Kweli nqaku, siza kujonga ukuba zeziphi iikhontrakthi ezihlakaniphileyo, yintoni na, siya kuqhelana neeplatifti zekhontrakthi ezahlukeneyo, iimpawu zazo, kwaye sixoxe ngendlela ezisebenza ngayo kunye nokuba zeziphi iingenelo ezinokuzisa. Esi sixhobo siya kuba luncedo kakhulu kubafundi abangaqhelananga kakuhle nesihloko seekontraki ezihlakaniphile, kodwa bafuna ukusondela ekuqondeni.
Ikhontrakthi eqhelekileyo vs. isivumelwano esihlakaniphile
Ngaphambi kokuba sihlolisise iinkcukacha, makhe sithathe umzekelo womahluko phakathi kwekhontrakthi eqhelekileyo, echazwe ephepheni, kunye nekhontrakthi ehlakaniphile, emelwe ngedijithali.
Oku kwasebenza njani ngaphambi kokufika kweekontraki ezihlakaniphile? Khawucinge nje ngeqela labantu abafuna ukuseka imigaqo ethile kunye neemeko zokusasazwa kwamaxabiso, kunye nendlela ethile yokuqinisekisa ukuphunyezwa kolu lwabiwo ngokwemigaqo kunye neemeko ezinikeziweyo. Emva koko babeza kuhlanganisana, babhale iphepha apho babhala khona iinkcukacha zabo zezazisi, imigaqo, amaxabiso abandakanyekayo, babhale umhla kwaye basayine. Le khontrakthi iphinde yaqinisekiswa liqela elithembekileyo, elifana nommeli. Ngaphezu koko, aba bantu bahamba ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kunye nekopi yabo yephepha lekhontrakthi enjalo kwaye baqala ukwenza ezinye izenzo ezinokuthi zingahambelani nekhontrakthi ngokwayo, oko kukuthi, benza into enye, kodwa ephepheni kwaqinisekiswa ukuba kufuneka benze okuthile. yahluke ngokupheleleyo. Kwaye indlela yokuphuma kule meko? Enyanisweni, elinye lamalungu eqela kufuneka lithathe eli phepha, lithathe ubungqina, lilise enkundleni kwaye lifezekise ukuthotyelwa kwekhontrakthi kunye nezenzo zokwenyani. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kunzima ukuphumeza ukuphunyezwa ngokufanelekileyo kwesi sibhambathiso, esikhokelela kwimiphumo engathandekiyo.
Kunokuthiwani malunga neekontraki ezihlakaniphile? Badibanisa zombini ithuba lokubhala imimiselo yekhontrakthi kunye neendlela zokuphunyezwa kwazo ngokungqongqo. Ukuba iimeko zibekiwe kwaye ukuthengiselana okuhambelanayo okanye isicelo sisayinwe, emva kokuba eso sicelo okanye ukuthengiselana samkelwe, akusenakwenzeka ukutshintsha iimeko okanye kuchaphazele ukuphunyezwa kwazo.
Kukho umqinisekisi omnye okanye uthungelwano olupheleleyo, kunye nedathabheyisi egcina zonke iikontraki ezihlakaniphile eziye zangeniswa ukuze ziphunyezwe ngokulandelelana okungqongqo. Kukwabalulekile ukuba esi siseko sogcino-lwazi kufuneka siqulathe zonke iimeko zokuqalisa ukuphumeza ikhontrakthi ehlakaniphile. Ukongeza, kufuneka ithathele ingqalelo elona xabiso ukusasazwa kwayo kuchazwe kwikhontrakthi. Ukuba oku kusebenza kwimali ethile yedijithali, ngoko le datha kufuneka ithathele ingqalelo.
Ngamanye amazwi, abaqinisekisi bekhontrakthi ehlakaniphile kufuneka babe nokufikelela kuyo yonke idatha esebenza kuyo ikhontrakthi ehlakaniphile. Umzekelo, isiseko sedatha esinye kufuneka sisetyenziswe ukuxela ngaxeshanye imali yedijithali, iibhalansi zabasebenzisi, iitransekshini zabasebenzisi, kunye nezitampu zexesha. Emva koko, kwikhontrakthi ehlakaniphile, imeko ingaba yibhalansi yomsebenzisi kwimali ethile, ukufika kwexesha elithile, okanye into yokuba ukuthengiselana okuthile kuye kwenziwa, kodwa akukho nto.
Inkcazo yekhontrakthi ehlakaniphile
Ngokubanzi, isigama ngokwaso saqulunqwa ngumphandi uNick Szabo kwaye saqala ukusetyenziswa ngo-1994, kwaye sabhalwa ngo-1997 kwinqaku elichaza ingcamango yezivumelwano ezihlakaniphile.
Iikhontrakthi ze-Smart zithetha ukuba i-automation yokusasazwa kwexabiso yenziwa, enokuxhomekeka kuphela kuloo miqathango egqitywe kwangaphambili. Ngeyona ndlela ilula, ibonakala njengekhontrakthi enemiqathango echazwe ngokungqongqo, esayinwe ngamaqela athile.
Iikhontrakthi ze-Smart ziyilelwe ukunciphisa ukuthembela kubantu besithathu. Ngamanye amaxesha iziko lokuthatha izigqibo apho yonke into exhomekeke kuyo ayibandakanywa ngokupheleleyo. Ukongezelela, izivumelwano ezinjalo zilula ukuziphicotha. Esi sisiphumo sezinye iimpawu zoyilo lwenkqubo enjalo, kodwa amaxesha amaninzi siqonda ngekontraki ehlakaniphile indawo ephantsi kolawulo kunye nobukho bemisebenzi evumela nabani na ukuba ahlalutye isiseko sedatha kwaye enze uphicotho olupheleleyo lokwenziwa kweekhontrakthi. Oku kuqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kutshintsho lwedatha olubuyayo oluya kubandakanya utshintsho ekusebenzeni kwekhontrakthi ngokwayo. I-Digitization yeenkqubo ezininzi xa udala kwaye usungula ikhontrakthi ehlakaniphile ihlala yenza lula iteknoloji kunye neendleko zokuphunyezwa kwazo.
Umzekelo olula - inkonzo ye-Escrow
Makhe sijonge umzekelo olula kakhulu. Kuya kukunceda usondele ekuqondeni ukusebenza kweekontraki ezihlakaniphile, kunye nokuqonda kangcono ukuba zeziphi iimeko ezifanele zisetyenziswe.
