Iinkqubo zokusebenza zisisiseko soshishino lwanamhlanje. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, basebenzisa izixhobo ezixabisekileyo zeseva ezinokuchithwa kwinto eluncedo ngakumbi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inkqubo yokusebenza isebenza njenge-orchestrator yezicelo zeseva kwaye ikuvumela ukuba uguqule inkqubo ye-computing ye-single-tasking kwi-multitasking platform, kwaye iququzelele ukusebenzisana kwawo onke amaqela anomdla kunye nezixhobo. Ngoku eyona nto iphambili kwiinkqubo zokusebenza zeseva yiWindows Server + iiLinux ezininzi zokuhanjiswa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Nganye kwezi nkqubo zokusebenza zineenzuzo zayo, i-cons kunye ne-application niches. Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngokufutshane malunga neenkqubo eziza kunye neeseva zethu.
Windows Server
Le nkqubo yokusebenza idume kakhulu kwicandelo loshishino, nangona uninzi lwabasebenzisi abaqhelekileyo benxulumanisa iWindows kuphela nenguqulelo yedesktop yeePC. Kuxhomekeka kwimisebenzi kunye neziseko ezingundoqo ezifunekayo ukuxhasa, iinkampani ngoku zisebenza iinguqulelo ezininzi zeWindows Server, eziqala ngeWindows Server 2003 zize ziphele ngoguqulelo lwamva nje - Windows Server 2019. Sibonelela ngeeseva ngazo zonke iinkqubo zokusebenza ezidwelisiweyo, oko kukuthi, I-Windows Server 2003, 2008 R2, 2016 kunye no-2019.
I-Windows Server 2003 isetyenziswa ikakhulu ukuxhasa iinkqubo zeshishini kunye nothungelwano olwakhiwe kwi-Windows XP. Okumangalisayo kukuba, inguqulelo yeMicrosoft ye-desktop OS, eyayekwa ukusetyenziswa malunga neminyaka emihlanu eyadlulayo, isasetyenziswa, kuba uninzi lwesoftware yemveliso yobunini yabhalelwa yona ngexesha elinye. Okufanayo kuya kwiWindows Server 2008 R2 kunye neWindows Server 2016 - zezona zihambelana nesoftware endala kodwa esebenzayo kwaye ke zisasetyenziswa nanamhlanje.
Iingenelo eziphambili zeeseva ezisebenza ngeWindows kukukhululeka kolawulo, umaleko omkhulu wolwazi, iincwadana kunye nesoftware. Ukongeza, awunakwenza ngaphandle kweseva yeWindows ukuba i-ecosystem yenkampani ibandakanya isoftware okanye izisombululo ezisebenzisa amathala eencwadi kunye neenxalenye zekernel yeenkqubo zeMicrosoft. Unokongeza itekhnoloji ye-RDP yokufikelela komsebenzisi kwizicelo zeseva kunye nokuguquguquka ngokubanzi kwenkqubo. Ukongeza, iWindows Server inenguqulo ekhaphukhaphu ngaphandle kwe-GUI kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kwinqanaba lokuhanjiswa kweLinux - iWindows Server Core, malunga nayo. . Sithumela zonke iiseva zeWindows ezinelayisenisi esebenzayo (isimahla kubasebenzisi abatsha).
Ukungalungi kweWinserver kubandakanya iiparamitha ezimbini: ixabiso lelayisenisi kunye nokusetyenziswa kobutyebi. Phakathi kwazo zonke iinkqubo zokusebenza zeseva, iWindows Server yeyona nto inamandla-namandla kwaye ifuna ubuncinci iprosesa enye kunye nesiqingatha ukuya kwi-gigabytes ezintathu ze-RAM ukwenzela nje undoqo kunye neenkonzo eziqhelekileyo zokusebenza. Le nkqubo ayifanelanga ulungelelwaniso lwamandla aphantsi, kwaye ikwanayo nenani lobuthathaka obunxulumene neRDP kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yeqela kunye nomsebenzisi.
Amaxesha amaninzi, iWindows Server yenzelwe ukulawula ii-intranethi zenkampani kunye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwesoftware ethile, idatabase yeMSSQL, izixhobo zeASP.NET okanye enye isoftware eyenzelwe ngokukodwa iWindows. Kwangaxeshanye, oku kuseyi-OS egcweleyo apho unokusebenzisa khona indlela, ukuphakamisa i-DNS okanye nayiphi na enye inkonzo.
