Kwiphepha lethu ichaze ukunyuka kweefowuni ezizenzekelayo, ezazilawulwa kusetyenziswa iisekethe zokudlulisa. Ngeli xesha sifuna ukuthetha malunga nendlela izazinzulu kunye neenjineli eziphuhlise ngayo iisekethe zokulayishwa kokuqala - ngoku zikhohliwe - ukuveliswa kweekhompyutheni zedijithali.
Relay kwinqanaba layo
Ukuba uyakhumbula, ukusebenza kwe-relay kusekelwe kumgaqo olula: i-electromagnet isebenza ngokutshintsha kwesinyithi. Umbono we-relay wacetywa ngokuzimeleyo ngabaninzi bendalo kunye noosomashishini kwishishini le-telegraph kwi-1830s. Kwandula ke, phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX, abaqulunqi nabakhandi bajika iireyidi zaba yinto enokuthenjwa neyimfuneko kuthungelwano lwetelegraph. Kwakukule ndawo apho ubomi bereyiti bafikelela kwincopho yabo: yenziwa yancinci, kwaye izizukulwana zeenjineli zenze intaphane yoyilo ngelixa beziqeqeshelwa ngokusesikweni kwimathematika kunye nefiziksi.
Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-1870, kungekuphela nje iinkqubo zokutshintsha ngokuzenzekelayo, kodwa phantse zonke izixhobo zenethiwekhi yomnxeba zaziqulathe uhlobo oluthile lokudlulisa. Enye yezona zinto zisetyenziswayo kunxibelelwano lomnxeba lwaqala ngeminyaka yoo-XNUMXs, kwiibhodi zokutshintsha ngesandla. Xa umrhumi ephendulela umnxeba wefowuni (i-magneto handle), isibonakaliso sathunyelwa kwi-smartphone exchange exchange, sivula i-blender. I-blanker yi-relay ethi, xa iqhutywe, ibangela ukuba i-flap yentsimbi iwele kwidesksi yokutshintsha yomqhubi wefowuni, ebonisa umnxeba ongenayo. Emva koko umqhubi wesifazane osemncinci wafaka iplagi kwikhonkco, i-relay yabuyiselwa, emva koko kwakunokwenzeka ukuphakamisa i-flap kwakhona, eyayibanjwe kule ndawo yi-electromagnet.
Ngo-1924, iinjineli ezimbini zeBell zabhala, utshintshiselwano lwemfonomfono oluqhelekileyo lusebenze malunga nababhalisi be-10. Izixhobo zakhe zaziqulethe iireyidi ezingamawaka angama-40-65, amandla azo apheleleyo “awanele ukuphakamisa iitoni ezili-10.” Kutshintshiselwano lweefowuni ezinkulu kunye nokutshintsha koomatshini, ezi mpawu zaphindwa kabini. Izigidi ezininzi zeereyilayi zazisetyenziswa kuyo yonke inkqubo yemfonomfono yase-US, kwaye inani lalisoloko lisanda njengoko utshintshiselwano lwemfonomfono lwaluzisebenzela. Uqhagamshelo lwemfonomfono olunye lunokuhanjiswa ukusuka kumakhulu ambalwa ukuya kumakhulu aliqela, kuxhomekeka kwinani nezixhobo zothungelwano lwemfonomfono olubandakanyekileyo.
Iifektri zoMbane waseNtshona, isebe lemveliso ye-Bell Corporation, livelise uluhlu olukhulu lweereyidi. Iinjineli zenze uhlengahlengiso oluninzi kangangokuba abona bafuyi bezinja abaphucukileyo okanye abagcini bamahobe banokumonela olu hlobo. Isantya sokusebenza kunye novakalelo lwe-relay yaphuculwa, kwaye imilinganiselo yancitshiswa. Ngo-1921, uMbane waseNtshona wavelisa phantse izigidi ezi-5 zokuhanjiswa kwekhulu leentlobo ezisisiseko. Esona sixhaphakileyo yayiluNxibelelwano lwe-E universal relay, isixhobo esisicaba, esiphantse sabuxande esinobunzima bamashumi aliqela eegram. Ubukhulu becala, yenziwe kwiindawo zetsimbi ezinesitampu, oko kukuthi, iteknoloji yayiqhubele phambili kwimveliso. Izindlu zikhusele abafowunelwa eluthulini kunye nemisinga enyanzeliswayo evela kwizixhobo ezingabamelwane: ngokuqhelekileyo ii-relays zifakwe ngokusondeleyo komnye nomnye, kwii-racks kunye namakhulu kunye namawaka okubuyisela. Itotali ye-3 yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-E zaphuhliswa, nganye ine-winding eyahlukileyo kunye noqwalaselo loqhagamshelwano.
Kungekudala ezi relay zaqalisa ukusetyenziswa kwezona switshi zintsonkothileyo.
Ukulungelelanisa umhambisi
Ngowe-1910, uGotthilf Betulander, injineli eRoyal Telegrafverket, iqumrhu likarhulumente elalilawula uninzi lweemarike zefowuni zaseSweden (kamashumi eminyaka, phantse yonke into), yayinombono. Wayekholelwa ukuba unokuphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kweTelegrafverket ngokwakha iinkqubo zokutshintsha okuzenzekelayo ngokupheleleyo ngokusekelwe kwiireyilayi. Ngokuchanekileyo, kwiimatriki ze-relay: iigridi zeentsimbi zetsimbi eziqhagamshelwe kwimigca yefowuni, kunye nokuhanjiswa kwiindlela zokuhlangana kweentonga. Utshintsho olunjalo kufuneka lukhawuleze, luthembeke ngakumbi, kwaye lube lula ukuyigcina kuneenkqubo ezisekelwe kwi-sliding okanye abafowunelwa abajikelezayo.