Inokuthi iphunyezwe kusetyenziswa i-Bitcoin, nangona okwangoku i-Bitcoin isenokungafane ibizwe ngokuba liqonga elipheleleyo leekhontrakthi ezikrelekrele. Ke, sinomthengi othile kwaye sinevenkile ekwi-intanethi. Umthengi ufuna ukuthenga imonitha kule venkile. Kwimeko elula, umthengi ugqiba kwaye athumele intlawulo, kwaye ivenkile ye-intanethi iyayamkela, iyaqinisekisa, kwaye emva koko ithumele iimpahla. Nangona kunjalo, kule meko kukho imfuneko yokuthembela okukhulu - umthengi kufuneka athembe ivenkile ye-intanethi kuzo zonke iindleko zemonitha. Ekubeni ivenkile ye-intanethi ingaba negama eliphantsi emehlweni omthengi, kukho umngcipheko wokuba ngenxa yesizathu esithile, emva kokwamkela intlawulo, ivenkile iya kunqaba inkonzo kwaye ayiyi kuthumela iimpahla kumthengi. Ngoko ke, umthengi ubuza umbuzo (kwaye, ngokufanelekileyo, ivenkile ye-intanethi ibuza lo mbuzo) yintoni enokusetyenziswa kule meko ukuze kuncitshiswe imingcipheko enjalo kwaye wenze ukuthengiselana okunjalo kuthembeke ngakumbi.
Kwimeko yeBitcoin, kunokwenzeka ukuvumela umthengi kunye nomthengisi ukuba akhethe ngokuzimeleyo umlamli. Baninzi abantu ababandakanyekileyo ekucombululeni imiba ephikisanayo. Kwaye abathathi-nxaxheba bethu banokukhetha kuluhlu oluqhelekileyo lwabalamli lowo baya kumthemba. Ngokudibeneyo benza idilesi ye-2 ye-3 ye-multisignature apho kukho izitshixo ezintathu kunye neesignesha ezimbini kunye naziphi na izitshixo ezimbini ezifunekayo ukuchitha iingqekembe ezivela kuloo dilesi. Elinye iqhosha liya kuba lelomthengi, elesibini kwivenkile ye-intanethi, kwaye elesithathu liya kuba ngumlamli. Kwaye kwidilesi enjalo ye-multisignature umthengi uya kuthumela imali efunekayo ukuhlawula umlindi. Ngoku, xa umthengisi ebona ukuba imali ivaliwe ixesha elithile kwidilesi ye-multisignature exhomekeke kuye, unokuthumela ngokukhuselekileyo i-monitor ngeposi.
Emva koko, umthengi ufumana ipasile, ahlole iimpahla aze enze isigqibo ekuthengeni okokugqibela. Unokuvumelana ngokupheleleyo nenkonzo enikeziweyo kwaye asayine ukuthengiselana ngesitshixo sakhe, apho adlulisela khona iingqekembe kwidilesi ye-multisignature kumthengisi, okanye unokunganeliseki ngento ethile. Kwimeko yesibini, uqhagamshelana nomlamli ukuze adibanise enye intengiselwano eya kusasaza ezo ngqekembe ngokwahlukileyo.
Masithi i-monitor ifike ikrwelwe kancinci kwaye ikiti ayiquki intambo yokuqhagamshela kwikhompyuter, nangona iwebhusayithi yevenkile ye-Intanethi yathi intambo kufuneka ifakwe kwikhithi. Emva koko umthengi uqokelela ubungqina obufunekayo ukuze abonise umlamli ukuba ukhohlisiwe kule meko: uthatha izikrini zesayithi, uthatha ifoto yerisithi yeposi, uthatha ifoto yemikrwelo kwimonitha kwaye ubonisa ukuba itywina. yophukile kwaye intambo yatsalwa ngaphandle. Ivenkile ye-intanethi, kwakhona, iqokelela ubungqina bayo kwaye idlulisele kumlamli.
Umlamli unomdla wokwanelisa ngaxeshanye ukucaphuka komthengi kunye nomdla wevenkile ye-intanethi (kuya kucaca ukuba kutheni kamva). Iquka ukuthengiselana apho iimali ezisuka kwidilesi ye-multisignature ziya kuchithwa kwinqanaba elithile phakathi komthengi, ivenkile ye-intanethi kunye nomlamli, ekubeni uthatha isabelo sakhe njengomvuzo womsebenzi wakhe. Masithi i-90% yemali iyonke iya kumthengisi, i-5% isiya kumlamli kunye ne-5% yembuyekezo kumthengi. Umlamli usayina le ntengiselwano kunye nesitshixo sakhe, kodwa asikwazi ukusetyenziswa, kuba ifuna iisignesha ezimbini, kodwa enye kuphela ifanelekile. Ithumela intengiselwano enjalo kubo bobabini umthengi kunye nomthengisi. Ukuba ubuncinane omnye wabo unelisekile ngolu khetho lokusasazwa kweengqekembe, ngoko ukuthengiselana kuya kusayinwa kwangaphambili kwaye kuhanjiswe kwinethiwekhi. Ukuqinisekisa, kwanele ukuba elinye lamaqela kwintengiselwano liyavumelana nokhetho lomlamli.
Kubalulekile ukuba ekuqaleni ukhethe umlamli ukuze bobabini abathathi-nxaxheba bamthembe. Kule meko, uya kwenza ngokuzimeleyo kwiminqweno yomnye okanye enye kwaye ahlolisise imeko. Ukuba umlamli akaboneleli ngenketho yokusasaza iingqekembe eziya kwanelisa ubuncinci umthathi-nxaxheba omnye, ke, sele bevumelene kunye, bobabini umthengi kunye nevenkile ye-intanethi banokuthumela iimali kwidilesi entsha ye-multisignature ngokubeka iisignesha zabo ezimbini. Idilesi entsha ye-multisignature iya kuhlanganiswa kunye nomlamli ohlukeneyo, onokuthi abe nobuchule ngakumbi kulo mbandela kwaye anike ukhetho olungcono.
Umzekelo ngegumbi lokulala kunye nefriji
Makhe sijonge kumzekelo ontsokothileyo obonisa ubunakho bekhontrakthi enobuchule ngokucacileyo ngakumbi.
Masithi kukho abafana abathathu abasanda kungena kwigumbi elinye lokulala. Bobathathu banomdla wokuthenga ifriji yegumbi labo abanokusebenzisa kunye. Omnye wabo wazinikela ukuqokelela imali efunekayo ukuze athenge ifriji aze athethe nomthengisi. Nangona kunjalo, basanda kudibana kunye kwaye akukho kuthembana okwaneleyo phakathi kwabo. Ngokucacileyo, ababini kubo bathatha umngcipheko ngokunika imali kwisithathu. Ukongeza, kufuneka bafikelele kwisivumelwano ekukhetheni umthengisi.
Bangasebenzisa inkonzo ye-escrow, oko kukuthi, bakhethe umlamli oya kubeka iliso ekuqhutyweni kwentengiselwano kwaye asombulule imiba ephikisanayo ukuba kukho nayiphi na into eyenzekayo. Emva koko, emva kokuvuma, benza isivumelwano esihlakaniphile kwaye bamisele iimeko ezithile kuyo.
