Nawuphi na umboneleli welifu unikezela ngeenkonzo zokugcina idatha. Ezi zinokuba ziindawo zokugcina ezibandayo kunye nezishushu, i-Ice-cold, njl. Ukugcina ulwazi kwilifu kulula kakhulu. Kodwa ngokwenene yagcinwa njani idatha kwi-10, 20, 50 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo? I-Cloud4Y iguqulele inqaku elinomdla elithetha ngale nto nje.
I-byte yedatha inokugcinwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, njengoko i-media entsha, ephezulu kunye neyokugcina ngokukhawuleza ibonakala rhoqo. I-byte yiyunithi yokugcina kunye nokulungiswa kolwazi lwedijithali, olubandakanya iibhithi ezisibhozo. Isuntswana elinye lingaqulatha nokuba ngu-0 okanye u-1.
Kwimeko yamakhadi abethelweyo, i-bit igcinwa njengobukho / ukungabikho komngxuma kwikhadi kwindawo ethile. Ukuba sibuyela umva kancinci kwi-Babbage's Analytical Engine, iirejista ezazigcina amanani yayizigiya. Kwizixhobo zokugcina kazibuthe ezifana neeteyiphu kunye neediski, intwana imelwe yipolarity yendawo ethile yefilimu yamagnetic. Kwimemori yangoku eguqukayo yofikelelo olungakhethiyo (DRAM), isuntswana lidla ngokumelwa njengentlawulo yombane enemigangatho emibini egcinwe kwisixhobo esigcina amandla ombane kwindawo yombane. Isikhongozeli esihlawuliweyo okanye esikhutshiweyo sigcina intwana yedatha.
NgoJuni 1956 waqamba igama ukubonisa iqela lamasuntswana asetyenziselwe ukukhowuda unobumba omnye . Masithethe kancinci malunga nokufakwa kweekhowudi zabalinganiswa. Masiqale ngekhowudi eqhelekileyo yaseMelika yotshintshiselwano ngolwazi, okanye i-ASCII. I-ASCII yayisekelwe kwi-alfabhethi yesiNgesi, ngoko ke unobumba ngamnye, inombolo kunye nesimboli (az, AZ, 0-9, +, - , /, ",!, njl. ) zazimelwe njengenani elipheleleyo le-7-bit ukusuka ku-32 ukuya kwi-127. Oku kwakungekho ncam “ubuhlobo” kwezinye iilwimi Ukuxhasa ezinye iilwimi, i-Unicode yandisa i-ASCII. , unobumba omncinci j ngu-U+006A, apho u-U umele uUnicode kunye nenani elinehexadecimal.
I-UTF-8 ngumgangatho wokumela abalinganiswa njengamasuntswana asibhozo, evumela inqaku lekhowudi nganye kuluhlu lwe-0-127 ukuba lugcinwe kwi-byte enye. Ukuba sikhumbula i-ASCII, oku kuqhelekile koonobumba besiNgesi, kodwa abanye oonobumba bolwimi bahlala bebonakaliswa ngee-byte ezimbini nangaphezulu. UTF-16 ngumgangatho wokumela abalinganiswa njengamasuntswana ali-16, kwaye UTF-32 ngumgangatho wokumela abalinganiswa njengamasuntswana angama-32. Kwi-ASCII, umlinganiswa ngamnye yi-byte, kodwa kwi-Unicode, ehlala ingabi yinyani ngokupheleleyo, umlinganiswa unokuthatha i-1, 2, 3 okanye ngaphezulu kwee-bytes. Inqaku liya kusebenzisa ubungakanani obahlukeneyo ngokwamaqela amasuntswana. Inani leebhithi kwi-byte liyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuyilo lwemidiya.
Kweli nqaku, siya kubuya umva ngexesha ngokusebenzisa ezahlukeneyo zogcino media ukuze sijonge kwimbali yokugcina idatha. Akukho meko siya kuqala ukufunda nzulu yonke indawo yokugcina enye eyakha yayilwa. Eli linqaku lolwazi elimnandi nelinokuthi nangayiphi na indlela libango libaluleke kakhulu kwi-encyclopedic.
Masiqalise. Masithi sinebyte yedatha yokugcina: unobumba j, mhlawumbi njenge-encoded byte 6a, okanye njenge-binary 01001010. Njengoko sihamba ngexesha, i-data byte iya kusetyenziswa kwiiteknoloji ezininzi zokugcina eziya kuchazwa.
1951
Ibali lethu liqala ngo-1951 kunye ne-UNIVAC UNISERVO tape drive yekhompyutheni ye-UNIVAC 1. Yayiyi-tape drive yokuqala eyenzelwe ikhompyutha yorhwebo. Ibhendi yenziwe kumgca obhityileyo we-nickel-plated bronze, i-12,65 mm ububanzi (ebizwa ngokuba yi-Vicalloy) kwaye iphantse ibe yi-366 yeemitha ubude. I-byte yethu yedatha ingagcinwa kwiimpawu ze-7 ngesekhondi kwi-tape ehamba kwi-200 yeemitha ngomzuzwana. Kweli nqanaba kwimbali, unokulinganisa isantya se-algorithm yokugcina ngomgama ohanjwe yiteyiphu.