Ngaphezu koko, i-Betulander yeza nengcamango yokuba kwakunokwenzeka ukwahlula iindawo ezikhethiweyo kunye nokudibanisa kwenkqubo kwiisekethe ezizimeleyo zokudlulisa. Kwaye yonke inkqubo kufuneka isetyenziswe kuphela ukuseka itshaneli yelizwi, kwaye emva koko ikhululwe ukuphatha enye ifowuni. Oko kukuthi, uBetulander weza nombono owathi kamva wabizwa ngokuba “lulawulo oluqhelekileyo”.
Wabiza isekethe egcina inombolo yefowuni engenayo "irekhodi" (elinye igama yirejista). Kwaye isekethe efumana kwaye "iphawule" unxibelelwano olukhoyo kwigridi ibizwa ngokuba "imakisha." Umbhali unelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wenkqubo yakhe. Ezi zikhululo ezininzi zavela eStockholm naseLondon. Kwaye ngo-1918, u-Betulander wafunda malunga ne-American innovation: i-coordinate switch, eyenziwe ngunjiniyela weBell uJohn Reynolds kwiminyaka emihlanu ngaphambili. Olu tshintsho lwalufana kakhulu noyilo lweBetulander, kodwa lusebenzile n+m unikezelo lwenkonzo n+m i-matrix nodes, eyayilunge ngakumbi kulwandiso oluqhubekayo lotshintshiselwano ngefowuni. Xa uqhagamshela, ibar yokubamba icinezele umtya wepiyano "iminwe" kwaye ibha yokukhetha yashukuma ecaleni kwematrix ukuqhagamshela kwenye ifowuni. Kunyaka olandelayo, uBetulander wadibanisa le ngcamango kuyilo lwakhe lokutshintsha.
Kodwa uninzi lweenjineli zayijonga indalo kaBetulander njengento engaqhelekanga nentsonkothileyo ngokungeyomfuneko. Xa kwafika ixesha lokukhetha inkqubo yokutshintsha ukwenza uthungelwano lwezona zixeko zikhulu zaseSweden, iTelegrafverket yakhetha uyilo oluphuhliswe nguNokia. Iiswitshi ze-Betulander zazisetyenziswa kuphela kutshintshiselwano lwemfonomfono oluncinane kwimimandla yasemaphandleni: iireyiyidi bezithembeke ngakumbi kuneemoto ezizihambelayo zeeswitshi zika-Ericsson kwaye azifuni amagcisa olondolozo kutshintshiselwano ngalunye.
Noko ke, iinjineli zemfonomfono zaseMerika zazinembono eyahlukileyo ngalo mbandela. Ngo-1930, iingcali zeBell Labs zeza eSweden kwaye "zachukumiseka kakhulu yiparameters yemodyuli yokulungelelanisa." Xa abantu baseMerika babuya, ngokukhawuleza baqalisa ukusebenza kwinto eyaziwa ngokuba yi-No. Ngowe-1, kwafakwa iinkqubo ezimbini ezinjalo eNew York. Kungekudala zaba zixhobo eziqhelekileyo zotshintshiselwano lweefowuni zesixeko, de izitshixo ze-elektroniki zatshintsha ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-1938 kamva.
Elona candelo linika umdla le-X-Switch No. Yenzelwe ukukhangela indlela yamahhala ukusuka kumnxeba ukuya kwi-callee ngokusebenzisa iimodyuli ezininzi zokulungelelanisa eziqhagamshelwe komnye nomnye, ngaloo ndlela kudala uxhulumaniso lwefowuni. Umntu omakishayo naye kwafuneka avavanye uxhulumaniso ngalunye lwemeko ekhululekileyo / exakekileyo. Oku kufuna ukusetyenziswa kwengqiqo enemiqathango. Njengoko umbhali-mbali uRobert Chapuis wabhala:
Ukhetho lunemiqathango kuba uxhulumaniso lwamahhala lubanjwe kuphela ukuba lubonelela ngokufikelela kwigridi enoxhumo olukhululekile ukuya kwinqanaba elilandelayo njengemveliso yalo. Ukuba iiseti ezininzi zoqhagamshelo ziyanelisa iimeko ezinqwenelekayo, ngoko "ingqiqo yokukhetha" ikhetha enye yezona zidibanisi zimbalwa...
Ukutshintsha kolungelelwaniso ngumzekelo obalaseleyo wokuwela umnqamlezo weengcamango zobuchwepheshe. U-Betulander udale iswitshi yakhe ye-relay yonke, emva koko wayiphucula nge-matrix yokutshintsha iReynolds kwaye wangqina ukusebenza koyilo oluyisiphumo. Iinjineli ze-AT&T zaphinda zaphinda zayila kwakhona le switsha ye-hybrid, yaphucula, kwaye yadala iNkqubo yoLungelelaniso No.
Umsebenzi wezibalo
Ukuqonda ukuba kutheni kwaye kutheni ukuhanjiswa kunye nabazala babo be-elektroniki bancede njani ukuguqula ikhompuyutha, kufuneka sithathe ixesha elifutshane kwihlabathi lecalculus. Emva kwayo, kuya kucaca ukuba kutheni bekukho imfuno efihliweyo yokuphucula iinkqubo zekhompyuter.
Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, yonke inkqubo yenzululwazi nobunjineli bale mihla yayisekelwe kumsebenzi wamawakawaka abantu ababebala izibalo. Babizwa iikhompyutha (iikhompyutha) [Ukuthintela ukubhideka, eli gama liya kusetyenziswa kuyo yonke isicatshulwa iikhompyutha. - Phawula. indlela]. Emuva kwi-1820s, uCharles Babbage wadala (nangona isixhobo sakhe sasinabanduleli beengcamango). Umsebenzi wayo ophambili yayikukutshintsha ukwakhiwa kweetheyibhile zemathematika, umzekelo ukuhamba (ukubalwa kwemisebenzi ye-trigonometric ngokuqikelelwa kwe-polynomial kwi-0 degrees, i-0,01 degrees, i-0,02 degrees, njl.). Kwakhona kwakukho imfuno enkulu yokubala kwezibalo kwi-astronomy: kwakuyimfuneko ukucubungula iziphumo eziluhlaza ze-telescopic observations kwiindawo ezisisigxina zesibhakabhaka (kuxhomekeke kwixesha kunye nomhla wokuqwalaselwa) okanye ukumisela ii-orbits zezinto ezintsha (umzekelo; I-comet kaHalley).
