrhumo oqhelekileyo wokusebenza nenkqubo. U-Andrew kunye nomvakalisi beza kwisivumelwano kwixabiso lelayisensi ye-69 yeedola. Ekuqaleni kwe-90s Minix ukuthandwa phakathi kwabaphuhlisi. Kwaye wayemiselwe isiseko sophuhliso lweLinux.
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Ukuzalwa kweLinux kunye nokuhanjiswa kokuqala
Ngo-1991, umdwebi wenkqubo oselula weYunivesithi yaseHelsinki, uLinus Torvalds, wayeyincutshe kwiMinix. Imifuniselo yakhe nge-OS ukusebenza kwi-kernel entsha ngokupheleleyo. Ngo-Agasti 25, uLinus uququzelele uphando oluvulekileyo lweqela labasebenzisi be-Minix malunga noko bangonwabanga kule OS, kwaye babhengeze ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo entsha yokusebenza. Ileta ka-Agasti iqulethe amanqaku abalulekileyo malunga ne-OS yexesha elizayo:
- inkqubo iya kukhululeka;
- inkqubo iya kufana neMinix, kodwa ikhowudi yomthombo iya kwahluka ngokupheleleyo;
- inkqubo ayizukuba “nkulu kwaye ibe nobuchule njenge-GNU.”
I-25 ka-Agasti ithathwa njengomhla wokuzalwa kweLinux. ULinus ngokwakhe ukusuka komnye umhla - ngoSeptemba 17. Ngaloo mini wafaka ukukhululwa kokuqala kwe-Linux (0.01) kwi-server ye-FTP kwaye wathumela i-imeyile kubantu ababonise umdla kwisibhengezo sakhe kunye nophando. Igama elithi "Freaks" ligcinwe kwikhowudi yomthombo wokukhutshwa kokuqala. Yiloo nto uTorvalds acebe ukubiza ngayo i-kernel yakhe (indibaniselwano yamagama "ekhululekile", "i-freak" kunye ne-Unix). Umphathi weseva ye-FTP akalithandanga igama kwaye wayiqamba ngokutsha iprojekthi ibe yiLinux.
Kwalandela uthotho lohlaziyo. Ngo-Oktobha waloo nyaka, kernel version 0.02 yakhululwa, kwaye ngoDisemba - 0.11. I-Linux yasasazwa ngaphandle kwelayisensi ye-GPL. Oku kuthetha ukuba abaphuhlisi banokusebenzisa i-kernel kwaye bayiguqule, kodwa babengenalo ilungelo lokuphinda bathengise iziphumo zomsebenzi wabo. Ukuqala ngoFebruwari 1992, zonke izithintelo zorhwebo zasuswa - ngokukhululwa kwenguqulo 0.12, iTorvalds yatshintsha ilayisenisi kwi-GNU GPL v2. Eli nyathelo uLinus kamva wabiza enye yezinto ezimisela impumelelo yeLinux.
Ukuthandwa kweLinux phakathi kwabaphuhlisi beMinix kwakhula. Ngexesha elithile, iingxoxo zenzeke kwi-comp.os.minix Usenet feed. Ekuqaleni kuka-92, umdali we-Minix u-Andrew Tanenbaum waqalisa kuluntu malunga noyilo lwe-kernel, isithi "iLinux iphelelwe lixesha." Isizathu, ngokoluvo lwakhe, yayiyi-monolithic OS kernel, leyo kwinani leeparameters ingaphantsi kweMinix microkernel. Esinye isikhalazo seTanenbaum sichaphazela "ukubotshwa" kweLinux kumgca weprosesa we-x86, lowo, ngokutsho kwengqikelelo yenjingalwazi, bekufanele ukuba itshone ekulibaleni kungekudala. ULinus ngokwakhe kunye nabasebenzisi bazo zombini iinkqubo zokusebenza bangene kwingxoxo. Ngenxa yengxabano, uluntu lwahlulahlulwe lwaba ziinkampu ezimbini, kwaye abalandeli beLinux bafumana ukutya kwabo - comp.os.linux.
Uluntu lusebenze ukwandisa ukusebenza kwenguqu esisiseko - abaqhubi bokuqala kunye nenkqubo yeefayile zaphuhliswa. Iinguqulelo zokuqala zeLinux kwidiski ezimbini zefloppy kwaye iqulathe idiski yokuqala ene kernel kunye nengcambu yediski efakele inkqubo yefayile kunye neenkqubo ezininzi ezisisiseko ezivela kwizixhobo zezixhobo ze GNU.
Kancinci, uluntu lwaqala ukuphuhlisa ukuhanjiswa kweLinux yokuqala. Uninzi lweenguqulelo zokuqala zenziwe ngabathandi kuneenkampani.
Ukusasazwa kokuqala, i-MCC yeThutyana ye-Linux, yenziwe ngokusekwe kwinguqulo ye-0.12 ngoFebruwari 1992. Umbhali wayo ngumdwelisi ovela kwiZiko leKhompyutha leYunivesithi yaseManchester - uphuhliso "njengelinge" ukwenzela ukuphelisa ezinye iintsilelo kwinkqubo yokufakela i-kernel kunye nokongeza inani lemisebenzi.
Kungekudala emva koko, inani lokusasazwa ngokwesiko landa kakhulu. Uninzi lwazo lwahlala iiprojekthi zasekhaya, "»akukho ngaphezulu kweminyaka emihlanu, umzekelo, iSoftlanding Linux System (SLS). Nangona kunjalo, bekukho nosasazo oluye lwalawula kungekuphela nje ukufumana indawo kwimarike, kodwa lukwaphembelele kakhulu uphuhliso olongezelelweyo lweeprojekthi zomthombo ovulekileyo. Ngo-1993, kwakhutshwa izabelo ezibini-i-Slackware kunye ne-Debian-eyaqalisa utshintsho olukhulu kushishino lwesoftware yasimahla.
Debian U-Ian Murdock ngenkxaso evela kwiStallman Free Software Foundation. Yayijongwe njengenye "entle" kwi-SLS. I-Debian isaxhaswa nanamhlanje kwaye injalo uphuhliso olusekwe kwi Linux. Kwisiseko sayo, kwakhona, inani lezinye izixhobo zokusabalalisa ezibalulekileyo kwimbali ye-kernel zenziwa - umzekelo, Ubuntu.
Ngokuphathelele iSlackware, yenye iprojekthi esekwe kwiLinux kwangethuba nenempumelelo. Inguqulelo yayo yokuqala yakhululwa ngowe-1993. Ngu , emva kweminyaka emibini, iSlackware yenza ingxelo malunga ne-80% yofakelo lweLinux. Kwaye kumashumi eminyaka kamva ukuhanjiswa idumileyo phakathi kwabaphuhlisi.
Ngo-1992, inkampani SUSE (isishunqulelo seSoftware- und System-Entwicklung - software kunye nophuhliso lweenkqubo) yasekwa eJamani. Ungowokuqala Iimveliso ezisekelwe kwiLinux kubathengi beshishini. Usasazo lokuqala olwathi i-SUSE yaqala ukusebenza nalo yayiyi-Slackware, elungiselelwe abasebenzisi abathetha isiJamani.
Kususela kulo mzuzu ukuba ixesha lokuthengisa kwimbali yeLinux liqala, esiza kuthetha ngalo kwinqaku elilandelayo.
Izithuba ezivela kwiblogi yeshishini 1cloud.ru:
umthombo: www.habr.com