1952
Ukukhawuleza kunyaka ukuya kwi-21 kaMeyi, 1952, xa i-IBM ibhengeze ukukhululwa kweyunithi yayo yokuqala ye-magnetic tape, i-IBM 726. I-byte yethu yedatha ngoku inokususwa kwi-UNISERVO tape yensimbi ukuya kwi-IBM magnetic tape. Eli khaya litsha liye labonakala limnandi kakhulu kwi-byte yethu encinci yedatha, kuba iteyiphu inokugcina ukuya kuthi ga kwizigidi ezi-2. Le tape yemagnethi enengoma ezi-7 ihambe kwiimitha ezi-1,9 ngesekhondi kunye nesantya se-baud se-12. okanye 7500 (ngelo xesha ayebizwa ngokuba ngamaqela ekopi) ngomzuzwana. Ireferensi: inqaku eliphakathi kuHabré linamagama amalunga ne-10.
I-IBM 726 tape yayineengoma ezisixhenxe, ezintandathu zazo zazisetyenziselwa ukugcina ulwazi, kunye nokulawula ukulingana. I-reel enye inokubamba ukuya kwi-400 yeemitha ze-tape kunye nobubanzi be-1,25 cm. Uxinzelelo lokurekhoda yi-12,5 bits ngesentimitha. Le nkqubo isebenzise indlela ye "vacuum channel" apho i-loop ye-tape ijikeleza phakathi kwamanqaku amabini. Oku kwavumela iteyiphu ukuba iqale kwaye ime kwiqhezu lomzuzwana. Oku kwaphunyezwa ngokubeka iikholamu ezinde zevacuum phakathi kwetape spools kunye nokufunda/ukubhala iintloko ukufunxa ukonyuka ngesiquphe koxinzelelo kwiteyiphu, ngaphandle kokuba itheyiphu idla ngokuphuka. Iringi yeplastiki ekhutshwayo ngasemva kwetape reel inika ukhuseleko lokubhala. I-reel enye yeteyiphu inokugcina malunga ne-40 .
Khumbula iiteyiphu zeVHS. Kwakufuneka wenze ntoni ukuze ubukele ifilimu kwakhona? Buyela umva iteyiphu! Mangaphi amaxesha apho uphotha ikhasethi yomdlali wakho kwipensile, ukuze ungachithi iibhetri kwaye ufumane iteyiphu ekrazukileyo okanye exineneyo? Kungatshiwo okufanayo malunga neeteyiphu ezisetyenziselwa iikhompyuter. Iinkqubo azikwazanga nje ukutsiba iteyiphu okanye ukufikelela ngokungenamkhethe kwidatha, ziyakwazi ukufunda nokubhala idatha ngokungqongqo ngokulandelelana.
1956
Ukukhawuleza phambili kwiminyaka embalwa ukuya kwi-1956, kwaye ixesha lokugcinwa kwediskhi yemagnethi laqala ngokugqitywa kwe-IBM ye-RAMAC 305 inkqubo yekhompyuter, leyo iZellerbach Paper yanikezela kuyo. . Le khompyutha yaba yeyokuqala ukusebenzisa i-hard drive enentloko ehambayo. I-RAMAC disk drive iqulathe iipleyiti zentsimbi ezingamashumi amahlanu ezinezibuthe ezinobubanzi obuyi-60,96 cm, ekwaziyo ukugcina oonobumba bedatha abamalunga nezigidi ezihlanu, iibhithi ezisi-7 ngomlinganiswa ngamnye, kunye nokujikeleza kwi-1200 revolutions ngomzuzu. Umthamo wokugcina wawumalunga ne-3,75 megabytes.
I-RAMAC ivumele ufikelelo lwexesha lokwenyani kwizixa ezikhulu zedatha, ngokungafaniyo neteyiphu yemagnethi okanye amakhadi abethelweyo. I-IBM ibhengeze i-RAMAC njengekwazi ukugcina into elingana ne-64 . Ngaphambili, i-RAMRAC yazisa ingqikelelo yokuqhubeka nokusetyenzwa kweentengiselwano njengoko zisenzeka, ukuze idatha iphinde ibuyiselwe ngokukhawuleza ngelixa ibisentsha. Idatha yethu kwi-RAMAC inokufumaneka ngoku ngesantya se-100 . Ngaphambili, xa sisebenzisa iiteyiphu, bekufuneka sibhale kwaye sifunde idatha elandelelanayo, kwaye asikwazanga ukutsibela ngempazamo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zeteyiphu. Ufikelelo lwexesha lokwenyani kwidatha yaba yinguqu ngokwenene ngelo xesha.
1963
Masikhawuleze ukuya kowe-1963 xa kwakuziswa iDECTape. Igama livela kwiDigital Equipment Corporation, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-DEC. I-DECtape yayingabizi kwaye ithembekile, ngoko yayisetyenziswa kwizizukulwana ezininzi zeekhompyuter zeDEC. Yayiyiteyiphu eyi-19mm, elaminethiweyo kwaye ifakwe phakathi kweeleya ezimbini zeMylar kwireli yee-intshi ezine (10,16 cm).