Ukusukela ngexesha leBabbage, imfuno yoomatshini beekhompyutha iye yanda amaxesha amaninzi. Iinkampani zamandla ombane kufuneka ziqonde ukuziphatha kweenkqubo zokuhambisa amandla omqolo ezineempawu eziguqukayo ezinzima kakhulu. Imipu yentsimbi ye-Bessemer, ekwazi ukuphosa amagobolondo phezulu (kwaye ke, ngenxa yokuqwalaselwa ngokuthe ngqo kwethagethi, yayingasajoliswanga), yayifuna iitafile ezichanekileyo ezikhulayo. Izixhobo ezitsha zezibalo ezibandakanya izixa ezikhulu zokubala zemathematika (ezifana nendlela yezikwere ezincinci) ziye zasetyenziswa ngakumbi kwisayensi nakwizixhobo zikarhulumente ezikhulayo. Amasebe eeKhompyutha avele kwiidyunivesithi, ii-arhente zikarhulumente, kunye neenkampani zoshishino, ezidla ngokuqesha abafazi.
Iikhaltyhuleyitha zoomatshini zenza kuphela ingxaki yokubala, kodwa azizange ziyisombulule. Iikhaltyhuleyitha zikhawulezise ukusebenza kwezibalo, kodwa nayiphi na ingxaki yenzululwazi okanye yobunjineli entsonkothileyo yayifuna amakhulu okanye amawaka emisebenzi, nganye apho isixhobo sokubala (somntu) kwakufuneka sisebenze ngesandla, sibhala ngononophelo zonke iziphumo eziphakathi.
Ziliqela izinto ezibe negalelo ekuveleni kweendlela ezintsha zokujongana nengxaki yokubala kwemathematika. Oososayensi abancinci kunye neenjineli, ababala kabuhlungu imisebenzi yabo ebusuku, bafuna ukuphumla izandla kunye namehlo abo. Abaphathi beprojekthi banyanzelwa ukuba bakhuphe imali eninzi nangakumbi kwimivuzo yeekhompyuter ezininzi, ngakumbi emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala. Ekugqibeleni, iingxaki ezininzi zenzululwazi nezobunjineli ezihambele phambili kwakunzima ukubala ngesandla. Zonke ezi zinto zakhokelela ekudalweni koluhlu lweekhompyuter, umsebenzi owenziwe phantsi kolawulo lukaVannevar Bush, injineli yombane kwiMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
Umhlalutyi owahlukileyo
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, imbali ibisoloko ingenabuntu, kodwa ngoku siza kuqalisa ukuthetha ngakumbi ngabantu abathile. Udumo ludlule phezu kwabadali bokutshintsha kwephaneli, Uhlobo lwe-E relay kunye nesekethe ye-fiducial marker. Akukho kwaneecdotes zebhayografi eziye zasinda ngazo. Obona bungqina bufumanekayo esidlangalaleni bobomi babo ziintsalela zeefosili koomatshini abazenzileyo.
Ngoku sinokufumana ukuqonda okunzulu ngabantu kunye nexesha labo elidlulileyo. Kodwa asisayi kuphinda sidibane nabo basebenze nzima kwiiattics kunye neeworkshops ekhaya-Morse and Vail, Bell and Watson. Ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, ixesha labayili abangamaqhawe lalisele liza kuphela. UThomas Edison unokuthathwa njengomntu otshintshayo: ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe wayengumqambi oqeshiweyo, kwaye ekupheleni kwakhe waba ngumnini "wemveliso yokuvelisa." Ngelo xesha, ukuveliswa kobona bugcisa buphawulekayo babusele bungummandla wemibutho—iiyunivesithi, amasebe ophando equmrhu, iilebhu zikarhulumente. Abantu esiza kuthetha ngabo kweli candelo babengamalungu emibutho enjalo.
Ngokomzekelo, uVannevar Bush. Wafika eMIT ngo-1919, xa wayeneminyaka engama-29 ubudala. Kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-20 kamva, wayengomnye wabantu ababephembelela ukuthatha inxaxheba kweUnited States kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II waza wanceda ukunyusa imali karhulumente, nto leyo eyatshintsha ngonaphakade ubudlelwane phakathi kukarhulumente, izifundiswa, kunye nophuhliso lwenzululwazi nobuchwepheshe. Kodwa ngeenjongo zeli nqaku, sinomdla kuluhlu lweematshini ezaphuhliswa kwibhubhoratri yaseBush ukusuka phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1920 kwaye yayijonge ukusombulula ingxaki yokubala kwemathematika.
I-MIT, eyayisandula ukusuka kumbindi weBoston ukuya kumlambo waseCharles River eCambridge, yayilungelelaniswe ngokusondeleyo neemfuno zeshishini. UBush ngokwakhe, ukongeza kubuprofesa bakhe, wayenomdla wemali kumashishini aliqela kwicandelo le-elektroniki. Ngoko ke akufanele kumangalise ukuba ingxaki ekhokelele uBusch nabafundi bakhe ukuba basebenze kwisixhobo esitsha sekhompuyutha yavela kushishino lwamandla: ukulinganisa ukuziphatha kweentambo zothumelo phantsi kweemeko zomthwalo ophezulu. Ngokucacileyo, esi yayisesinye kuphela kwizicelo ezininzi ezinokwenzeka zeekhompyuter: izibalo zemathematika ezidinayo zaziqhutywa kuyo yonke indawo.