Umqathango wokuqala kukuba ngaphambi kwexesha elithile, yithi kwiveki enye, i-akhawunti yekhontrakthi ehambelanayo kufuneka ifumane iintlawulo ezintathu kwiidilesi ezithile kwisixa esithile. Ukuba oku akwenzeki, ikhontrakthi ehlakaniphile iyayeka ukuphumeza kwaye ibuyisela iingqekembe kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba. Ukuba imeko idibene, ke amaxabiso omthengisi kunye nomlamli asetyenzisiwe, kwaye imeko ihlolwe ukuba bonke abathathi-nxaxheba bayavumelana nokukhethwa komthengisi kunye nomlamli. Xa zonke iimeko zidibene, ke imali iya kudluliselwa kwiidilesi ezichaziweyo. Le ndlela inokukhusela abathathi-nxaxheba kubuqhetseba nakweliphi na icala kwaye ngokubanzi isusa isidingo sokuthembela.
Sibona kulo mzekelo umgaqo-siseko ukuba lo buchule bokumisela imilinganiselo yesinyathelo-nge-nyathelo ukuzalisekisa imeko nganye ikuvumela ukuba wenze iinkqubo zaluphi na ubunzima kunye nobunzulu bamanqanaba afakwe kwindlwane. Ukongezelela, unokuqala ukuchaza imeko yokuqala kwikhontrakthi ehlakaniphile, kwaye kuphela emva kokuzaliseka kwayo unokuseta iiparitha kwimeko elandelayo. Ngamanye amazwi, imeko ibhalwe ngokusesikweni, kwaye iiparameters zayo zinokusetwa sele zisekwe ngexesha lokusebenza kwayo.
Ukuhlelwa kweekontraki ezihlakaniphile
Ukuhlela, unokuseta amaqela ahlukeneyo emilinganiselo. Nangona kunjalo, ngeli xesha lophuhliso lwetekhnoloji, ezine zazo zifanelekile.
Iikhontrakthi ze-Smart zinokwahlulwa ngokusingqongileyo kokuphunyezwa kwazo, ezinokuthi zibekwe kwindawo enye okanye zibe phakathi. Kwimeko yokwabela amagunya, sinokuzimela okukhulu ngakumbi kunye nokunyamezela iimpazamo xa sisenza iikhontrakthi ezihlakaniphile.
Ziyakwazi ukwahlula ngenkqubo yokumisela kunye nokuzalisekisa iimeko: ziyakwazi ukucwangciswa ngokukhululekileyo, zilinganiselwe okanye zichazwe kwangaphambili, oko kukuthi zichwethezwe ngokungqongqo. Xa kukho iikontraki ezi-4 kuphela ezihlakaniphile kwi-platform ye-smart contract, iiparameters kubo zingasetwa nangayiphi na indlela. Ngokufanelekileyo, ukuseta kulula kakhulu: sikhetha ikontrakthi kuluhlu kwaye sidlulise iiparameters.
Ngokwendlela yokuqalisa, kukho iikhontrakthi ezizenzekelayo ezizenzekelayo, oko kukuthi, xa iimeko ezithile zisenzeka, zizenzela, kwaye kukho izivumelwano apho iimeko zichazwe, kodwa iqonga alizitsheli ngokuzenzekelayo ukuzaliseka kwazo; kufuneka iqalwe ngokwahlukeneyo.
Ukongeza, iikontraki ezihlakaniphile ziyahluka kwinqanaba labo lobumfihlo. Zisenokuthi zivuleleke ngokupheleleyo, ngokuyinxenye okanye zibe yimfihlo ngokupheleleyo. Okokugqibela kuthetha ukuba abakhi-mkhanyo beqela lesithathu abayiboni imiqathango yeekontraki ezihlakaniphile. Nangona kunjalo, isihloko sobumfihlo sibanzi kakhulu kwaye kungcono ukusiqwalasela ngokwahlukileyo kwinqaku langoku.
Ngezantsi siza kujonga ngakumbi kwiikhrayitheriya ezintathu zokuqala ukuzisa ukucaca ngakumbi ekuqondweni kwesihloko sangoku.
Iikhontrakthi ezihlakaniphile ngexesha lokusebenza
Ngokusekwe kubume bokwenza, umahluko uyenziwa phakathi kwamaqonga ekhontrakthi abekwe kwindawo esembindini kunye nenatyisiweyo. Kwimeko yeekontrakthi zedijithali ze-centralized, inkonzo enye isetyenzisiweyo, apho kukho i-validator enye kuphela kwaye kunokubakho i-backup kunye nenkonzo yokubuyisela, ekwalawulwa phakathi. Kukho i-database enye egcina yonke ingcaciso efunekayo ukuseta imimiselo yekhontrakthi ehlakaniphile kwaye isasaze ixabiso elithathelwa ingqalelo kule nkonzo yedatha yenkonzo. Loo nkonzo ibekwe kwindawo esembindini inomthengi obeka iimeko ngezicelo ezithile kwaye asebenzise izivumelwano ezinjalo. Ngenxa yendalo esembindini yeqonga, iindlela zokuqinisekisa zingakhuseleka kancinci kune-cryptocurrencies.
Ngokomzekelo, sinokuthatha ababoneleli bonxibelelwano lweselula (abaqhubi beselula abahlukeneyo). Masithi umqhubi othile ugcina irekhodi elisembindini yetrafikhi kwiiseva zayo, ezinokuthi zidluliselwe kwiifomathi ezahlukeneyo, umzekelo: ngohlobo lweefowuni zelizwi, ukuhanjiswa kweSMS, ukugcwala kwi-Intanethi, kwaye ngokwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo, kwaye ikwagcina iirekhodi. yemali kwiibhalansi zabasebenzisi. Ngokufanelekileyo, umboneleli wonxibelelwano ohambahambayo unokuzoba iikontraka zokubala iinkonzo ezibonelelwayo kunye nentlawulo yazo ngeemeko ezahlukeneyo. Kule meko, kulula ukuseta iimeko ezifana "nokuthumela i-SMS kunye nekhowudi enjalo kunye nenombolo kwaye uya kufumana iimeko ezinjalo zokusasazwa kwezithuthi."
Omnye umzekelo unokunikwa: iibhanki zemveli ezinomsebenzi owandisiweyo webhanki ye-Intanethi kunye nezivumelwano ezilula kakhulu ezifana neentlawulo eziqhelekileyo, ukuguqulwa ngokuzenzekelayo kweentlawulo ezingenayo, ukutsalwa ngokuzenzekelayo kwenzala kwi-akhawunti echaziweyo, njl.