Ngokungafaniyo nabanduleli bayo abanzima, abakhulu, iDECtape inokuthwalwa ngesandla. Oku kwenze ukuba ibe lukhetho olubalaseleyo kwiikhompyuter zobuqu. Ngokungafaniyo noogxa bayo be-7-track, i-DECtape ineengoma zedatha ezi-6, iingoma ezi-2 ze-cue, kunye ne-2 yewotshi. Idatha yarekhodwa kwii-bits ze-350 nge-intshi nganye (i-138 bits nge-cm). Idatha yethu ye-byte, eyi-8 bits kodwa inokwandiswa ukuya kwi-12, ingadlulisela kwi-DECtape kwi-8325 12-bit amagama ngomzuzwana kwisantya se-tape ye-93 (± 12) intshi nganye . Le yi-8% ngaphezulu kwamanani ngesekhondi kune-UNISERVO yeteyiphu yentsimbi ngo-1952.
1967
Kwiminyaka emine kamva, ngo-1967, iqela elincinci le-IBM laqala ukusebenza kwi-IBM floppy drive, ebizwa ngegama . Emva koko iqela lanikwa umsebenzi wokuphuhlisa indlela ethembekileyo nengabizi kakhulu yokulayisha ii-microcodes Inkqubo ye-IBM/370. Iprojekthi emva koko yaphinda yajongwa kwakhona kwaye yaphinda yasetyenziselwa ukulayisha i-microcode kwisilawuli se-IBM 3330 iNdawo yokuGcina yokuFikelela ngokuthe ngqo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Merlin.
Ibhayithi yethu ngoku ingagcinwa kukufunda kuphela i-8-intshi ezigqunywe ngomagnetic iidiski zeMylar, ezaziwa namhlanje njenge floppy disks. Ngexesha lokukhululwa, imveliso yayibizwa ngokuba yi-IBM 23FD Floppy Disk Drive System. Iidiski zinokubamba iikhilobhayithi ezingama-80 zedatha. Ngokungafaniyo neehard drives, umsebenzisi unokuhambisa ngokulula ifloppy disk kwiqokobhe elikhuselayo ukusuka kwenye idrayivu ukuya kwenye. Emva kwexesha, ngo-1973, i-IBM yakhupha i-floppy disk yokufunda/yokubhala, eyathi emva koko yaba yimizi-mveliso. .
1969
Ngo-1969, iKhompyutha ye-Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) enenkumbulo yentambo yasungulwa kwi-spacecraft ye-Apollo 11, eyayithwala oosomajukujuku baseMelika eNyangeni nasemva. Le nkumbulo yentambo yenziwe ngesandla kwaye inokugcina i-72 kilobytes yedatha. Imveliso yenkumbulo yentambo yayinzima kakhulu, icotha, kwaye ifuna izakhono ezifana nokuluka; ingathatha . Kodwa yayisisixhobo esifanelekileyo kuloo maxesha xa kwakubalulekile ukulingana okuphezulu kwindawo engqongqo ngokungqongqo. Xa ucingo ludlula kwelinye leentambo zesetyhula, limele i-1. I-wire edlula kwi-strand imele i-0. I-byte yethu yedatha ifuna ukuba umntu afake imizuzu emininzi kwintambo.
1977
Kwi-1977, i-Commodore PET, ikhompyutha yokuqala (eyimpumelelo) yomntu, yakhululwa. I-PET isebenzise i-Commodore 1530 Datasette, oku kuthetha ukuba idatha kunye nekhasethi. I-PET iguqule idatha kwiisignali zomsindo we-analog, eziye zagcinwa . Oku kusivumele ukuba senze isisombululo sokugcina esingabizi kwaye sinokuthenjwa, nangona sicotha kakhulu. I-byte yethu encinci yedatha inokudluliselwa ngesantya malunga ne-60-70 bytes nganye . Iikhasethi zinokubamba malunga ne-100 kilobytes ngecala lemizuzu engama-30, kunye namacala amabini kwiteyiphu nganye. Umzekelo, elinye icala lekhasethi lingabamba malunga nemifanekiso emibini engama-55 KB. Iidatasettes nazo zasetyenziswa kwiCommodore VIC-20 kunye neCommodore 64.
1978
Emva konyaka, ngo-1978, i-MCA kunye ne-Philips yazisa i-LaserDisc phantsi kwegama elithi "Discovision". Imihlathi yaba yifilim yokuqala ethengiswe kwiLaserDisc eMelika. Umgangatho wayo weaudio kunye nevidiyo wawungcono kakhulu kunabakhuphisana nabo, kodwa i-laserdisc yayibiza kakhulu kubathengi abaninzi. I-LaserDisc ayikwazanga ukubhalwa, ngokungafaniyo neeteyiphu zeVHS abantu abarekhoda iinkqubo zikamabonwakude. I-Laserdiscs isebenze kunye nevidiyo ye-analog, i-analog ye-FM yomsindo westereo kunye nekhowudi ye-pulse , okanye PCM, audio yedijithali. Iidiski zazinobubanzi obuyi-intshi eziyi-12 (30,47 cm) kwaye zaziquka iidiski ze-aluminiyam ezinecala elinye ezigqunywe ngeplastiki. Namhlanje iLaserDisc ikhunjulwa njengesiseko seeCD kunye neeDVD.