UBusch noogxa bakhe baqale benza oomatshini ababini ababizwa ngokuba ziimveliso ze-integraphs. Kodwa oyena matshini udumileyo nophumeleleyo weMIT wawungomnye - umahluko wohlalutyi, eyagqitywa ngowe-1931. Usombulule iingxaki ngokuhanjiswa kombane, wabala ii-orbits ze-electron, iitrajethi zemitha ye-cosmic kwintsimi yamagnetic yomhlaba, kunye nokunye okuninzi. Abaphandi kwihlabathi liphela, abadinga amandla ekhompyuter, benze iikopi ezininzi kunye nokwahluka kohlalutyi olwahlukileyo ngeminyaka yoo-1930. Abanye basuka eMeccano (i-analogue yesiNgesi yeeseti zokwakhiwa kwabantwana baseMelika zohlobo ).
I-analyzer eyahlukileyo yikhompyutheni ye-analog. Imisebenzi yezibalo ibalwe kusetyenziswa iintonga zentsimbi ezijikelezayo, isantya sokujikeleza ngasinye esibonakalisa ixabiso elithile lobungakanani. I-motor iqhube intonga ezimeleyo - i-variable (ngokuqhelekileyo imele ixesha), leyo, ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ijikelezisa ezinye iintonga (iinguqu ezahlukeneyo ezihlukeneyo) ngokudibanisa komatshini, kwaye umsebenzi ubalwa ngokusekelwe kwisantya sokujikeleza kwegalelo. Iziphumo zezibalo zenziwe kwiphepha ngendlela yee-curves. Awona macandelo abaluleke kakhulu yayingabadibanisi - amavili ajikeleza njengeediski. Izihlanganisi zingabala udibaniso lwegophe ngaphandle kokubala okwenziwa ngesandla okudinayo.
Umhlalutyi owahlukileyo. Imodyuli edibeneyo - ngesiciko esiphakanyisiweyo, kwicala lefestile kukho iitafile ezineziphumo zokubala, kwaye phakathi - isethi yeentonga zekhompyutha.
Akukho nalinye lamacandelo omhlalutyi aqulethe iireyilayi zokutshintsha okucacileyo okanye naluphi na utshintsho lwedijithali. Ngoko kutheni sithetha ngesi sixhobo? Impendulo ithi Isine imoto yosapho.
Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1930, uBush waqala ukuthandana neRockefeller Foundation ukuze afumane inkxaso-mali yophuhliso olongezelelweyo lohlalutyi. UWarren Weaver, oyintloko yesiseko senzululwazi yendalo, ekuqaleni wayengaqinisekanga. Ubunjineli yayingeyondawo yakhe yobungcali. Kodwa uBusch uye waveza amandla akhe angenasiphelo omatshini wakhe omtsha wokusetyenziswa kwenzululwazi-ingakumbi kwibhayoloji yezibalo, iprojekthi yesilwanyana sikaWeaver. UBush uphinde wathembisa uphuculo oluninzi kwi-analyzer, kubandakanya "amandla okutshintsha ngokukhawuleza i-analyzer ukusuka kwenye ingxaki ukuya kwenye, njengebhodi yokutshintsha ifowuni." Ngomnyaka we-1936, iinzame zakhe zavuzwa ngesibonelelo se-$ 85 ekudalweni kwesixhobo esitsha, esathi kamva sabizwa ngokuba yi-Rockefeller Differential Analyzer.
Njengekhompyuter esebenzayo, esi sihlalutyi yayingeyompumelelo intle. Bush, owaba ngusekela mongameli we-MIT kunye nomphathi wezobunjineli, akakwazanga ukunikela ixesha elininzi ekwalathiseni uphuhliso. Enyanisweni, ngokukhawuleza warhoxa, ethabatha imisebenzi njengosihlalo weCarnegie Institution eWashington. UBush wabona ukuba imfazwe iyasondela, kwaye wayeneengcamango ezininzi zesayensi kunye nezoshishino ezinokukhonza iimfuno zomkhosi. Oko kukuthi, wayefuna ukusondela kwiziko lamandla, apho wayenokuthi abe nefuthe ngokufanelekileyo kwisisombululo semiba ethile.
Kwangaxeshanye, iingxaki zobugcisa ezichazwe luyilo olutsha zasonjululwa ngabasebenzi basebhubhoratri, kwaye kungekudala baqala ukuphambukiswa ukuba basebenze kwiingxaki zasemkhosini. Umatshini weRockefeller wagqitywa kuphela ngo-1942. Umkhosi wakufumanisa kuluncedo ukuveliswa kwe-line ye-ballistic tables kwi-artillery. Kodwa kungekudala esi sixhobo sacinywa ngokupheleleyo yedijithali iikhomputha-emele amanani kungekhona njengobungakanani bomzimba, kodwa ngokucacileyo, usebenzisa izikhundla zokutshintsha. Kwenzekile ukuba i-Rockefeller analyzer ngokwayo isebenzise iiswitshi ezininzi ezifanayo, ezibandakanya iisekethe zokuhambisa.
Shannon
Ngo-1936, uClaude Shannon wayeneminyaka engama-20 kuphela ubudala, kodwa wayesele ephumelele kwiYunivesithi yaseMichigan ene-bachelor degree kubunjineli bombane kunye nezibalo. Waziswa kwi-MIT yiflaya efakwe kwibhodi yebhulethi. UVannevar Bush wayekhangela umncedisi omtsha ukuba asebenze kwi-analyzer yokwahlukana. UShannon wafaka isicelo sakhe ngaphandle kokuthandabuza kwaye kungekudala wayesebenza kwiingxaki ezintsha ngaphambi kokuba isixhobo esitsha siqale ukumila.
