Siyaqhubeka nokukhumbula imbali yophuhliso lweyona mveliso ibalulekileyo kwihlabathi lomthombo ovulekileyo. Kwinqaku elidlulileyo thina malunga nophuhliso olwandulela ukufika kweLinux, kwaye waxelela ibali lokuzalwa kwenguqulo yokuqala ye-kernel. Ngeli xesha siza kugxila kwixesha lokuthengisa le OS evulekileyo, eyaqala ngo-90s.
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Ukuzalwa kweeMveliso zoRhwebo
Ngexesha lokugqibela simise e-SUSE, eyayiyeyokuqala ukuthengisa i-OS esekwe kwiLinux ngo-1992. Yaqala ukukhulula iimveliso kubathengi beshishini ngokusekwe kunikezelo oludumileyo lweSlackware. Ngaloo ndlela, inkampani ibonise ukuba uphuhliso lomthombo ovulekileyo alunakwenziwa nje ngokuzonwabisa, kodwa kunye nenzuzo.
Omnye wabokuqala ukulandela le ndlela yayingusomashishini uBob Young kunye nomphuhlisi uMarc Ewing ovela e-USA. Ngowe-1993 uBob Inkampani ebizwa ngokuba yiACC Corporation kwaye yaqala ukuthengisa iimveliso zesoftware yomthombo ovulekileyo. Ngokuphathelele uMarko, ekuqaleni kweminyaka engama-90 wayesebenza nje kusasazo olutsha lweLinux. U-Ewing wathiya le projekthi iRed Hat Linux emva komnqwazi obomvu awayewunxibe ngelixa esebenza kwilebhu yekhompyuter kwiYunivesithi yaseCarnegie Mellon. Inguqulelo yeBeta yosasazo ehlotyeni ka-1994 ngokusekelwe kwi-Linux kernel 1.1.18.
Ukukhutshwa okulandelayo kwe-Red Hat Linux ngo-Oktobha kwaye kwathiwa yiHalloween. Yahluke kwi-beta yokuqala phambi kwamaxwebhu kunye nokukwazi ukukhetha phakathi kweenguqulelo ezimbini ze-kernel - 1.0.9 kunye ne-1.1.54. Emva koku, uhlaziyo lwalukhutshwa malunga neenyanga ezintandathu. Uluntu oluphuhlisayo luphendule kakuhle kule shedyuli yohlaziyo kwaye ithathe inxaxheba ngokuzithandela ekuyivavanyeni.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukuthandwa kwenkqubo akuzange kudlule nguBob Young, owakhawuleza ukongeza umkhiqizo kwikhathalogu yakhe. Iidiski zefloppy kunye neediski ezineenguqulelo zokuqala zeRed Hat Linux zithengiswa njengamaqebengwana ashushu. Emva kwempumelelo enjalo, usomashishini wagqiba ukudibana noMarko ngokwakhe.
Intlanganiso phakathi kwe-Young kunye ne-Ewing ibangele ukusekwa kwe-Red Hat kwi-1995. UBob wabizwa ngokuba yi-CEO yayo. Iminyaka yokuqala yobukho benkampani yayinzima. Ukugcina inkampani ihamba, uBob kwafuneka enjenjalo imali evela kumakhadi okuthenga ngetyala. Ngexesha elithile, ityala lilonke lafikelela kwi-$ 50 lamawaka. Nangona kunjalo, ukukhululwa kokuqala kwe-Red Hat Linux kwi-kernel ye-1.2.8 kwalungisa imeko. Inzuzo yayinkulu, nto leyo eyavumela uBob ukuba ahlawule iibhanki.
Ngendlela, kwakungelo xesha apho ihlabathi labona khona owaziwayo , ophethe ibrifkheyisi ngesinye isandla aze abambe umnqwazi wakhe obomvu ngesinye.
Ngowe-1998, ingeniso yonyaka evela kwiintengiso zokusasazwa kweRed Hat yayingaphezu kwezigidi ezi-5 zeerandi. IPO kwi amawaka ezigidi zeerandi.
Uphuhliso olusebenzayo lwecandelo loshishino
Phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-90, xa usasazo lwe-Red Hat Linux niche yayo kwimarike, inkampani wathembela kuphuhliso lwenkonzo. Abaphuhlisi inguqulelo yorhwebo ye-OS equka amaxwebhu, izixhobo ezongezelelweyo, kunye nenkqubo yokufakela eyenziwe lula. Kwaye kamva, ngo-1997, inkampani abo. uxhaso lwabathengi.
Ngo-1998, kunye neRed Hat, uphuhliso lwecandelo loshishino lweLinux lwalusele lukhona. Oracle, Informix, Netscape kunye neCore. Kwangalo nyaka, i-IBM yathatha inyathelo layo lokuqala kwizisombululo zomthombo ovulekileyo. WebSphere, esekwe kumthombo ovulekileyo we-Apache web server.