1979
Kunyaka kamva, ngo-1979, uAlan Shugart kunye noFinis Conner baseka iTekhnoloji yeSeagate kunye nombono wokulinganisa i-hard drive ukuya kubukhulu be-floppy disk ye-5 ¼-intshi, eyayisemgangathweni ngelo xesha. Imveliso yabo yokuqala kwi-1980 yayiyi-Seagate ST506 i-hard drive, i-hard drive yokuqala yeekhompyutha ezihlangeneyo. Idiski yayibambe iimegabytes ezintlanu zedatha, ngelo xesha yayinkulu ngokuphindwe kahlanu kunefloppy disk eqhelekileyo. Abaseki baye bakwazi ukufezekisa injongo yabo yokunciphisa ubungakanani bediski ukuya kubukhulu be-5¼-intshi ye-floppy disk. Isixhobo esitsha sogcino lwedatha yayiyipleyiti yentsimbi eqinileyo eqatywe macala omabini inomaleko obhityileyo wogcino lwedatha yamagnetic. Iibhayithi zethu zedatha zinokukhutshelwa kwidiski ngesantya esingama-625 kilobytes nge . Imalunga .
1981
Ukukhawuleza phambili kwiminyaka embalwa ukuya kwi-1981, xa u-Sony wazisa iidiski zokuqala ze-3,5-intshi. UHewlett-Packard waba ngowokuqala owamkela le teknoloji ngo-1982 kunye ne-HP-150 yayo. Oku kwenza iidiski zefloppy eziyi-3,5-intshi zaduma kwaye zabanika ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwihlabathi liphela. . Iidiski zefloppy zazicalanye kunye nomthamo ofomathiweyo we-161.2 kilobytes kunye nomthamo ongalungiswanga we-218.8 kilobytes. Ngo-1982, uguqulelo olunamacala amabini lwakhutshwa, kunye ne-Microfloppy Industry Committee (MIC) consortium yeenkampani zemidiya ezingama-23 ezisekelwe kwi-3,5-intshi ye-floppy yoyilo kuyilo lwangaphambili lwe-Sony, iqinisa ifomathi kwimbali njengoko sisazi namhlanje. . Ngoku ii-bytes zethu zedatha zingagcinwa kwinguqulo yokuqala yenye yezona zinto ziqhelekileyo zokugcina imidiya: i-floppy disk ye-3,5-intshi. Kamva, iperi ye-3,5-intshi yeefloppies nge yaba yeyona nto ibalulekileyo ebomini bam.
1984
Kungekudala emva koko, ngowe-1984, kwabhengezwa ukukhutshwa kweCompact Disc Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM). Ezi yayizii-CD-ROM zemegabyte ezingama-550 ezivela kwaSony nasePhilips. Ifomati yakhula kwiiCD ezineaudio yedijithali, okanye iCD-DA, eyayisetyenziselwa ukusasaza umculo. I-CD-DA yaphuhliswa nguSony kunye noPhilips ngo-1982 kwaye yayinomthamo wemizuzu engama-74. Ngokutsho kwentsomi, xa uSony noPhilips babethethathethana ngomgangatho weCD-DA, omnye waba bantu bane wagxininisa ukuba inokwenzeka. yonke iNinth Symphony. Imveliso yokuqala eyakhutshwa kwiCD yayiyiGrolier's Electronic Encyclopedia, eyapapashwa ngo-1985. I-encyclopedia iqulethe amagama ezigidi ezisithoba, ezithatha kuphela i-12% yendawo yediski ekhoyo, eyi-553. . Siya kuba nesithuba esingaphezu kwesaneleyo seencyclopedia kunye ne-byte yedatha. Kungekudala emva koko, ngowe-1985, iinkampani zekhompyutha zasebenza kunye ukuze zenze umgangatho weediski zokuqhuba ukuze nayiphi na ikhompyutha ikwazi ukuzifunda.
1984
Kwakhona ngowe-1984, uFujio Masuoka wavelisa uhlobo olutsha lwenkumbulo yesango elidadayo ebizwa ngokuba yi<em>flash memory, eyayikwazi ukucinywa ize ibhalwe kwakhona izihlandlo ezininzi.
Makhe sithathe umzuzwana sijonge kwimemori edanyazayo sisebenzisa isango elidadayo letransistor. Iitransistors ngamasango ombane anokuthi avulwe kwaye acinywe ngokwahlukeneyo. Ekubeni i-transistor nganye ingaba kwiimeko ezimbini ezahlukeneyo (ukuvula kunye nokuvala), inokugcina amanani amabini ahlukeneyo: 0 kunye no-1. Isango elidadayo libhekiselele kwisango lesibini elongezwe kwi-transistor ephakathi. Eli sango lesibini ligqunywe ngocwecwe olucekethekileyo lwe-oxide. Ezi transistors zisebenzisa i-voltage encinci esetyenziswe kwisango le-transistor ukubonisa ukuba ivuliwe okanye ivaliwe, leyo iguqulela kwi-0 okanye i-1.