Ukuba sithetha ngeekontraka ezihlakaniphile kunye nemeko yokubulawa kwe-decentralized, ngoko sineqela labaqinisekisi. Ngokufanelekileyo, nabani na unokuba ngumqinisekisi. Ngenxa yongqamaniso lweprothokholi yedathabheyisi kunye nokufikelela kwimvumelwano, sinesiseko sedatha esiqhelekileyo esiza kugcina ngoku zonke iintengiselwano kunye neekhontrakthi ezichazwe ngokungqongqo, kwaye hayi eminye imibuzo enemiqathango, iifomati ezihlala zitshintsha, kwaye akukho ngcaciso evulekileyo. Apha, ukuthengiselana kuya kuba nemiyalelo yokwenza ikhontrakthi ngokwemigaqo engqongqo. Le ngcaciso ivulekile kwaye, ngoko ke, abasebenzisi beqonga ngokwabo banokuphicotha kwaye baqinisekise izivumelwano ezihlakaniphile. Apha sibona ukuba iiplatifomu ezinatyisiweyo ziphezulu kunezo ziphakathi ngokwemiqathango yokuzimela kunye nokunyamezela iimpazamo, kodwa ukuyila kunye nokugcinwa kwazo kunzima kakhulu.
Iikontraki ze-Smart ngendlela yokumisela kunye nokuzalisekisa iimeko
Ngoku makhe sihlolisise ngakumbi indlela iikontraki ezihlakaniphile ezinokuthi zihluke ngayo kwindlela yokubeka kunye nokuzalisekisa iimeko. Apha sijika ingqalelo yethu kwiikontraki ezihlakaniphile ezicwangciswa ngokungacwangciswanga kunye neTuring epheleleyo. A Turing-epheleleyo isivumelwano smart ikuvumela ukuba usete phantse naziphi na algorithms njengemiqathango yokuphunyezwa kwekhontrakthi: bhala imijikelo, eminye imisebenzi yokubala amathuba, kunye nezinto ezifana - ekunene phantsi ukuya algorithms yakho ye-elektroniki utyikityo. Kule meko, sithetha ukubhala ngokungenasizathu ngokwenyani.
Kukwakho neekontrakthi ze-smart ezingafanelekanga, kodwa hayi ukuTuring ngokupheleleyo. Oku kubandakanya i-Bitcoin kunye ne-Litecoin kunye neskripthi sabo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ungasebenzisa kuphela imisebenzi ethile kuyo nayiphi na iodolo, kodwa awusakwazi ukubhala iilophu kunye ne-algorithms yakho.
Ukongezelela, kukho iiplatifomu zekhontrakthi ezihlakaniphile ezizalisekisa izivumelwano ezichazwe kwangaphambili. Ezi ziquka iBitshares kunye neSteemit. I-Bitshares inoluhlu lwezivumelwano ezihlakaniphile zokurhweba, ulawulo lwe-akhawunti, ulawulo lweqonga ngokwalo kunye neeparitha zayo. I-Steemit iqonga elifanayo, kodwa alisagxininisi ekukhupheni amathokheni kunye nokurhweba, njenge-Bitshares, kodwa kwiblogi, oko kukuthi, igcina kwaye iqhube umxholo ngendlela ephantsi.
Iikhontrakthi ze-Arbitrary Turing-complete ziquka iqonga le-Ethereum kunye ne-RootStock, ephantsi kophuhliso. Ngoko ke, ngezantsi siza kuhlala kwingcaciso encinci ngakumbi kwi-platform yenkontileka ye-Ethereum smart.
Iikhontrakthi ezihlakaniphile ngendlela yokuqalisa
Ngokusekelwe kwindlela yokuqalisa, iikontraki ezihlakaniphile zinokwahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amabini ubuncinane: i-automated and manual (engekho ngokuzenzekelayo). I-automated ibonakaliswe yinyaniso yokuba, inikwe zonke iiparameters kunye neemeko ezaziwayo, inkontileka ehlakaniphile iqhutywe ngokupheleleyo ngokuzenzekelayo, oko kukuthi, ayifuni ukuthumela nayiphi na imisebenzi eyongezelelweyo kunye nokuchitha ikhomishini eyongezelelweyo kwisenzo ngasinye esilandelayo. Iqonga ngokwalo linayo yonke idatha yokubala ukuba inkontileka ehlakaniphile iya kugqiba njani. Ingqiqo apho ayikho ngqiqweni, kodwa imiselwe kwangaphambili kwaye konke oku kuyaqikelelwa. Oko kukuthi, unokuqikelela kwangaphambili ubunzima bokwenza ikontrakthi ehlakaniphile, sebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwekhomishini eqhubekayo kuyo, kwaye zonke iinkqubo zokuphunyezwa kwayo zisebenza kakuhle.
Kwiikontraki ezihlakaniphile ezicwangciswe ngokukhululekileyo, ukuphunyezwa akwenziwanga ngokuzenzekelayo. Ukuqalisa isivumelwano esinjalo esilumkileyo, malunga nenyathelo ngalinye kufuneka udale ukuthengiselana okutsha, okuya kubiza inqanaba elilandelayo lokuphumeza okanye indlela elandelayo yekhontrakthi ehlakaniphile, uhlawule ikhomishini efanelekileyo kwaye ulinde ukuqinisekiswa kwentengiselwano. Ukuphunyezwa kunokugqiba ngempumelelo okanye akunjalo, kuba ikhowudi yekhontrakthi ehlakaniphile ayinakunyanzelwa kwaye amaxesha athile angalindelekanga angavela, njenge-loop yaphakade, ukungabikho kweeparameters kunye neengxabano, iinketho ezingabanjwanga, njl.
Iiakhawunti ze-Ethereum
Iintlobo zeAkhawunti ye-Ethereum
Makhe sijonge ukuba zeziphi iintlobo zeeakhawunti ezinokubakho kwiqonga le-Ethereum. Zimbini kuphela iindidi zeeakhawunti apha kwaye azikho ezinye iinketho. Uhlobo lokuqala lubizwa ngokuba yi-akhawunti yomsebenzisi, okwesibini yi-akhawunti yekhontrakthi. Makhe sibone ukuba zahluke njani.
I-akhawunti yomsebenzisi ilawulwa kuphela sisitshixo somntu wesiginitsha ye-elektroniki. Umnini-akhawunti uvelisa eyakhe isibini esiphambili sokutyikitya nge-elektroniki usebenzisa i-ECDSA (i-Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm) algorithm. Kuphela ziintengiselwano ezisayinwe ngeli qhosha ezinokutshintsha imeko yale akhawunti.
Ingqiqo eyahlukileyo inikezelwe kwi-akhawunti yekhontrakthi ehlakaniphile. Inokulawulwa kuphela ngekhowudi yesofthiwe echazwe ngaphambili echaza ngokupheleleyo indlela yokuziphatha kwekhontrakthi ehlakaniphile: indlela eya kulawula ngayo iimali zayo phantsi kweemeko ezithile, kwinqanaba lalowo msebenzisi kwaye phantsi kweemeko ezongezelelweyo ezi ngqekembe ziya kuhanjiswa. Ukuba amanye amanqaku awabonelelwanga ngabaphuhlisi kwikhowudi yeprogram, iingxaki zinokuvela. Umzekelo, ikhontrakthi ehlakaniphile inokufumana imo ethile apho ingakwamkeli ukuqaliswa kokunye ukuphunyezwa kuye nawuphi na wabasebenzisi. Kule meko, iingqekembe ziya kuba ngumkhenkce, kuba ikhontrakthi ehlakaniphile ayiboneleli ngokuphuma kweli lizwe.