UShannon wayengafani noBush. Wayengengosomashishini, engenguye umakhi wobukhosi bemfundo ephakamileyo, okanye umlawuli. Ubomi bakhe bonke wayethanda imidlalo, iipuzzle kunye nokuzonwabisa: chess, juggling, mazes, cryptograms. Njengamadoda amaninzi exesha lakhe, ngexesha lemfazwe uShannon wazinikela kwishishini elinzima: wayenesikhundla eBell Labs phantsi kwesivumelwano sikarhulumente, esasikhusela umzimba wakhe obuthathaka ekubhaliseni emkhosini. Uphando lwakhe malunga nolawulo lomlilo kunye ne-cryptography ngeli xesha likhokelela kumsebenzi we-seminal kwi-theory yolwazi (esingayi kuyichukumisa). Ngeminyaka yee-1950, njengoko imfazwe kunye nemiphumo yayo yaphela, u-Shannon wabuyela ekufundiseni e-MIT, echitha ixesha lakhe lokukhulula kwii-diversions: i-calculator eyayisebenza ngokukodwa ngamanani aseRoma; umatshini, xa uvuliwe, ingalo yomatshini yavela kuyo kwaye yacima umatshini.
Ulwakhiwo lomatshini weRockefeller awathi uShannon wadibana nawo ngokusengqiqweni wawufana nowomhlalutyi we-1931, kodwa wawakhiwe ngamacandelo ahlukeneyo ngokwasemzimbeni. UBusch waqaphela ukuba iirodi kunye nezixhobo zoomatshini koomatshini abadala zanciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokusetyenziswa kwazo: ukwenza izibalo, umatshini kwakufuneka umiselwe, nto leyo eyayifuna iiyure ezininzi zomsebenzi ngoomatshini abanezakhono.
Umhlalutyi omtsha ulahlekelwe yile ntsilelo. Uyilo lwayo alusekelwanga kwitafile eneentonga, kodwa kwi-cross-disc commutator, i-surplus prototype enikezelwe yiBell Labs. Esikhundleni sokudlulisa amandla ukusuka kwi-shaft ephakathi, imodyuli nganye edibeneyo yayiqhutywa ngokuzimeleyo yimoto yombane. Ukuqwalasela umatshini ukusombulula ingxaki entsha, kwakwanele ukuba ulungiselele ngokulula ukuhanjiswa kwi-matrix yokulungelelanisa ukudibanisa abahlanganisi ngokulandelelana okufunwayo. Umfundi we-tape owenziwe ngenqindi (obolekwe kwesinye isixhobo sonxibelelwano, i-teletype ye-roll) ufunde ukucwangciswa komatshini, kunye nesekethe ye-relay iguqule umqondiso ukusuka kwi-tape ukuya kwiimpawu zokulawula i-matrix-kwakufana nokuseka uluhlu lweefowuni zomnxeba phakathi kwabahlanganisi.
Umatshini omtsha wawungakhawulezi kakhulu kwaye kulula ukuwuseta, wawukhawuleza kwaye uchaneke ngakumbi kunowandulelayo. Wayenokusombulula iingxaki ezintsonkothileyo. Namhlanje le khompyuter inokuthi ithathelwe ingqalelo njengeyakudala, nokuba yinto egqithileyo, kodwa ngelo xesha kwakubonakala ngathi abakhi-mkhanyo banobukrelekrele obukhulu-okanye boyikeka emsebenzini:
Ngokusisiseko, yirobhothi yezibalo. I-automaton esebenza ngombane eyenzelwe nje ukukhulula ingqondo yomntu kumthwalo wokubala obunzima kunye nohlalutyo, kodwa ukuhlasela nokusombulula iingxaki zemathematika ezingenako ukusonjululwa ngengqondo.
UShannon ugxininise ekuguquleni idatha esuka kwiteyiphu yephepha ibe yimiyalelo "yengqondo", kwaye i-relay circuit yayijongene nalo msebenzi. Waqaphela imbalelwano phakathi kwesakhiwo sesekethe kunye nezakhiwo zemathematika zeBoolean algebra, awayifundayo kwisikolo esiphumeleleyo eMichigan. Le yialgebra enemisebenzi yayo YINYANISO noBUBUXOKI, kunye nabaqhubi - KUNYE, OKANYE, HAYI njl.
Emva kokuchitha ihlobo lowe-1937 esebenza eBell Labs eManhattan (indawo efanelekileyo yokucinga malunga neesekethe zokuhambisa), uShannon wabhala ithisisi yenkosi yakhe enesihloko esithi "Uhlalutyo lweSimboli seRelay kunye nokuTshintsha iiSekethe." Kunye nomsebenzi ka-Alan Turing kunyaka ongaphambili, ithisisi kaShannon yenza isiseko sesayensi yekhompyutha.
Ngeminyaka yoo-1940 kunye noo-1950, uShannon wakha oomatshini abaninzi bekhompuyutha/abasengqiqweni: iTHROBAC yamaRoma yokubala isibali, umatshini wokugqiba umdlalo wechess, kunye noLeseus, ilebhu apho imouse ye-electromechanical yahambayo (kumfanekiso)
UShannon ufumanise ukuba inkqubo yesiphakamiso se-logic equations inokuguqulwa ngokuthe ngqo ngoomatshini ibe yisekethe ebonakalayo yokutshintsha okudluliswayo. Waqukumbela ngelithi: “Phantse naluphi na utyando olunokuchazwa ngokwenani elithile lamanyathelo kusetyenziswa amagama UKUBA, KUNYE, OKANYE njl., inokwenziwa ngokuzenzekelayo kusetyenziswa i-relay.” Umzekelo, iirelays ezimbini zokutshintsha ezilawulwayo ezidityaniswe kuthotho zenza ingqiqo И: Eyangoku iya kuhamba ngocingo oluphambili kuphela xa zombini ii-electromagnets zivuliwe ukuvala iiswitshi. Ngexesha elifanayo, ii-relays ezimbini ezixhunyiwe kwifom efanayo Okanye: Ihamba ngoku kwisekethe ephambili, isebenze yenye yee-electromagnets. Imveliso yaloo sekethi inengqondo inokuthi, ngokulandelayo, ilawule i-electromagnets yezinye ii-relays ukuvelisa imisebenzi entsonkothileyo efana ne (A) И B) okanye (C И G).
UShannon wayiqukumbela intetho yakhe ngesihlomelo esinemizekelo emininzi yeesekethe ezenziwe kusetyenziswa indlela yakhe. Ekubeni imisebenzi ye-Boolean algebra ifana kakhulu nemisebenzi ye-arithmetic kwi-binary (oko kukuthi, ukusebenzisa amanani okubini), wabonisa indlela i-relay enokuhlanganiswa ngayo "kwi-adder yombane kwi-binary" -siyibiza ngokuba yi-binary adder. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva, enye yeeNzululwazi zeBell Labs zakha i-adder etafileni yakhe ekhitshini.
Stibitz
UGeorge Stibitz, umphandi kwisebe lemathematika kwikomkhulu laseBell Labs eManhattan, weza ekhaya neseti yezixhobo ezingaqhelekanga ngobusuku bangoNovemba ngo-1937. Iiseli zebhetri ezomileyo, izibane ezibini ezincinci zeepaneli zehardware, kunye neqela leeflethi zohlobo lwe-U ezikhutshelwayo ezifunyenwe kwitoti yenkunkuma. Ngokudibanisa iingcingo ezimbalwa kunye nenkunkuma ethile, wadibanisa isixhobo esinokongeza amanani amabini amabini anedijithi enye yokubini (emelwe bubukho okanye ukungabikho kombane wegalelo) aze akhuphe inani elinamanani amabini kusetyenziswa iiglowubhu zokukhanya: enye ngeyokuvula, zero. ukuze off.
Binary Stiebitz adder
UStiebitz, ingcali yefiziksi ngoqeqesho, wacelwa ukuba avavanye iipropathi ezibonakalayo zeemagnethi ezidluliswayo. Wayengenawo amava angaphambili ngodluliselo konke konke kwaye waqala ngokufunda ukusetyenziswa kwabo kwiisekethe zefowuni zeBell. Kungekudala uGeorge waqaphela ukufana phakathi kwezinye zeesekethe kunye nokusebenza kwearithmetic yokubini. Enomdla, wahlanganisa iprojekthi yakhe esecaleni kwitafile yasekhitshini.
Ekuqaleni, ukudibana kuka-Stiebitz neerelay kwavusa umdla omncinci phakathi kwabalawuli beBell Labs. Kodwa ngo-1938, intloko yeqela lophando yabuza uGeorge ukuba ngaba iikhalityhuleyitha zakhe zingasetyenziselwa imisebenzi ye-arithmetic ngamanani anzima (umz. a+biphi i yingcambu yenani elithabathayo). Kwafumaniseka ukuba amasebe amaninzi eekhompyuter eBell Labs ebesele encwina kuba kufuneka aphindaphindeke kwaye ahlule amanani anjalo. Ukuphinda-phinda inombolo enye entsonkothileyo kufuna imisebenzi ye-arithmetic emine kwi-desktop calculator, icandelo lifuna imisebenzi eli-16. UStibitz uthe unokusombulula ingxaki kwaye wayila isekethe yomatshini ukwenzela izibalo ezinjalo.
Uyilo lokugqibela, olwalufakwe kwintsimbi yinjineli yomnxeba uSamuel Williams, lwabizwa ngokuba yiComplex Number Computer - okanye iComplex Computer ngokufutshane-yaza yasungulwa ngo-1940. Ukuhanjiswa kwe-450 kwasetyenziselwa izibalo, iziphumo eziphakathi zigcinwe kwi-switch coordinates ezilishumi. Idatha yafakwa kwaye yamkelwa kusetyenziswa i-teletype. Amasebe eBell Labs afakele ii-teletypes ezintathu ezinjalo, ezibonisa imfuno enkulu yamandla ekhompyuter. Ukuhanjiswa, i-matrix, i-teletypes - ngandlela zonke yayiyimveliso yenkqubo yeBell.
Eyona yure igqwesileyo yeKhompyutha yeComplex yabetha ngoSeptemba 11, 1940. U-Stiebitz unike ingxelo kwikhompyutha kwintlanganiso ye-American Mathematics Society kwiKholeji yaseDartmouth. Wavuma ukuba uhlobo locingo luya kufakwa apho kunye noqhagamshelo lwetelegraph kwiComplex Computer eManhattan, kumgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-400. Abo banomdla banokuya kwi-teletype, bafake iimeko zengxaki kwikhibhodi kwaye babone ukuba ngaphantsi komzuzu i-teletype iprinta njani umphumo. Phakathi kwabo bavavanya imveliso entsha yayinguJohn Mauchly noJohn von Neumann, ngamnye kubo owayeza kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqhubekeni kwebali lethu.
Abathathi-nxaxheba bentlanganiso babone umbono omfutshane wehlabathi elizayo. Emva kwexesha, iikhompyuter ziye zabiza kakhulu kangangokuba abalawuli abasakwazi ukuzivumela ukuba zihlale zingasebenzi ngelixa umsebenzisi ezonwaya isilevu phambi kwekhonsoli yolawulo, ezibuza ukuba makabhale ntoni ngokulandelayo. Kule minyaka ingama-20 izayo, izazinzulu ziya kucinga ngendlela yokwakha iikhomputha ezinenjongo ngokubanzi eziya kuhlala zilinde ukuba ufake idatha kuzo, nangona usebenza kwenye into. Kwaye ke eminye iminyaka engama-20 iya kudlula de le ndlela yokunxibelelana yekhompyuter ibe yinto yosuku.
Stiebitz ngasemva kweDartmouth Interactive Terminal kwiminyaka yoo-1960. IKholeji yaseDartmouth yayinguvulindlela kwi-interactive computing. UStiebitz waba ngunjingalwazi wekholeji ngo-1964
Kuyamangalisa ukuba, ngaphandle kweengxaki ezisombululayo, iComputer Complex, ngokwemigangatho yanamhlanje, ayikho ikhompyutha kwaphela. Inokwenza imisebenzi yezibalo kumanani antsokothileyo kwaye mhlawumbi isombulule ezinye iingxaki ezifanayo, kodwa hayi iingxaki zenjongo ngokubanzi. Yayingacwangciswanga. Wayengakwazi ukwenza utyando ngokungacwangciswanga okanye ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Yayisisibali-manani esikwaziyo ukwenza izibalo ezithile ngcono kakhulu kunezandulelayo.
Ngokuqhambuka kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, iBell, phantsi kobunkokeli bukaStiebitz, yenza uluhlu lweekhompyuter ezibizwa ngokuba yiModel II, iModel III kunye neModel IV (Complex Computer, ngokufanelekileyo, yabizwa ngokuba yiModeli I). Uninzi lwazo lwakhiwe ngokwesicelo seKomiti yoPhando lwezoKhuselo lweSizwe, kwaye yayikhokelwa ngumntu ongomnye ngaphandle kukaVannevar Bush. I-Stibitz iphucule uyilo loomatshini ngokwemigaqo yokuguquguquka okukhulu kwemisebenzi kunye nokucwangciswa kwenkqubo.
Ngokomzekelo, i-Ballistic Calculator (kamva i-Model III) yaphuhliswa kwiimfuno zeenkqubo zokulawula umlilo we-aircraft. Yaqalisa ukusebenza ngowe-1944 eFort Bliss, eTexas. Esi sixhobo siqulethe iireyidi ezili-1400 kwaye sinokwenza inkqubo yokusebenza kwezibalo egqitywe lulandelelwano lwemiyalelo kwiteyiphu yephepha elilukiweyo. I-tape enedatha yegalelo yanikezelwa ngokwahlukileyo, kwaye idatha ye-tabular yanikezelwa ngokwahlukileyo. Oku kwenza ukuba kube lula ukufumana ngokukhawuleza amaxabiso, umzekelo, imisebenzi yetrigonometric ngaphandle kokubala kwangempela. Iinjineli zeBell ziphuhlise iisekethe ezikhethekileyo zokukhangela (iisekethe zokuzingela) eziskena i-tape phambili / ngasemva kwaye zifuna idilesi yexabiso letafile elifunwayo, kungakhathaliseki ukubala. U-Stibitz wafumanisa ukuba ikhompyutha yakhe ye-Model III, ngokucofa ii-relays imini nobusuku, ithathe indawo ye-25-40 yeekhompyutha.
Bell Model III Relay Racks
Imoto yeModel V yayingasenalo ixesha lokuyibona inkonzo yasemkhosini. Iye yaguquguquka ngakumbi kwaye inamandla. Ukuba sivavanya inani leekhompyuter ezitshintshileyo, ngoko ibimalunga namaxesha alishumi amakhulu kuneModeli III. Iimodyuli ezininzi zekhompyutheni kunye ne-9 amawaka e-relays zinokufumana idatha yegalelo kwizikhululo ezininzi, apho abasebenzisi bangene kwiimeko zemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Isikhululo ngasinye esilolu hlobo besineteyiphu yokufunda enye yokufaka idatha kunye nesihlanu semiyalelo. Oku kwenza ukuba kube lula ukubiza ii-subroutines ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kwiteyiphu ephambili xa ubala umsebenzi. Imodyuli yolawulo ephambili (ngokubalulekileyo i-analogue yenkqubo yokusebenza) isasaze imiyalelo phakathi kweemodyuli zekhompyutha ngokuxhomekeke kubukho bazo, kwaye iinkqubo zingenza amasebe anemiqathango. Yayingaseyonto yokubala nje.
Unyaka Wemimangaliso: ngowe-1937
Unyaka we-1937 unokugqalwa njengonyaka wenguqulelo kwimbali yekhompyutha. Ngaloo nyaka, uShannon kunye noStibitz baqaphela ukufana phakathi kweesekethe zokudluliselwa kunye nemisebenzi yezibalo. Ezi ziphumo zikhokelele iiLebhu zeBell ukuba zenze uthotho lweematshini ezibalulekileyo zedijithali. Kwaba uhlobo - okanye ukutshintshwa - xa i-relay yefowuni ethobekileyo, ngaphandle kokutshintsha isimo sayo somzimba, yaba yimbonakaliso yemathematika engabonakaliyo kunye nengqiqo.
Kwangalo nyaka kwinkupho kaJanuwari yopapasho Iinkqubo zeLondon Mathematical Society upapashe inqaku lesazi sezibalo saseBritane uAlan Turing “Kumanani anokucombutable ngokunxulumene ne "(Kwi-Computatable Numbers, Nesicelo kwi-Entscheidungsproblem). Yachaza umatshini wekhompuyutha wendalo yonke: umbhali waxoxa ukuba unokwenza izenzo ezihambelana nengqiqo kunye nezenzo zeekhompyutha zabantu. U-Turing, owayengene kwisikolo esiphumelele isidanga kwiYunivesithi yasePrinceton kunyaka ophelileyo, naye wayenomdla kwiisekethe zokuhanjiswa. Kwaye, njengoBush, uxhalabile sisisongelo esikhulayo semfazwe neJamani. Ngoko wathatha iprojekthi yokubhala esecaleni—uphindaphindo olubini olunokusetyenziswa ukufihla unxibelelwano lwasemkhosini. I-Turing yakha kwiireyilayi ezidityaniswe kwivenkile yomatshini yaseyunivesithi.