Ubuntu
Ubuntu yenye yezona zinto zithandwa kwaye zikhula ngokuthe ngcembe zokusasazwa kosapho lweLinux, eyakhutshwa okokuqala ngo-2004. Kanye "kubafazi bezindlu" kwiqokobhe le-Gnome, ngokuhamba kwexesha Ubuntu yaba yi-OS yeseva engagqibekanga ngenxa yoluntu olubanzi kunye nophuhliso oluqhubekayo. Inguqulelo yamva nje edumileyo yi-18.04, kodwa sikwabonelela ngeeseva ze-16.04, kwaye malunga neveki ephelileyo sasungula. , eyazisa izinto ezininzi ezimnandi.
Ukuba iWindows Server isetyenziswe njenge-OS ukuxhasa isofthiwe ethile kunye ne-Windows-oriented-oriented, ngoko Ubuntu njenge-Linux yokusabalalisa ibali malunga nomthombo ovulekileyo kunye nophuhliso lwewebhu. Ke, ziiseva zeLinux ezisetyenziselwa ukusingatha iiseva zewebhu kwiNginx okanye iApache (ngokuchaseneyo neMicrosoft IIS), ukusebenza ngePostgreSQL kunye neMySQL okanye iilwimi zophuhliso loshicilelo lwangoku. Iinkonzo zendlela kunye nolawulo lwetrafikhi nazo ziyakulingana ngokugqibeleleyo kwiseva ye-Ubuntu.
Izibonelelo zibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezisezantsi kuneWindows Server, kunye nomsebenzi womthonyama kunye ne-console kunye nabaphathi bephakheji kuzo zonke iinkqubo ze-Unix. Ukongeza, Ubuntu, ekubeni ekuqaleni "yi-desktop ye-unix yasekhaya", isebenziseka lula, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuyilawula.
Eyona nto ingalunganga yi-Unix, nayo yonke into ethetha ngayo. Ubuntu bunokuba nobuhlobo, kodwa ngokunxulumene nezinye iinkqubo zeLinux. Ke ukusebenza nayo, ngakumbi kuqwalaselo olupheleleyo lweseva - oko kukuthi, kuphela nge-terminal - uya kufuna izakhono ezithile. Ukongeza, i-Ubuntu igxile ngakumbi kusetyenziso lomntu kwaye ayisoloko ikulungele ukusombulula iimeko zenkampani.
Debian
Kuyamangaza ukuba uDebian ngunozala woBuntu obudume kakhulu esikhe sathetha ngabo ngaphambili. Ukwakhiwa kokuqala kweDebian kwapapashwa ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-25 eyadlulayo - emva kwe1994, kwaye yayiyikhowudi yeDebian eyakha isiseko soBuntu. Ngapha koko, i-Debian yenye yezona zindala kwaye kwangaxeshanye i-hardcore distribution phakathi kosapho lweenkqubo zeLinux. Nangona kukho konke ukufana kwe-Ubuntu, ngokungafaniyo "nomlandeli" wakhe, uDebian akazange afumane inqanaba elifanayo lobuhlobo bomsebenzisi njengenkqubo encinci. Nangona kunjalo, oku kuneenzuzo zako. I-Debian ibhetyebhetye ngakumbi kuno-Ubuntu kwaye inokuqwalaselwa nzulu ngakumbi kwaye icombulule ngokufanelekileyo inani lemisebenzi ethile, kubandakanywa nequmrhu.
Inzuzo ephambili yeDebian kukhuseleko olukhulu kunye nokuzinza xa kuthelekiswa no-Ubuntu kwaye, ngakumbi, iWindows. Kwaye kunjalo, njengayo nayiphi na inkqubo ye-Linux, ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo ephantsi, ngakumbi kwimo ye-OS yomncedisi eqhuba i-terminal. Ukongezelela, uluntu lwaseDebian luyimithombo evulekileyo, ngoko le nkqubo igxininise kakhulu ekusebenzeni ngokuchanekileyo nangokufanelekileyo kunye nezisombululo zamahhala.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuguquguquka, ukuqina kunye nokhuseleko kuza ngexabiso. I-Debian iphuhliswa luluntu lomthombo ovulekileyo ngaphandle kondoqo ocacileyo ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yeenkosi zesebe, nayo yonke into ethetha ngayo. Ngexesha elithile, i-Debian ineenguqulelo ezintathu: ezinzile, ezingazinzanga kunye nokuvavanya. Ingxaki kukuba isebe lophuhliso oluzinzileyo lilele kakhulu emva kwesebe lovavanyo, oko kukuthi, kunokubakho iindawo ezidlulileyo kunye neemodyuli kwi-kernel. Konke oku kuphumela ekwakhiweni kwakhona kwe kernel ngesandla okanye kwanotshintsho ukuya kwisebe lovavanyo ukuba imisebenzi yakho ingaphezulu kwesakhono soguqulelo oluzinzileyo lweDebian. Ku-Ubuntu azikho iingxaki ezinjalo ngokuqhawuka kweenguqulelo: apho, abaphuhlisi bakhupha inguqulelo ye-LTS ezinzileyo rhoqo kwiminyaka emibini.