Ngamasango adadayo, xa i-voltage efanelekileyo isetyenziswa kumgangatho we-oxide, ii-electron zihamba kuyo kwaye zixinge kumasango. Ngoko ke, naxa amandla ecinyiwe, ii-electron zihlala phezu kwazo. Xa kungekho electron kumasango adadayo, zimele i-1, kwaye xa i-electron ibambelele, imele i-0. Ukuguqula le nkqubo kunye nokusebenzisa i-voltage efanelekileyo ngokusebenzisa i-oxide layer kwelinye icala kubangela ukuba ii-electron zihambe kumasango adadayo. kwaye ubuyisele i-transistor kwimo yayo yokuqala. Ngoko ke iiseli zenziwe zicwangciswe kwaye . I-byte yethu inokucwangciswa kwi-transistor njenge-01001010, kunye nee-electron, kunye nee-electron ezixinzelelwe kumasango adadayo ukumela amaqanda.
Uyilo lukaMasuoka lwalufikeleleka kancinci kodwa luthambileyo kune-PROM (EEPROM) ecinywa ngumbane, njengoko yayifuna amaqela amaninzi eeseli ekwakufuneka zicinywe kunye, kodwa oku kwaba nesantya sayo.
Ngelo xesha, uMasuoka wayesebenzela uToshiba. Ekugqibeleni wayeka ukuya kusebenza kwiYunivesithi yaseTohoku kuba wayengonwabanga kukuba inkampani ingamvuzi ngomsebenzi wakhe. UMasuoka wamangalela uToshiba, efuna imbuyekezo. Ngo-2006, wahlawulwa i-87 yezigidi zeeyuan, elingana ne-758 yamawaka eedola zaseMelika. Oku kusabonakala kungabalulekanga xa kujongwa indlela inkumbulo ebanempembelelo ngayo kwishishini.
Ngelixa sithetha ngememori yeflash, kukwafanelekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba yintoni umahluko phakathi kwe-NOR kunye ne-NAND flash memory. Njengoko sele sisazi kwi-Masuoka, i-flash igcina ulwazi kwiiseli zememori ezibandakanya ii-transistors zesango elidadayo. Amagama etekhnoloji ahambelana ngqo nendlela iiseli zememori ezilungelelaniswe ngayo.
Kwi-NOR flash, iiseli zememori nganye ziqhagamshelwe ngokunxuseneyo ukunika ufikelelo olungakhethiyo. Olu lwakhiwo lunciphisa ixesha lokufunda elifunekayo ukufikelela ngokungaqhelekanga kwimiyalelo ye-microprocessor. OKANYE Imemori edanyazayo ilungile kusetyenziso olusezantsi loxinaniso olufundwayo kuphela. Kungenxa yoko le nto uninzi lwe-CPUs lulayisha i-firmware yazo, ihlala isuka kwi-NOR flash memory. UMasuoka kunye noogxa bakhe bazise ukuveliswa kwe-NOR flash ngo-1984 kunye ne-NAND flash in .
Abaphuhlisi be-NAND Flash bayilahlile into yofikelelo olungakhethiyo ukuze bafezekise ubungakanani bememori encinci. Oku kubangela ubungakanani betshiphu encinci kunye nexabiso eliphantsi ngebit nganye. Uyilo lwememori ye-NAND ye-flash iqulethe ii-transistors zememori ezisibhozo ezidityaniswe kuthotho. Oku kuphumeza ubuninzi bogcino oluphezulu, ubungakanani beeseli zememori encinci, kunye nokubhalwa kwedatha ngokukhawuleza kunye nokucima kuba inokucwangcisa iibhloko zedatha ngaxeshanye. Oku kuphunyezwa ngokufuna idatha ukuba ibhalwe kwakhona xa ingabhalwanga ngokulandelelana kwaye idatha sele ikhona. .
1991
Masiqhubele phambili siye ku-1991, xa i-prototype solid-state drive (SSD) yenziwa yiSanDisk, eyayisaziwa njenge. . Uyilo ludibanise uluhlu lwememori ye-flash, iitshiphu zememori ezingaguqukiyo, kunye nomlawuli okrelekrele ukuze azibonele kwaye alungise iiseli ezineziphene. Umthamo wediski wawuyi-megabytes ye-20 kunye ne-2,5-intshi yefom yefom, kwaye ixabiso layo liqikelelwa malunga ne-$ 1000. Le diski isetyenziswe yi-IBM kwikhompyuter .
1994
Enye yemidiya yam endiyithandayo yogcino ukusukela ebuntwaneni yayiyiZip Disks. Ngo-1994, i-Iomega yakhupha i-Zip Disk, i-cartridge ye-100-megabyte kwi-3,5-intshi yefom yefom ye-intshi, malunga nokuqina kancinci kunomgangatho oqhelekileyo we-3,5-intshi yokuqhuba. Iinguqulelo zamva zokuqhuba zinokugcina ukuya kuthi ga kwi-2 gigabytes. Ubulula bezi diski kukuba bezinobungakanani befloppy diski, kodwa babenakho ukugcina isixa esikhulu sedatha. Iibhayithi zethu zedatha zinokubhalwa kwidiski yeZip kwi-1,4 megabytes ngesekhondi. Ukuthelekisa, ngelo xesha, i-1,44 megabytes ye-floppy disk ye-3,5-intshi yabhalwa ngesantya malunga ne-16 kilobytes ngesekhondi. Kwidiski ye-Zip, iintloko zifunde / zibhale idatha ngaphandle koqhagamshelwano, njengokungathi zibhabha ngaphezu kwendawo, efana nokusebenza kwe-hard drive, kodwa iyahluka kumgaqo wokusebenza kwezinye iidiski zefloppy. Iidiski zeZip zakhawuleza zaphelelwa lixesha ngenxa yokuthembeka kunye nokufumaneka kwemiba.