UGlyn Moody, umbhali weencwadi malunga neLinux kunye noLinus Torvalds, , ukuba kwakulo mzuzu ukuba i-IBM iqalise indlela eya kuthi, kwiminyaka eyi-20 kamva, iholele ekuthengeni i-Red Hat nge-34 yezigidigidi zeedola. ngokukodwa. Ngowe-1999 inkampani iinzame zokusebenza kwiinkqubo zeshishini ze-IBM ezisekwe kwi-Red Hat Linux.
Emva konyaka, i-Red Hat kunye ne-IBM beza kwisivumelwano esitsha - bona khuthaza kwaye usebenzise izisombululo zeLinux kuzo zombini iinkampani kumashishini kwihlabathi liphela. Isivumelwano sigubungela iimveliso ze-IBM ezifana ne-DB2, i-WebSphere Application Server, iLotus Domino kunye ne-IBM Small Business Pack. Kwi-2000, i-IBM onke amaqonga eseva asekelwe kwiLinux. Ngelo xesha, iiprojekthi ezininzi zobutyebi benkampani zazisele zisebenza ngesiseko sale nkqubo yokusebenza. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho, umzekelo, i-supercomputer kwiYunivesithi yaseNew Mexico.
Ukongeza kwi-IBM, uDell waqala ukusebenzisana neRed Hat ngaloo minyaka. Kakhulu ngenxa yoku, ngo-1999 inkampani iseva yokuqala eneLinux OS efakwe ngaphambili. Ngasekupheleni kwe-90s kunye ne-2000 yokuqala, i-Red Hat yangena kwizivumelwano kunye namanye amaqumrhu - kunye ne-HP, SAP, Compaq. Konke oku kuncede iRed Hat ukuba ifumane indawo kwicandelo leshishini.
Inguquko kwimbali yeRed Hat Linux yafika ngo-2002-2003, xa inkampani yathiya ngokutsha imveliso yayo ephambili iRed Hat Enterprise Linux kwaye yakuyeka ngokupheleleyo ukusasazwa simahla kokuhanjiswa kwayo. Ukusukela ngoko, ekugqibeleni iye yaziqhelanisa kwakhona necandelo leshishini kwaye, ngandlela ithile, yaba yinkokeli yayo - ngoku inkampani. malunga nesithathu kwimarike yonke yeseva.
Kodwa ngaphandle kwayo yonke le nto, iRed Hat ayizange ijike kwisoftware yasimahla. Umlandeli wenkampani kule ndawo yayikusasazwa kwe-Fedora, inguqulelo yokuqala (ekhutshwe kwi-2003) isekelwe kwi-Red Hat Linux kernel 2.4.22. Namhlanje, i-Red Hat ixhasa kakhulu ukuphuhliswa kweFedora kwaye isebenzisa uphuhliso lweqela kwiimveliso zayo.
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Ukuqala kokhuphiswano
Isiqingatha sokuqala seli nqaku phantse ngokupheleleyo malunga Red Hat. Kodwa oku akuthethi ukuba olunye uphuhliso kwi-ecosystem ye-Linux aluzange luvele kwishumi leminyaka lokuqala le-OS. I-Red Hat inqume ubukhulu becala i-vector yophuhliso lwenkqubo yokusebenza kunye nokuhanjiswa okuninzi, kodwa nakwicandelo lenkampani yayingeyena kuphela umdlali.
Ukongeza kuye, u-SUSE, TurboLinux, Caldera kunye nabanye basebenza apha, ababedume kwaye "bakhule" kunye noluntu oluthembekileyo. Kwaye imisebenzi enjalo ayizange ihoywe ngabakhuphisana nabo, ngakumbi iMicrosoft.
Ngo-1998, uBill Gates wenza iingxelo ezama ukuthoba iLinux. Ngokomzekelo, yena ukuba "wayengazange eve kubathengi malunga nenkqubo yokusebenza enjalo."
Nangona kunjalo, kwangaloo nyaka, kwingxelo yonyaka kwi-US Securities and Exchange Commission, iMicrosoft I-Linux iphakathi kwabakhuphisana nayo. Ngelo xesha kwakukho ukuvuza okubizwa ngokuba - amanqaku avela kumqeshwa weMicrosoft, ehlalutye umngcipheko wokhuphiswano oluvela kwiLinux kunye nesoftware yomthombo ovulekileyo.