CentOS
Ewe, masigqibe incoko yethu malunga neenkqubo zokusebenza zeseva ye-RUVDS kwi-CentOS. Xa kuthelekiswa noBuntu obukhulu ngakumbi kwaye, ngakumbi, i-Debian, i-CentOS ibonakala ngathi ikwishumi elivisayo. Kwaye nangona inkqubo iye yaduma phakathi kwezihlwele kungekudala, njengeDebian okanye Ubuntu, ukukhululwa kwenguqulelo yayo yokuqala kwenzeka ngexesha elifanayo noBuntu, oko kukuthi, emva kwe-2004.
I-CentOS isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwiiseva ezinenyani, njengoko ifuna izixhobo ezincinci kunoBuntu okanye iDebian. Sithumela ulungelelwaniso olusebenzisa iinguqulelo ezimbini zale OS: CentOS 7.6.1810 kunye neCentOS 7.2.1510 endala. Eyona nto isetyenziswayo yimisebenzi yequmrhu. I-CentOS libali malunga nomsebenzi. Ungaze ube nenkqubo yokusetyenziswa kwekhaya, njengoko kwakunjalo, umzekelo, kunye no-Ubuntu, i-CentOS yaphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza njengokusabalalisa okufana ne-RedHat ngokusekelwe kwikhowudi yomthombo ovulekileyo. Lilifa elivela kwi-RedHat elinika i-CentOS eyona nto iluncedo - gxila ekusombululeni iingxaki zenkampani, uzinzo kunye nokhuseleko. Eyona meko ixhaphakileyo yokusebenzisa inkqubo kukusingathwa kwewebhu, apho iCentOS ibonisa iziphumo ezingcono kunezinye izinikezelo zeLinux.
Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo ikwanayo nenani lokungalungi. Uphuhliso oluthintelweyo kunye nomjikelo wohlaziyo kuno-Ubuntu kuthetha ukuba ngaxa lithile kuya kufuneka unyamezele ubuthathaka okanye iingxaki esele zisonjululwe kwezinye izinikezelo. Isistim yokuhlaziya kunye nokufaka izinto zahlukile: akukho apt-fumana, kuphela yum kunye neepakethe zeRPM. Kwakhona, i-CentOS ayifanelekanga ukubamba kunye nokusebenza kunye ne-Docker / k8s izisombululo zesikhongozeli, apho Ubuntu kunye neDebian ziphezulu ngokucacileyo. Le yokugqibela ibalulekile njengoko ukuqinisekiswa kweeseva zewebhu kunye nezicelo ngokusebenzisa i-containerization iye yafumana amandla kwimeko ye-DevOps kwiminyaka yamuva. Kwaye kunjalo, i-CentOS inoluntu oluncinci kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa ne-Debian eyaziwa kakhulu kunye no-Ubuntu.
Endaweni yokuvelisa
Njengoko ubona, nayiphi na i-OS ineenzuzo kunye neengxaki zayo kwaye ifumene i-niche yayo. Iiseva ezisebenza ngeWindows zime ngokwahlukeneyo-imeko yeMicrosoft, ngoko kuthetha, inomoya wayo kunye nemithetho yokusebenza.
Zonke izinikezelo zeLinux ziyafana enye kwenye ngokwemigaqo yokusetyenziswa kobutyebi, kodwa zineempawu zazo ezithile kunye nomahluko ngokuxhomekeke kumsebenzi okhoyo. Ubuntu kulula ukuyisebenzisa, iDebian iqwalaselwe ngokucokisekileyo. I-CentOS inokuthatha indawo yeRedHat ehlawulweyo, ebalulekileyo ukuba ufuna i-OS yenkampani epheleleyo kwi-unix version. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye, ibuthathaka kwimiba yesikhongozeli kunye nesicelo se-virtualization.Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, ungaqhagamshelana neengcali zethu kwaye siya kukukhethela isisombululo esiyimfuneko kunye noqwalaselo ngokusekelwe kwimisebenzi yakho.
Ngabasebenzisi ababhalisiweyo kuphela abanokuthatha inxaxheba kuphando. , ndiyacela.
Bafundi abathandekayo, yeyiphi i-OS yeseva eniyijonga njengeyona ilungileyo?
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22,9%Windows server119
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32,9%I-Debian171
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40,4%Ubuntu 210
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34,8%I-CentOS181
Bangama-520 abasebenzisi abavotileyo. Abasebenzisi abangama-102 abakhange.
umthombo: www.habr.com