1994
Kwangaloo nyaka, iSanDisk yazisa iCompactFlash, eyayisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiikhamera zevidiyo zedijithali. Njengakwi-CD, izantya zeCompactFlash zisekelwe kuhlelo "x" olufana no-8x, 20x, 133x, njl. njl. Olona xabiso likhulu logqithiso lwedatha lubalwa ngokususela kwi-bit rate ye-audio CD yoqobo, i-150 kilobytes ngesekhondi. Izinga lokudluliselwa libukeka njenge-R = Kx150 kB / s, apho i-R isantya sokudluliselwa kunye no-K isantya esiqhelekileyo. Ke kwi-133x CompactFlash, idatha yethu yedatha iya kubhalwa kwi-133x150 kB/s okanye malunga ne-19 kB/s okanye i-950 MB/s. I-CompactFlash Association yasekwa ngo-19,95 ngenjongo yokudala umgangatho woshishino wamakhadi ememori e-flash.
1997
Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, ngowe-1997, kwakhululwa iCompact Disc Rewritable (CD-RW). Le diski yokubona yayisetyenziselwa ukugcina idatha kunye nokukhuphela kunye nokudlulisa iifayile kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo. IiCDs zinokuphinda zibhalwe malunga namaxesha ali-1000, nto leyo ibingeyonto ingumda ngelo xesha kuba abasebenzisi bebengafane babhale ngaphezulu idatha.
Ii-CD-RWs zisekelwe kwitekhnoloji etshintsha ukubonakaliswa komphezulu. Kwimeko ye-CD-RW, i-phase shifts kwi-coating ekhethekileyo equkethe isilivere, i-tellurium kunye ne-indium ibangela ukukwazi ukubonakalisa okanye ukubonakalisa i-beam efundwayo, oku kuthetha ukuba i-0 okanye i-1. Xa i-compound ikwi-crystalline state, i-crystalline state. translucent, okuthetha ukuba 1. Xa i-compound inyibilika ibe yi-amorphous state, iba yi-opaque kwaye ayibonakalisi, 0. Ngoko ke sinokubhala idatha yethu njenge-01001010.
IiDVD ekugqibeleni zathatha uninzi lwesabelo semarike kwiiCD-RWs.
1999
Masiqhubele phambili ukuya ku-1999, xa i-IBM yazisa ezona diski zincinci kwihlabathi ngelo xesha: i-IBM 170MB kunye ne-340MB microdrives. Ezi yayizii-2,54 cm iidrive ezinzima eziyilelwe ukuba zilingane kwi-CompactFlash Type II slots. Kwakucetywe ukwenza isixhobo esiya kusetyenziswa njengeCompactFlash, kodwa sinomthamo omkhulu wememori. Nangona kunjalo, zatshintshwa ngokukhawuleza ziidrive ze-USB kwaye emva koko ngamakhadi amakhulu eCompactFlash njengoko ayefumaneka. Njengezinye ii-hard drives, ii-microdrives zazingoomatshini kwaye zineediski ezijikelezayo ezincinci.
2000
Emva konyaka, ngo-2000, kwaqaliswa ii-USB flash drives. Iidrives zibandakanya imemori yeflash evalelwe kwifom encinci ye-interface ye-USB. Ngokuxhomekeke kwinguqulelo ye-USB interface esetyenzisiweyo, isantya sinokuhluka. I-USB 1.1 inqunyelwe kwi-1,5 megabits ngomzuzwana, ngelixa i-USB 2.0 inokusingatha i-35 megabits ngomzuzwana , kunye ne-USB 3.0 yi-625 megabits ngomzuzwana. I-USB 3.1 yokuqala ye-C drives yabhengezwa ngo-Matshi 2015 kwaye yayifunde / ibhala isantya se-530 megabits ngomzuzwana. Ngokungafaniyo neediski zefloppy kunye needrive ze-optical, izixhobo ze-USB zinzima ukuzikrwela, kodwa zisenamandla afanayo okugcina idatha, kunye nokudlulisa kunye nokuxhasa iifayile. I-Floppy kunye ne-CD drives zatshintshwa ngokukhawuleza ngamazibuko e-USB.
2005
Kwi-2005, abavelisi be-hard disk drive (HDD) baqala ukuthumela iimveliso besebenzisa i-perpendicular magnetic recording, okanye i-PMR. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, oku kwenzeka ngexesha elinye ukuba iPod Nano wabhengeza ukusetyenziswa flash memory endaweni 1-intshi hard drives kwi iPod Mini.