Ukuqinisekisa lonke uloyiko lukaMicrosoft ngo-1999, amakhulukhulu abasebenzisi beLinux abavela kwihlabathi liphela ngosuku olunye. kwii-ofisi zamashishini. Babejonge ukubuyisela imali yesistim yeWindows efakwe ngaphambili kwiikhompyuter zabo njengenxalenye yephulo lamazwe ngamazwe - Usuku Lokubuyisela IWindows. Ke, abasebenzisi bavakalise ukungoneliseki kwabo kulawulo lwe-OS yeMicrosoft kwimarike yePC.
Ingxabano engabonakaliyo phakathi kwe-IT giant kunye noluntu lwe-Linux lwaqhubeka lukhula kwi-2000 yokuqala. Ngelo xesha Linux ngaphezu kwekota yemarike yomncedisi kwaye iye yandisa ngokuqhubekayo isabelo sayo. Ngokuchasene nemvelaphi yezi ngxelo, i-CEO yeMicrosoft uSteve Ballmer wanyanzelwa ukuba avume ngokuphandle iLinux njengoyena mntu ukhuphisana naye kwimarike yeseva. Ngexesha elifanayo yena vula i-OS "umhlaza" wepropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda kwaye eneneni yachasa naluphi na uphuhliso lwelayisensi ye-GPL.
Singaphakathi Siqokelele izibalo ze-OS kwiiseva ezisebenzayo zabathengi bethu.
Ukuba sithetha ngokusasazwa komntu ngamnye, Ubuntu buhlala buthandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabathengi be-1cloud - i-45%, ilandelwa yi-CentOS (28%) kunye ne-Debian (26%) emva kancinci.
Enye iphambili kumzabalazo weMicrosoft kunye nophuhliso loluntu yayikukukhutshwa kweLindows OS esekwe kwiLinux kernel, igama layo likhutshelwe yiWindows. Ngo-2001 uMicrosoft I-USA ngokuchasene nenkampani yomphuhlisi we-OS, ifuna ukutshintsha igama. Ukuphendula, uzame ukwenza ilungelo likaMicrosoft kwelinye lamagama esiNgesi kunye nezinto eziphuma kulo. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, i-corporation iphumelele le ngxabano - igama elithi LindowsOS kwiLinspire. Nangona kunjalo, abaphuhlisi be-OS evulekileyo benze esi sigqibo ngokuzithandela ukuze baphephe amatyala avela kuMicrosoft kwamanye amazwe apho inkqubo yabo yokusebenza isasazwa khona.
Kuthekani nge-Linux kernel?
Ngaphandle kwakho konke ukungqubana phakathi kweenkampani kunye neengxelo ezirhabaxa ezichasene nesoftware yasimahla evela kubaphathi abaphambili beenkampani ezinkulu, uluntu lweLinux lwaqhubeka nokuphuhlisa. Abaphuhlisi basebenze kunikezelo olutsha oluvulekileyo kwaye bahlaziya i-kernel. Ngenxa yokusasazeka kwe-Intanethi, oku kuye kwaba lula ngakumbi. Ngo-1994, inguqulelo 1.0.0 ye-Linux kernel yakhululwa, yalandelwa kwiminyaka emibini kamva yinguqulelo 2.0. Ngokukhululwa ngalunye, i-OS ixhasa umsebenzi kwinani elandayo leprosesa kunye ne-mainframes.
Embindini we-90s, iLinux, esele idumile phakathi kwabaphuhlisi, yaphuhliswa kungekuphela nje njengemveliso yetekhnoloji, kodwa nanjengophawu. Ngo-1995 Umboniso wokuqala weLinux kunye nenkomfa, ebonisa izithethi ezaziwayo kuluntu, kuquka noMark Ewing. Kwiminyaka embalwa, uMboniso waba sesinye seziganeko ezinkulu kwihlabathi leLinux.
Ngo-1996, ihlabathi laqala ukubona uphawu kunye nepenguin eyaziwayo , esakhapha iimveliso zeLinux. Yakhe umdwelisi nkqubo kunye nomyili Larry Ewing esekelwe amabali malunga "nepenguin ekhohlakeleyo" owathi ngenye imini wahlasela uLinus Torvalds waza wamosulela ngesifo esibizwa ngokuba yi "penguinitis".
Ngasekupheleni kwe-90s, iimveliso ezimbini ezibalulekileyo kwimbali yeLinux zakhululwa enye emva kwenye - i-GNOME kunye ne-KDE. Enkosi kwezi zixhobo, iinkqubo ze-Unix, eziquka iLinux, zifumene ujongano lwegraphical olunqamlezayo. Ukukhutshwa kwezi zixhobo kunokubizwa ngokuba lelinye lamanyathelo okuqala ngokubhekiselele kwimarike yobuninzi. Siza kukuxelela ngakumbi malunga neli nqanaba lembali yeLinux kwinxalenye elandelayo.
Kwiblogi ye-1cloud corporate:
umthombo: www.habr.com