Kwakhona ngowe-1937, uHoward Aiken wayecinga ngomatshini ocetywayo wokwenza ikhompyutha. Umfundi ophumelele isidanga sobunjineli bombane eHarvard, u-Aiken wenza isabelo sakhe esifanelekileyo sokubala esebenzisa kuphela isibali soomatshini kunye neencwadi eziprintiweyo zeetheyibhile zezibalo. Uye wacebisa uyilo oluya kuyiphelisa le nkqubo. Ngokungafaniyo nezixhobo zekhompuyutha ezikhoyo, bekufanele ukuba iqhube iinkqubo ngokuzenzekelayo nangebhayisikile, isebenzisa iziphumo zezibalo zangaphambili njengegalelo kokulandelayo.
Ngeli xesha, kwiNkampani yoMbane yaseNippon, injineli yezonxibelelwano uAkira Nakashima ebephonononga unxibelelwano phakathi kweesekethe zokuhambisa kunye nemathematika ukusukela ngo-1935. Ekugqibeleni, ngowe-1938, wabonisa ngokuzimeleyo ukulingana kweesekethe zokudlulisela kwi-algebra ye-Boolean, leyo uShannon wayeyifumene kunyaka ongaphambili.
EBerlin, uKonrad Zuse, owayesakuba yinjineli yenqwelo-moya ediniwe kubalo olungapheliyo olufunekayo emsebenzini, wayekhangela imali yokwakha ikhompyutha yesibini. Akazange akwazi ukufumana isixhobo sakhe sokuqala soomatshini, iV1, ukuba sisebenze ngokuthembekileyo, ngoko wayefuna ukwenza ikhompyutha ehambisa umbane, awathi wayiphuhlisa ngokubambisana nomhlobo wakhe, injineli yezonxibelelwano uHelmut Schreyer.
Ukuguquguquka kweereyidi zomnxeba, izigqibo malunga neengcinga zemathematika, umnqweno weengqondo eziqaqambileyo ukulahla umsebenzi ophazamisa ingqondo - konke oku kwadibana kwaye kwakhokelela ekuveleni kwengcamango yohlobo olutsha lomatshini onengqondo.
Isizukulwana esilityelweyo
Iziqhamo zezinto ezifunyenweyo kunye nophuhliso lwe-1937 kwafuneka zivuthwe iminyaka eliqela. Imfazwe yabonakala isesona sichumiso sinamandla, kwaye ngokufika kwayo, iikhomputha zokuthumela zaqala ukubonakala naphi na apho ubuchwephesha obufunekayo bukhona. Ingqiqo yeMathematika yaba yitrellis yeediliya zobunjineli bombane. Iindlela ezintsha zoomatshini bokucwangciswa kwekhompyutha ziye zavela—umzobo wokuqala weekhompyutha zanamhlanje.
Ukongeza koomatshini be-Stiebitz, ngo-1944 i-US inokuziqhayisa nge-Harvard Mark I / IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC), umphumo wesiphakamiso sika-Aiken. Igama eliphindwe kabini lavela ngenxa yokuwohloka kobudlelwane phakathi kwezemfundo kunye neshishini: wonke umntu ubanga amalungelo kwisixhobo. I-Mark I/ASCC isebenzise iisekethe zolawulo lwe-relay, kodwa eyona yunithi ye-arithmetic isekelwe kuyilo lwe-IBM mechanical calculators. Isithuthi sidalwe kwiimfuno ze-US Bureau of Shipbuilding. Owangena ezihlangwini zakhe, uMark II, waqalisa ukusebenza ngowe-1948 kwindawo yovavanyo loMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi, yaye yonke imisebenzi yawo yayisekelwe ngokupheleleyo kwii-relays—13 XNUMX relay.
Ngexesha lemfazwe, uZuse wakha iikhompyuter ezininzi, eziye zantsonkotha. Isiphelo sasiyi-V4, leyo, njenge-Bell Model V, ibandakanya izicwangciso zokubiza ii-subroutines kunye nokwenza amasebe anemiqathango. Ngenxa yokunqongophala kwezinto eziphathekayo eJapan, akukho nanye uyilo lweNakashima kunye nabantu bakowabo olwathi lwenziwa ngentsimbi de ilizwe labuyela emfazweni. Ngeminyaka yoo-1950, iSebe elisanda kusekwa lezoRhwebo kunye noShishino lwaNgaphandle laxhasa ngemali ukuyilwa koomatshini ababini bokuhambisa umbane, okwesibini kubo yayisisilo esine-20 lamawaka eekhusi. I-Fujitsu, eyathatha inxaxheba ekudalweni, ivelise iimveliso zayo zorhwebo.
Namhlanje aba matshini phantse balityelwe ngokupheleleyo. Linye kuphela igama eliseleyo kwinkumbulo - ENIAC. Isizathu sokulibala asidibananga nokuntsokotha, okanye amandla, okanye isantya. Iimpawu zokubala kunye neengqiqo zokudluliselwa, ezifunyenwe zizazinzulu kunye nabaphandi, zisebenza kulo naluphi na uhlobo lwesixhobo esinokuthi sisebenze njengokutshintsha. Kwaye kwenzeka ukuba esinye isixhobo esifanayo sifumaneke - elektroniki iswitshi enokuthi isebenze ngamakhulu amaxesha ngokukhawuleza kunokuhanjiswa.
Ukubaluleka kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II kwimbali ye-computing kufuneka kube sele kucacile. Eyona mfazwe yoyikekayo yaba lukhuthazo lophuhliso koomatshini be-elektroniki. Ukuqaliswa kwayo kwakhulula izibonelelo eziyimfuneko ukoyisa iziphene ezicacileyo zokutshintsha kombane. Ulawulo lweekhompyuter ze-electromechanical lwaluhlala ixesha elifutshane. NjengeeTitans, babhukuqwa ngabantwana babo. Njengokuhanjiswa, ukutshintsha kwe-elektroniki kwavela kwiimfuno zeshishini lezonxibelelwano. Kwaye ukuze sifumanise ukuba isuka phi na, kufuneka siyibuyisele umva imbali yethu umzuzwana ekuqalekeni kwexesha likanomathotholo.
umthombo: www.habr.com