I-hard drive eqhelekileyo iqulathe enye okanye ngaphezulu ii-hard drives eziqatywe ngefilimu enovakalelo ngokwemagnethi eyenziwe ngeenkozo ezincinci zemagnethi. Idatha irekhodwa xa intloko yokurekhoda imagnethi ibhabha nje ngasentla kwediski ejikelezayo. Oku kufana kakhulu nomdlali werekhodi wegramafoni yemveli, umahluko kuphela kukuba kwigramafoni usiba lunxibelelana ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nerekhodi. Njengoko iidiski zijikeleza, umoya odibana nazo udala impepho epholileyo. Kanye njengokuba umoya okwiphiko lenqwelo-moya uvelisa ukuphakama, umoya uvelisa ukuphakama kwintloko ye-airfoil . Intloko ikhawuleza itshintshe umazibuthe wendawo enye yeenkozo ukuze isibonda sayo sijonge phezulu okanye ezantsi, sibonise u-1 okanye u-0.
Umanduleli kwi-PMR yayirekhodwe longitudinal magnetic, okanye LMR. Uxinzelelo lokurekhoda lwe-PMR lunokuba ngaphezulu kokuphindwe kathathu kwe-LMR. Umahluko ophambili phakathi kwe-PMR kunye ne-LMR kukuba ukwakhiwa kweenkozo kunye nokuqhelaniswa namagnetic kwidatha egciniweyo ye-PMR media yikholomu kunokuba i-longitudinal. I-PMR inozinzo olungcono lwe-thermal kunye nokuphuculwa kwe-signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) ngenxa yokwahlula okuziinkozo okungcono kunye nokufana. Ikwabonisa ukurekhodwa okuphuculweyo enkosi kwimimandla yentloko eyomeleleyo kunye nolungelelwaniso olungcono lwemagnethi yemidiya. Njenge-LMR, imida esisiseko ye-PMR isekelwe kuzinzo lwe-thermal ye-data bits ebhalwe ngumagnet kunye nesidingo sokuba ne-SNR eyaneleyo yokufunda ulwazi olubhaliweyo.
2007
Kwi-2007, i-hard drive yokuqala ye-TB evela kwi-Hitachi Global Storage Technologies yabhengezwa. I-Hitachi Deskstar 1K7 isebenzise iipleyiti ezintlanu eziyi-1000-intshi ezingama-3,5GB kwaye yasongelwa rpm Olu luphuculo olubonakalayo kwi-hard drive yokuqala yehlabathi, i-IBM RAMAC 350, eyayinomthamo omalunga ne-3,75 megabytes. Hayi indlela esihambe ngayo kwiminyaka engama-51! Kodwa yima, kukho enye into.
2009
Kwi-2009, umsebenzi wobugcisa waqala ekudaleni imemori engabonakaliyo engaguqukiyo, okanye . Imemori engaguqukiyo (i-NVM) luhlobo lwememori enokugcina idatha ngokusisigxina, ngokuchasene nememori eguquguqukayo, efuna amandla aqhubekayo okugcina idatha. I-NVMe ijongana nesidingo sojongano lwesilawuli senginginya esilungelelanisiweyo se-PCIe-enabled semiconductor-based components peripheral, kungoko igama elithi NVMe. Iinkampani ezingaphezu kwe-90 zibandakanyiwe kwiqela elisebenzayo ukuphuhlisa iprojekthi. Oku konke kwakusekwe kumsebenzi wokuchaza iNkcazelo yoMququzeleli weMemori engaguqukiyo (NVMHCIS). Iidrive zanamhlanje zeNVMe zikwazi ukuphatha malunga ne-3500 megabytes ngesekhondi yokufunda kunye ne-3300 yeemegabytes ngesekhondi yokubhala. Ukubhala i-j data byte esiqale ngayo kukhawuleza kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nemizuzu embalwa yenkumbulo yentambo yokuluka ngesandla ye-Apollo Guidance Computer.
Ngoku nakwixesha elizayo
Imemori yeKlasi yoGcino
Ngoku sihambe umva ngexesha (ha!), makhe sijonge imeko yangoku yeMemori yoKlasi lokuGcina. I-SCM, njenge-NVM, yomelele, kodwa i-SCM ikwabonelela ngokusebenza okuphezulu okanye okuthelekiseka kwimemori engundoqo, kwaye . Injongo ye-SCM kukusombulula ezinye zeengxaki zanamhlanje ze-cache, ezifana nememori yofikelelo esezantsi engatshintshiyo (i-SRAM) yoxinaniso. NgeMemori yeDynamic Random Access (DRAM), sinokufikelela ekuxinaniseni okungcono, kodwa oku kuza kwiindleko zofikelelo olucothayo. I-DRAM ikwanengxaki yesidingo samandla rhoqo okuhlaziya inkumbulo. Masiyiqonde oku kancinci. Amandla ayadingeka ngenxa yokuba intlawulo yombane kwi-capacitors iphuma kancane kancane, oku kuthetha ukuba ngaphandle kokungenelela, idatha kwi-chip iya kulahleka ngokukhawuleza. Ukuthintela ukuvuza okunjalo, i-DRAM idinga isekethe yokuvuselela imemori yangaphandle ephinda ibhale kwakhona idatha kwii-capacitors, ibuyisele kwintlawulo yayo yokuqala.
Imemori yokutshintsha isigaba (PCM)
Ngaphambili, sijonge indlela isigaba esitshintsha ngayo kwi-CD-RW. I-PCM iyafana. Izinto zokutshintsha isigaba ngokuqhelekileyo yi-Ge-Sb-Te, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-GST, enokubakho kwiindawo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo: i-amorphous kunye ne-crystalline. Isimo se-amorphous sinokuchasana okuphezulu, okuchaza i-0, kunesimo sekristalline, echaza i-1. Ngokunikezela ixabiso ledatha kwi-resistance resistances, i-PCM ingasetyenziselwa ukugcina amazwe amaninzi njengoko .
Spin-transfer torque kwimemori yofikelelo olungakhethiyo (STT-RAM)
I-STT-RAM ineeleya ezimbini ze-ferromagnetic, ezisisigxina ezinozibuthe ezahlulwe yi-dielectric, isigqubuthelo esinokuhambisa amandla ombane ngaphandle kokuqhuba. Igcina amasuntswana edatha esekelwe kumahluko kwiindlela zemagnethi. Omnye umaleko wemagnethi, obizwa ngokuba ngumaleko wereferensi, unomgca wemagnethi esisigxina, ngelixa elinye umaleko wemagnethi, obizwa ngokuba ngumaleko okhululekileyo, unolwalathiso lwemagnethi olulawulwa ngumbane odlulayo. Kwi-1, i-magnetization direction direction of the layers two ihambelana. Ku-0, omabini amacandelo anezalathiso zemagneti ezichaseneyo.
Inkumbulo yofikelelo olungakhethiyo oluxhathisayo (ReRAM)
Iseli ye-ReRAM inee-electrode ezimbini zetsimbi ezahlulwe ngumaleko we-oxide yesinyithi. Kancinane njengoyilo lwenkumbulo yeflash ye-Masuoka, apho ii-electron zigqobhoza kumaleko we-oxide kwaye zixinge kwisango elidadayo, okanye ngokuphendululekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, nge-ReRAM, imeko yeseli imiselwe ngokusekwe kugxininiso lweoksijini yasimahla kumaleko we-oxide yesinyithi.
Nangona ezi teknoloji zithembisa, zisenayo imiqobo. I-PCM kunye ne-STT-RAM zine-latency ephezulu yokubhala. Ukubambezeleka kwe-PCM kuphezulu ngokuphindwe kashumi kune-DRAM, ngelixa i-STT-RAM yokubambezeleka iphezulu ngokuphindwe kashumi kune-SRAM. I-PCM kunye ne-ReRAM inomda wokuba ukubhala kuyenzeka ixesha elingakanani ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke impazamo enkulu, oko kuthetha ukuba into yenkumbulo ibambekile. .
Ngo-Agasti 2015, i-Intel ibhengeze ukukhululwa kwe-Optane, imveliso esekwe kwi-3DXPoint. U-Optane ubanga amaxesha e-1000 ukusebenza kwe-NAND SSDs ngexabiso eliphindwe kane ukuya kahlanu ngaphezu kwememori ye-flash. I-Optane bubungqina bokuba i-SCM ingaphezulu nje kobugcisa bokulinga. Kuya kuba mnandi ukubukela ukuphuhliswa kobu buchwepheshe.
Iihard drives (HDD)
I-Helium HDD (HDD)
Idiski ye-helium yi-high-capacity hard disk drive (i-HDD) ezaliswe nge-helium kwaye itywinwe nge-hermetically ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa. Njengezinye ii-hard drives, njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, iyafana ne-turntable enepleyiti ejijwa ngomagnetic. Iidrive eziqinileyo eziqhelekileyo zinomoya ngaphakathi kumngxuma, kodwa lo moya ubangela ukuchasana njengoko iiplatters zijikeleza.
Iibhaluni ze-helium ziyadada kuba i-helium ikhaphukhaphu kunomoya. Enyanisweni, i-helium yi-1/7 yobuninzi bomoya, okunciphisa amandla okuqhawula njengoko iipleyiti zijikeleza, okubangela ukunciphisa umthamo wamandla afunekayo ukujikeleza iidiski. Nangona kunjalo, olu phawu lusesibini, uphawu oluphambili olwahlulayo lwe-helium yayikukuba ikuvumela ukuba upakishe ii-wafers ezisi-7 kwisimo esifanayo esinokuthi sibambe 5 kuphela. . Ngenxa yokuba i-helium inciphisa ukudonsa, i-turbulence iyapheliswa.
Siyazi kwakhona ukuba iibhaluni ze-helium ziqala ukutshona emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa ngenxa yokuba i-helium iphuma kuzo. Kunokuthiwa okufanayo malunga nezixhobo zokugcina. Kuthathe iminyaka ngaphambi kokuba abavelisi bakwazi ukwenza isikhongozeli esithintele i-helium ekubalekeni kwifom yefom kubo bonke ubomi bokuqhuba. I-Backblaze yenze iimvavanyo kwaye yafumanisa ukuba i-helium hard drives inezinga lemposiso yonyaka ye-1,03%, xa kuthelekiswa ne-1,06% yeedrive eziqhelekileyo. