Okokuqala, imbali encinci.
I-Web 1.0 yinethiwekhi yokufikelela kumxholo ofakwe kwiisayithi ngabanini bazo. Amaphepha e-html e-Static, ukufikelela kulwazi lokufunda kuphela, uvuyo oluphambili yi-hyperlink ekhokelela kumaphepha ale kunye nezinye iisayithi. Ubume obuqhelekileyo besiza sisixhobo solwazi. Ixesha lokudlulisela umxholo ongekho kwi-intanethi kuthungelwano: ukwenza iincwadi zibe yidijithali, ukuskena imifanekiso (iikhamera zedijithali zazisenqabile).
I-Web 2.0 yinethiwekhi yoluntu edibanisa abantu. Abasebenzisi, abantywiliselwe kwindawo ye-Intanethi, benza umxholo ngokuthe ngqo kumaphepha ewebhu. Iziza eziguqukayo ezisebenzisanayo, ukuthegiswa komxholo, ukuthengiswa kwewebhu, iteknoloji ye-mash-up, i-AJAX, iinkonzo zewebhu. Imithombo yolwazi inika indlela kwiintanethi zentlalo, ukusingathwa kweblogi, kunye ne-wikis. Ixesha lokwenziwa komxholo we-intanethi.
Kucacile ukuba igama elithi "iwebhu 1.0" lavela kuphela emva kokufika kwe "web 2.0" ukubhekisela kwi-Intanethi endala. Kwaye phantse ngokukhawuleza iincoko zaqala malunga nenguqulo ye-3.0 ezayo. Kwakukho iinketho ezininzi zokubona eli xesha elizayo, kwaye zonke, ngokuqinisekileyo, zayanyaniswa nokoyisa iintsilelo kunye nemida yewebhu 2.0.
I-CEO ye-Netscape.com uJason Calacanis wayexhalabele ngokuphambili malunga nomgangatho ombi womxholo owenziwe ngumsebenzisi kwaye wacebisa ukuba ikamva le-Intanethi liya kuba "ngabantu abanesiphiwo" abaza kuqala "ukudala umxholo ophezulu" (Web 3.0, "igosa ” ingcaciso, 2007). Lo mbono usengqiqweni, kodwa akazange achaze ukuba baya kukwenza njani kwaye phi, kweziphi iisayithi. Ewe, hayi kuFacebook.
Umbhali wegama elithi “web 2.0,” uTim O'Reilly, ucebise ngokusengqiqweni ukuba umthetheli ongathembekanga njengomntu akuyomfuneko ukuba abeke inkcazelo kwi-Intanethi. Izixhobo zobugcisa zinokubonelela ngedatha kwi-Intanethi. Kwaye izixhobo zobuchwepheshe ezifanayo zinokufunda idatha ngokuthe ngqo kwisitoreji sewebhu. Ngapha koko, uTim O'Reilly ucebise ukudibanisa iwebhu 3.0 kunye negama elithi "i-Intanethi yezinto" esele iqhelekile kuthi.
Omnye wabasunguli beWorld Wide Web, uTim Berners-Lee, wabona kwinguqu ezayo ye-Intanethi ukuzaliseka kwephupha lakhe elide (1998) lewebhu ye-semantic. Kwaye ukutolika kwakhe kweli gama kwaphumelela - uninzi lwabo bathi "iwebhu 3.0" kude kube mva nje bethetha iwebhu ye-semantic, oko kukuthi, uthungelwano apho umxholo wamaphepha ewebhusayithi uya kuba nentsingiselo kwikhompyuter, efundeka ngomatshini. Kwindawo ethile malunga no-2010-2012 kwakukho iintetho ezininzi malunga ne-ontologization, iiprojekthi ze-semantic zazalwa ngeebhetshi, kodwa umphumo waziwa nguye wonke umntu - sisasebenzisa inguqulo ye-Intanethi ye-2.0. Ngapha koko, kuphela sisikimu semantic markup Schema.org kunye neegrafu zolwazi lwezilo ze-Intanethi uGoogle, Microsoft, Facebook, kunye neLinkedIn zisinde ngokupheleleyo.
Amaza amatsha anamandla obuchule bedijithali aye anceda ukufihla ukusilela kweSemantic Web. Umdla weendaba kunye nabantu abaqhelekileyo utshintshele kwidatha enkulu, i-Intanethi yezinto, ukufunda okunzulu, i-drones, inyani eyandisiweyo kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, i-blockchain. Ukuba ezokuqala kuluhlu uninzi lwetekhnoloji engaxhunyiwe kwi-intanethi, ke i-blockchain iyiprojekthi yenethiwekhi. Kwincopho yokuthandwa kwayo kwi-2017-2018, yade yathi yi-Intanethi entsha (le ngcamango yachazwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngomnye wabasunguli be-Ethereum, uJoseph Lubin).
Но прошло время, и слово “блокчейн” стало ассоциироваться уже не с прорывом в будущее, а скорее с неоправданными надеждами. И естественным образом возникла идея ребрендинга: а давайте мы не будем говорить о блокчейне, как о самодостаточном проекте, а включим его в стек технологий, олицетворяющих все новое и светлое. Тут же для этого “нового” нашлось название (правда, не новое) “web 3.0”. А чтобы как-то оправдать эту неновизну названия пришлось в стек “светлого” включить и семантическую сеть.
Ke, umkhwa ngoku ayisiyiyo i-blockchain, kodwa isiseko sewebhu ye-Intanethi ye-3.0, ebandakanya itekhnoloji ezininzi eziphambili: i-blockchain, ukufunda ngomatshini, iwebhu ye-semantic kunye ne-Intanethi yezinto. Kwiimibhalo ezininzi eziye zavela kunyaka odlulileyo ozinikele ekuzalweni ngokutsha kwewebhu 3.0, unokufunda ngokubanzi malunga necandelo ngalinye, kodwa ishwa, akukho mpendulo kwimibuzo yendalo: ezi teknoloji zidibanisa njani kwinto ethile. ngokupheleleyo, kutheni iinethiwekhi ze-neural zifuna i-Intanethi yezinto, kunye ne-semantic web blockchain? Uninzi lwamaqela luqhubeka nokusebenza kwi-blockchain (mhlawumbi ngethemba lokudala i-crypt enokuthi ibethe ibhola, okanye isebenze nje utyalo-mali), kodwa phantsi kwegama elitsha elithi "iwebhu 3.0". Sekunjalo, ubuncinane into ethile ngekamva, kungekhona ngamathemba angenasihlahla.
Kodwa asiyiyo yonke into ebuhlungu. Ngoku ndiza kuzama ukuphendula ngokufutshane imibuzo ebuzwe ngasentla.
Kutheni inethiwekhi ye-semantic idinga i-blockchain? Ngokuqinisekileyo, apha kufuneka singathethi malunga ne-blockchain njengoko kunjalo (ikhonkco leebhloko ze-crypto-linked blocks), kodwa malunga neteknoloji enikezela ukuchongwa komsebenzisi, ukuqinisekiswa kwemvumelwano kunye nokukhuselwa komxholo ngokusekelwe kwiindlela ze-cryptographic kwi-network peer-to-peer network. . Ke, igrafu ye-semantic njengothungelwano olunjalo lufumana ugcino oluthembekileyo olunatyisiweyo kunye nokuchongwa kwe-cryptographic yeerekhodi kunye nabasebenzisi. Olu ayilulo uphawulo lwesemantic yamaphepha ekusingatheni simahla.
Kutheni i-blockchain enemiqathango idinga i-semantics? I-ontology imalunga nokwahlula isiqulatho ngokweenkalo zezifundo namanqanaba. Oku kuthetha ukuba iwebhu ye-semantic ephonswe phezu kwenethiwekhi yontanga-okanye, ngokulula, ukulungelelaniswa kwedatha yenethiwekhi kwigrafu enye ye-semantic-ibonelela ngendalo yendalo yothungelwano, oko kukuthi, ukulinganiswa kwayo okuthe tye. Ulungelelwaniso lwenqanaba legrafu lwenza ukuba kube lula ukulungelelanisa ukusetyenzwa kwedatha ezimeleyo ye-semantically. Oku sele kuyilo lwedatha, kwaye ungalahli yonke into ngokungakhethiyo kwiibhloko kwaye uyigcine kuzo zonke iindawo.
Kutheni i-Intanethi yeZinto idinga i-semantics kunye ne-blockchain? Yonke into ibonakala ingenamsebenzi kunye ne-blockchain - iyadingeka njengendawo yokugcina ethembekileyo kunye nenkqubo eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi yokuchonga abadlali (kubandakanywa neenzwa ze-IoT) usebenzisa izitshixo ze-cryptographic. Kwaye i-semantics, kwelinye icala, ikuvumela ukuba uhlukanise ukuhamba kwedatha kumaqela ezifundo, oko kukuthi, ibonelela ngokukhulula i-nodes, kwelinye icala, ikuvumela ukuba wenze idatha ethunyelwe ngezixhobo ze-IoT ibe nentsingiselo, kwaye ngoko izimeleyo izicelo. Ungalibala malunga nokucela uxwebhu lwesicelo se-APIs.
Kwaye kuya kuhlala kubonwa ukuba yintoni inzuzo efanayo ekuweleni umatshini wokufunda kunye nenethiwekhi ye-semantic? Ewe, yonke into ilula kakhulu apha. Apho, ukuba akukho kwigrafu ye-semantic, ngaba umntu unokulufumana uluhlu olunjalo lwedatha eqinisekisiweyo, ecwangcisiweyo, echazwe ngokwesemantiki kwifomathi enye, eyimfuneko kakhulu kuqeqesho lwee-neurons? Kwelinye icala, yintoni engcono kunenethiwekhi ye-neural ukuhlalutya igrafu yobukho bezinto eziluncedo okanye ezinobungozi, yithi, ukuchonga iikhonsepthi ezintsha, izithethantonye okanye ugaxekile?
Kwaye olu luhlobo lwewebhu 3.0 esiludingayo. UJason Calacanis uya kuthi: Ndikuxelele ukuba iya kuba sisixhobo sokwenziwa komxholo okumgangatho ophezulu ngabantu abanesiphiwo. U-Tim Berners-Lee uya kuvuya: imithetho ye-semantics. Kwaye uTim O'Reilly uya kuba echanekile: iwebhu 3.0 imalunga "nonxibelelwano lwe-Intanethi kunye nehlabathi elibonakalayo," malunga nokwenza mfiliba umgca phakathi kwe-intanethi kunye ne-offline, xa silibala amagama "ngena kwi-intanethi."
Iindlela zam zangaphambili kwisihloko
- (2012)
- (ividiyo, 2013)
- (2015)
- (2019)
umthombo: www.habr.com