Iiakhawunti zenziwe njani kwi-Ethereum
Kwimeko yeakhawunti yomsebenzisi, umnini ngokuzimeleyo uvelisa isibini esiphambili esebenzisa i-ECDSA. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba i-Ethereum isebenzisa kanye i-algorithm efanayo kunye ne-elliptic curve efanayo kwiisignesha ze-elektroniki njenge-Bitcoin, kodwa idilesi ibalwa ngendlela eyahlukileyo kancinane. Apha, isiphumo se-hashing ephindwe kabini asisasetyenziswa, njengakwi-Bitcoin, kodwa i-hashing enye inikwe umsebenzi we-Keccak ubude be-bits ezingama-256. Awona masuntswana abalulekileyo anqunyulwa kwixabiso lesiphumo, elilelonana lincinci libalulekileyo le-160 bits yexabiso lemveliso ye-hash. Ngenxa yoko, sifumana idilesi e-Ethereum. Enyanisweni, kuthatha i-20 bytes.
Nceda uqaphele ukuba i-akhawunti ye-akhawunti e-Ethereum ifakwe kwi-hex ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-checksum, ngokungafaniyo ne-Bitcoin kunye nezinye iinkqubo ezininzi, apho idilesi ifakwe kwikhowudi kwisiseko se-58 inkqubo kunye nokongezwa kwe-checksum. Oku kuthetha ukuba kufuneka uqaphele xa usebenza kunye neempawu ze-akhawunti kwi-Ethereum: nokuba yimpazamo enye kwisazisi siqinisekisiwe ukukhokelela ekulahlekeni kweemali zemali.
Kukho into ebalulekileyo kwaye kukuba i-akhawunti yomsebenzisi kwinqanaba le-database jikelele lidalwe ngeli xesha xa eyamkela intlawulo yokuqala engenayo.
Ukudala i-akhawunti yekhontrakthi ehlakaniphile kuthatha indlela eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Ekuqaleni, omnye wabasebenzisi ubhala ikhowudi yomthombo wekhontrakthi ehlakaniphile, emva koko ikhowudi idluliselwe kwi-compiler ekhethekileyo ye-platform ye-Ethereum, ifumana i-bytecode yomshini wayo we-Ethereum. I-bytecode ebangelwayo ifakwe kwintsimi ekhethekileyo yentengiselwano. Iqinisekisiwe egameni le-akhawunti yomqalisi. Emva koko, le ntengiselwano isasazwa kuyo yonke inethiwekhi kwaye ibeka ikhowudi yekhontrakthi ehlakaniphile. Ikhomishini yentengiselwano kwaye, ngokufanelekileyo, ukuphunyezwa kwekhontrakthi ihoxiswa kwibhalansi ye-akhawunti yomqalisi.
Ikhontrakthi ehlakaniphile nganye iqulethe umakhi wayo (wale khontrakthi). Isenokuba ayinanto okanye inokuba nomxholo. Emva kokuba umakhi ephunyeziwe, isazisi se-akhawunti yekhontrakthi ehlakaniphile senziwa, usebenzisa apho ungathumela khona iingqekembe zemali, ukubiza iindlela ezithile zekhontrakthi ehlakaniphile, njl.
I-Ethereum Transaction Structure
Ukwenza kucace ngakumbi, siya kuqala ukujonga isakhiwo sokuthengiselana kwe-Ethereum kunye nomzekelo wekhowudi yekhontrakthi ehlakaniphile.
Intengiselwano ye-Ethereum iquka iinkalo ezininzi. Eyokuqala kwezi, nonce, linani elithile lothotho lwentengiselwano enxulumene neakhawunti ngokwayo eyisasaza kwaye ingumbhali wayo. Oku kuyimfuneko ukwenzela ukwahlula ukuthengiselana kabini, oko kukuthi, ukungabandakanyi ityala xa ukuthengiselana okufanayo kwamkelwe kabini. Ngokusebenzisa isazisi, intengiselwano nganye inexabiso elilodwa le-hash.
Okulandelayo kuza intsimi efana ixabiso legesi. Oku kubonisa ixabiso apho imali yesiseko se-Ethereum iguqulwa ibe yigesi, esetyenziselwa ukuhlawula ukuphunyezwa kwekhontrakthi ehlakaniphile kunye nokwabiwa kwesixhobo somatshini obonakalayo. Ingaba ithetha ntoni?
Kwi-Bitcoin, iifizi zihlawulwa ngokuthe ngqo ngemali yesiseko-i-Bitcoin ngokwayo. Oku kunokwenzeka ngenxa yendlela elula yokubala: sihlawula ngokuthe ngqo inani ledatha equlethwe kwintengiselwano. Kwi-Ethereum imeko inzima ngakumbi, kuba kunzima kakhulu ukuthembela kumthamo wedatha yokuthengiselana. Apha, utshintshiselwano lunokuthi luqulathe ikhowudi yeprogram eya kwenziwa kumatshini wenyani, kwaye umsebenzi ngamnye womatshini wenyani unokuba nobunzima obahlukileyo. Kukwakho imisebenzi eyabela imemori kwizinto eziguquguqukayo. Baya kuba nobunzima babo, apho intlawulo yomsebenzi ngamnye iya kuxhomekeka.
Iindleko zomsebenzi ngamnye ngokulingana kwegesi ziya kuhlala zihlala njalo. Yaziswa ngokukodwa ukuze kumiselwe iindleko eziqhubekayo zomsebenzi ngamnye. Ngokuxhomekeke kumthwalo womnatha womnatha, ixabiso legesi liya kutshintsha, oko kukuthi, i-coefficient ngokubhekiselele kuyo imali yesiseko iya kuguqulwa kule yunithi yokuncedisa ukuhlawula ikhomishini.
Kukho enye inkalo yentengiselwano kwi-Ethereum: i-bytecode equlethwe kuyo ukuphunyezwa kumatshini wenyani iya kuphunyezwa ide igqibe ngesiphumo esithile (impumelelo okanye ukungaphumeleli) okanye de kube inani elithile leemali ezabelweyo ziphuma ukuhlawula ikhomishini. . Kukwenzela ukuphepha imeko apho, xa kwenzeka impazamo ethile, zonke iinkozo zemali ezivela kwiakhawunti yomthumeli zichithwe kwikhomishini (umzekelo, uhlobo oluthile lomjikelo ongunaphakade oluqaliswe kumatshini obonakalayo), le ntsimi ilandelayo ikhona - qala igesi (idla ngokubizwa ngokuba ngumda wegesi) - imisela ubuninzi bemali eziinkozo umthumeli azimisele ukuyichitha ukugqiba ukuthengiselana okuthile.
Indawo elandelayo ibizwa idilesi yendawo ekuyiwa kuyo. Oku kubandakanya idilesi yommkeli weengqekembe okanye idilesi yekhontrakthi ethile ye-smart apho iindlela zayo ziya kubizwa. Emva koko kuza intsimi inani, apho inani leenkozo ezithunyelwa kwidilesi yendawo ifakiwe.
Okulandelayo yintsimi enomdla ebizwa idata, apho sonke isakhiwo sihambelana. Oku akusiyo intsimi eyahlukileyo, kodwa isakhiwo esipheleleyo apho ikhowudi yomatshini wenyani ichazwa. Ungabeka idatha engafanelekanga apha - kukho imithetho eyahlukileyo yale nto.
Kwaye intsimi yokugqibela ibizwa sayina. Ngaxeshanye iqulethe zombini utyikityo lwe-elektroniki lombhali wale ntengiselwano kunye nesitshixo sikawonke-wonke apho olu tyikityo luya kuqinisekiswa ngalo. Ukusuka kwisitshixo sikawonke-wonke unokufumana isichongi se-akhawunti yomthumeli wale ntengiselwano, oko kukuthi, ukuchonga ngokukodwa i-akhawunti yomthumeli kwinkqubo ngokwayo. Sifumene eyona nto iphambili malunga nesakhiwo sentengiselwano.
Umzekelo ikhowudi yekhontrakthi ehlakaniphile yeSolidity
Ngoku makhe sijonge ngakumbi kwikhontrakthi elula sisebenzisa umzekelo.
contract Bank {
address owner;
mapping(address => uint) balances;
function Bank() {
owner = msg.sender;
}
function deposit() public payable {
balances[msg.sender] += msg.value;
}
function withdraw(uint amount) public {
if (balances[msg.sender] >= amount) {
balances[msg.sender] -= amount;
msg.sender.transfer(amount);
}
}
function getMyBalance() public view returns(uint) {
return balances[msg.sender];
}
function kill() public {
if (msg.sender == owner)
selfdestruct(owner);
}
}Ngentla yikhowudi yomthombo eyenziwe lula enokuthi ibambe iimali zabasebenzisi kwaye izibuyisele xa zifunwa.
Ngoko ke, kukho ikhontrakthi ehlakaniphile yeBhanki eyenza le misebenzi ilandelayo: iqokelela iingqekembe kwibhalansi yayo, oko kukuthi, xa i-transaction iqinisekisiwe kwaye i-smart contract ibekwe, i-akhawunti entsha idalwa enokuthi iqulethe iingqekembe kwibhalansi yayo; ikhumbula abasebenzisi kunye nokuhanjiswa kweengqekembe phakathi kwabo; ineendlela ezininzi zokulawula ibhalansi, oko kukuthi, kunokwenzeka ukuba uzalise, uhoxise kwaye ukhangele ibhalansi yomsebenzisi.
Masingene kumgca ngamnye wekhowudi yomthombo. Le khontrakthi inemihlaba engatshintshiyo. Enye yazo, enedilesi yohlobo, ibizwa ngokuba ngumnini. Apha ikhontrakthi ikhumbula idilesi yomsebenzisi owenze le nkontileka ehlakaniphile. Ngaphezu koko, kukho ulwakhiwo oluguquguqukayo olugcina imbalelwano phakathi kweedilesi zomsebenzisi kunye neebhalansi.
Oku kulandelwa yindlela yeBhanki - inegama elifanayo njengesivumelwano. Ngokufanelekileyo, lo ngumakhi wayo. Apha umnini oguquguqukayo unikwe idilesi yomntu obeke le nkontileka ehlakaniphile kwinethiwekhi. Le kuphela kwento eyenzekayo kulo makhi. Oko kukuthi, i-msg kule meko yidatha ethe yagqithiselwa kumatshini wenyani kunye nentengiselwano equlethe yonke ikhowudi yale khontrakthi. Ngokufanelekileyo, msg.sender ngumbhali wale ntengiselwano ebamba le khowudi. Uya kuba ngumnini wenkontileka ehlakaniphile.
Indlela yediphozithi ikuvumela ukuba uthumele inani elithile leemali kwi-akhawunti yekhontrakthi ngokuthengiselana. Kule meko, ikhontrakthi ehlakaniphile, efumana ezi ngqekembe, izishiya kwiphepha layo lomncono, kodwa iirekhodi kwisakhiwo sokulinganisa ukuba ngubani kanye owathumela ezi ngqekembe ukuze azi ukuba ngababani.
Indlela elandelayo ibizwa ngokuba ukuhoxisa kwaye kuthatha iparameter enye - isixa semali eziinkozo ukuba umntu ufuna ukuhoxiswa kule bhanki. Oku kuhlola ukuba kukho iinkozo ezaneleyo kwibhalansi yomsebenzisi obiza le ndlela ukuzithumela. Ukuba kukho okwaneleyo kubo, ngoko inkontileka ehlakaniphile ngokwayo ibuyisela inani leemali kumnxeba.
Okulandelayo kuza indlela yokujonga ibhalansi yangoku yomsebenzisi. Nabani na obiza le ndlela uya kusetyenziswa ukubuyisela le bhalansi kwikhontrakthi ehlakaniphile. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba isilungisi sale ndlela yimbono. Oku kuthetha ukuba indlela ngokwayo ayitshintshi izinto eziguquguqukayo zeklasi yayo nayiphi na indlela kwaye ngokwenene yindlela yokufunda kuphela. Akukho ntengiselwano eyahlukileyo idalwe ukubiza le ndlela, akukho ntlawulo ihlawulwayo, kwaye zonke izibalo zenziwa kwindawo, emva koko umsebenzisi ufumana umphumo.
Indlela yokubulala iyadingeka ukutshabalalisa imeko yekhontrakthi ehlakaniphile. Kwaye nantsi isheke esongezelelweyo ukuba ngaba umnxebi wale ndlela ngumnini wale khontrakthi. Ukuba kunjalo, ngoko ke ikhontrakthi iyazitshabalalisa, kwaye umsebenzi wokutshatyalaliswa uthatha ipharamitha enye - isazisi se-akhawunti apho isivumelwano siya kuthumela zonke iimali ezisele kwibhalansi yayo. Kule meko, iimali ezisele ziya kuhamba ngokuzenzekelayo kwidilesi yomnini wekhontrakthi.
Ingaba i-node epheleleyo kwinethiwekhi ye-Ethereum isebenza njani?
Makhe sijonge ngokucwangcisiweyo kwindlela izivumelwano ezinjalo ezihlakaniphile ezenziwa ngayo kwi-platform ye-Ethereum kunye nendlela i-node yenethiwekhi epheleleyo isebenza ngayo.
I-node epheleleyo kwinethiwekhi ye-Ethereum kufuneka ibe neemodyuli ezine ubuncinane.
Eyokuqala, ngokubhekisele kuyo nayiphi na iprotocol ye-decentralized, yimodyuli yothungelwano lwe-P2P - imodyuli yoxhulumaniso lwenethiwekhi kunye nokusebenza kunye nezinye iindawo, apho iibhloko, ukuthengiselana, kunye nolwazi malunga nezinye iinqununu zitshintshwa. Eli licandelo lemveli kuzo zonke ii-cryptocurrencies ezinatyisiweyo.
Emva koko, sinemodyuli yokugcina idatha ye-blockchain, ukucubungula, ukukhetha isebe eliphambili, iibhloko zokufakela, iibhloko zokungaxhunywanga, ukuqinisekiswa kwezi bhloko, njl.
Imodyuli yesithathu ibizwa ngokuba yi-EVM (umatshini we-Ethereum virtual) - lo ngumatshini wenyani ofumana i-bytecode kwi-Ethereum transactions. Le modyuli ithatha imeko yangoku yeakhawunti ethile kwaye yenza utshintsho kwimeko yayo ngokusekelwe kwi-bytecode efunyenweyo. Uguqulelo lomatshini wenyani kwindawo nganye yenethiwekhi kufuneka ifane. Izibalo ezenzekayo kwi-node nganye ye-Ethereum zifana ngqo, kodwa zenzeke ngendlela engavumelaniyo: umntu uhlola kwaye uyayamkela le ntengiselwano ngaphambili, oko kukuthi, uqhuba yonke ikhowudi equlethwe kuyo, kunye nomntu kamva. Ngako oko, xa ukuthengiselana kwenziwa, isasazwa kwinethiwekhi, i-nodes iyayamkela, kwaye ngexesha lokuqinisekisa, ngendlela efanayo ukuba i-Bitcoin Script iqhutywe kwi-Bitcoin, i-bytecode yomatshini wenyani yenziwa apha.
Ukuthengiselana kuthathwa njengokuqinisekiswa ukuba yonke ikhowudi equlethwe kuyo iqhutywe, imeko entsha ye-akhawunti ethile yenziwe kwaye igcinwe de kube kucacile ukuba le ntengiselwano isetyenzisiwe okanye cha. Ukuba intengiselwano isetyenzisiwe, ke lo mbuso awuqwalaselwanga nje ugqityiwe, kodwa ukhoyo ngoku. Kukho i-database egcina imo ye-akhawunti nganye ye-node yenethiwekhi nganye. Ngenxa yokuba zonke izibalo zenzeka ngendlela efanayo kwaye imeko ye-blockchain iyafana, i-database equlethe i-states yazo zonke ii-akhawunti nayo iya kuba yinto efanayo kwi-node nganye.
Iintsomi kunye nokunciphisa iikontraki ezihlakaniphile
Ngokubhekiselele kwizithintelo ezikhoyo kwiiplatifomu zekhontrakthi ezihlakaniphile ezifana ne-Ethereum, oku kulandelayo kunokucatshulwa:
- ukwenziwa kwekhowudi;
- yabela inkumbulo;
- idatha ye-blockchain;
- thumela iintlawulo;
- ukudala ikhontrakthi entsha;
- biza ezinye izivumelwano.
Makhe sijonge izithintelo ezibekwe kumatshini obonakalayo, kwaye, ngokufanelekileyo, ukugxotha ezinye iintsomi malunga neekontraki ezihlakaniphile. Kumatshini obonakalayo, onokuthi ungabikho kwi-Ethereum kuphela, kodwa nakwiiplatifomu ezifanayo, unokwenza imisebenzi eqiqileyo ngokunyanisekileyo, oko kukuthi, ukubhala ikhowudi kwaye iya kuphunyezwa apho, unokongeza ukwaba imemori. Nangona kunjalo, umrhumo uhlawulwa ngokwahlukeneyo ngomsebenzi ngamnye kunye neyunithi nganye eyongezelelweyo yememori eyabiweyo.
Emva koko, umatshini obonakalayo unokufunda idatha kwi-database ye-blockchain ukwenzela ukuba usebenzise le datha njengesiqalo sokwenza enye okanye enye ingqiqo yekhontrakthi ehlakaniphile. Umatshini obonakalayo unokudala kwaye uthumele ukuthengiselana, unokudala izivumelwano ezintsha kunye neendlela zokufowuna zezinye izivumelwano ezihlakaniphile ezisele zipapashwe kwinethiwekhi: ekhoyo, ekhoyo, njl.
Inkolelo eqhelekileyo kukuba i-Ethereum izivumelwano ezihlakaniphile zingasebenzisa ulwazi oluvela kuyo nayiphi na i-intanethi ye-intanethi ngokwemiqathango yazo. Inyaniso kukuba umatshini obonakalayo awukwazi ukuthumela isicelo sothungelwano kumthombo othile wolwazi lwangaphandle kwi-Intanethi, oko kukuthi, akunakwenzeka ukuba ubhale inkontileka ehlakaniphile eya kusasaza ixabiso phakathi kwabasebenzisi ngokuxhomekeke, yithi, imozulu injani ngaphandle, okanye ngubani ophumelele ubuntshatsheli obuthile, okanye ngokusekwe kwinto enye eyenzekayo kwihlabathi langaphandle, kuba ulwazi ngezi ziganeko alukho kuvimba weqonga ngokwalo. Oko kukuthi, akukho nto kwi-blockchain malunga noku. Ukuba ayiveli apho, ngoko umatshini wenyani awukwazi ukusebenzisa le datha njengezinto ezibangela.
Ukungalungi kwe-Ethereum
Masidwelise ezona ziphambili. Ukungalungi kokuqala kukuba kukho ubunzima bokuyila, ukuphuhlisa nokuvavanya izivumelwano ezihlakaniphile kwi-Ethereum (u-Ethereum usebenzisa ulwimi lweSolidity ukubhala izivumelwano ezihlakaniphile). Enyanisweni, uqheliselo lubonisa ukuba ipesenti enkulu kakhulu yazo zonke iimpazamo ziyinxalenye yomntu. Oku kuyinyani esele ibhaliwe i-Ethereum iikontraki ezihlakaniphile ezinobunzima obuphakathi okanye obuphezulu. Ukuba kwiikontraka ezilula ezihlakaniphile ithuba lempazamo lincinci, ngoko kwiikontraka eziyinkimbinkimbi ezihlakaniphile kukho iimpazamo ezihlala zikhokelela ekubiweni kweemali, ukukhenkceza kwazo, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezivumelwano ezihlakaniphile ngendlela engalindelekanga, njl. eyaziwayo.
Ububi besibini kukuba umatshini wenyani ngokwawo awufezekanga, kuba ubhaliwe ngabantu. Inokwenza imiyalelo engafanelekanga, kwaye apho kukho ubuthathaka: inani lemiyalelo linokuqwalaselwa ngendlela ethile eya kukhokelela kwiziphumo ebezingabonwa kwangaphambili. Le yindawo enzima kakhulu, kodwa sele kukho izifundo ezininzi ezibonisa ukuba obu buthathaka bukhona kwinguqu yangoku yenethiwekhi ye-Ethereum kwaye inokukhokelela ekungaphumeleli kwezivumelwano ezininzi ezihlakaniphile.
Obunye ubunzima obukhulu, bunokuthathwa njengento engalunganga. Ilele kwinto yokuba unakho ukufikelela kwisigqibo sokuba uqulunqa ikhowudi yebhayiyithi yekhontrakthi eya kwenziwa kumatshini wenyani, unokumisela ulandelelwano oluthile lwemisebenzi. Xa zenziwe kunye, le misebenzi iya kuwulayisha kakhulu umatshini wenyani kwaye icothise ngokungathandekiyo kumrhumo ohlawulwe ngokwenza le misebenzi.
Ngaphambili, bekukho ixesha ekuphuhlisweni kwe-Ethereum, xa abaninzi abafana abaqonda ngokucacileyo ukusebenza komatshini obonakalayo bafumana ubuthathaka obunjalo. Ngapha koko, intengiselwano ihlawule umrhumo omncinci kakhulu, kodwa yacotha inethiwekhi yonke. Ezi ngxaki zinzima kakhulu ukusombulula, kuba kuyimfuneko, okokuqala, ukuzifumanisa, okwesibini, ukulungelelanisa ixabiso lokwenza le misebenzi kwaye, okwesithathu, ukwenza ifolokhwe enzima, oku kuthetha ukuhlaziya zonke iindawo zenethiwekhi kwinguqulo entsha. yesoftware, kunye nokusebenza ngaxeshanye kwezi nguqulelo.
Ngokuphathelele u-Ethereum, uphando oluninzi luye lwenziwa, kufunyenwe amava amaninzi asebenzayo: zombini ezintle kunye nezibi, kodwa nangona kunjalo kukho ubunzima kunye nobuthathaka okufuneka kujongwe ngandlela-thile.
Ke, icandelo elinomxholo wenqaku ligqityiwe, masiqhubele phambili kwimibuzo evela rhoqo.
Imibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo
β Ukuba onke amaqela kwikhontrakthi esele ikho afuna ukuyitshintsha imiqathango, ngaba angayirhoxisa le khontrakthi i-smart usebenzisa i-multisig, aze ke enze ikhontrakthi entsha enemigaqo ehlaziyiweyo yokuphunyezwa kwayo?
Impendulo apha iya kuba mbini. Ngoba? Ngenxa yokuba kwelinye icala, ikhontrakthi ehlakaniphile ichazwa kanye kwaye ayisathethi naluphi na utshintsho, kwaye ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingaba neengcamango ezibhalwe kwangaphambili ezibonelela ngotshintsho olupheleleyo okanye oluyinxenye lwezinye iimeko. Oko kukuthi, ukuba ufuna ukutshintsha into ethile kwikhontrakthi yakho ehlakaniphile, ngoko kufuneka umisele iimeko apho unokuhlaziya le miqathango. Ngokufanelekileyo, kuphela ngendlela elumkileyo apho uhlaziyo lwekhontrakthi lunokuququzelelwa. Kodwa apha, kwakhona, ungangena engxakini: yenza impazamo kwaye ufumane ubuthathaka obuhambelanayo. Ke ngoko, ezo zinto zifuna ukucaciswa kakhulu kwaye ziyilwe ngononophelo kwaye zivavanywe.
β Kuthekani ukuba umlamli ungena kwisivumelwano kunye nomnye wamaqela athatha inxaxheba: i-escrow okanye i-smart contract? Ngaba umlamli uyafuneka kwikhontrakthi ehlakaniphile?
Umlamli akafunwa kwikhontrakthi ehlakaniphile. Isenokungabikho. Ukuba, kwimeko ye-escrow, umlamli ungena kwiyelenqe kunye nomnye wamaqela, ke ewe, le nkqubo ilahlekelwa ngokukhawuleza lonke ixabiso layo. Ngoko ke, abalamli bakhethwa ngendlela yokuba bathenjwe ngawo onke amaqela abandakanyekayo kule nkqubo ngexesha elinye. Ngokufanelekileyo, awuzukudlulisela iingqekembe zemali kwidilesi ye-multisignature enomlamli ongamthembiyo.
- Ngaba kunokwenzeka nge-Ethereum enye yokuthengiselana ukudlulisa amathokheni amaninzi ahlukeneyo ukusuka kwidilesi yakho ukuya kwiidilesi ezijoliswe kuzo, umzekelo, iidilesi zokutshintshiselana apho ezi tokens zithengiswa khona?
Lo mbuzo omhle kwaye uchaphazela imodeli yokuthengiselana ye-Ethereum kunye nendlela ehluke ngayo kwimodeli yeBitcoin. Kwaye umahluko mkhulu. Ukuba kwimodeli yentengiselwano ye-Ethereum udlulisela nje iingqekembe zemali, ngoko zigqithiselwa kuphela kwidilesi enye ukuya kwenye, akukho tshintsho, nje inani elithile olichazile. Ngamanye amazwi, oku akusiyo imodeli yeziphumo ezingasetyenziswanga (UTXO), kodwa imodeli yeeakhawunti kunye neebhalansi ezihambelanayo. Ngokwethiyori kunokwenzeka ukuthumela amathokheni amaninzi ahlukeneyo kwintengiselwano enye ngexesha elinye ukuba ubhala isivumelwano esinobuqili, kodwa kuya kufuneka wenze iintengiselwano ezininzi, wenze isivumelwano, emva koko udlulisele amathokheni kunye neengqekembe kuyo, kwaye emva koko ubize indlela efanelekileyo. . Oku kufuna umgudu kunye nexesha, ngoko ekusebenzeni akusebenzi njalo kwaye zonke iintlawulo e-Ethereum zenziwa kwiintengiselwano ezahlukeneyo.
- Enye yeenkolelo malunga neqonga le-Ethereum kukuba akunakwenzeka ukuchaza iimeko eziya kuxhomekeka kwidatha yomthombo wangaphandle we-Intanethi, ngoko ke kufuneka wenze ntoni?
Isisombululo kukuba inkontileka ehlakaniphile ngokwayo inokubonelela enye okanye ngaphezulu ebizwa ngokuba yi-oracles ethembekileyo, eqokelela idatha malunga nesimo sezinto kwihlabathi langaphandle kwaye idlulisele kwiikontraki ezihlakaniphile ngeendlela ezikhethekileyo. Ikhontrakthi ngokwayo ithatha idatha efunyenwe kumaqela athembekileyo njengenyani. Ukuthembeka okukhulu, khetha ngokulula iqela elikhulu lee-oracles kwaye unciphise umngcipheko wokudibana kwabo. Ikhontrakthi ngokwayo ayinakuthathela ingqalelo idatha evela kwi-oracles ephikisana nesininzi.
Enye yeentetho zekhosi ye-intanethi kwiBlockchain inikezelwe kwesi sihloko - "".
umthombo: www.habr.com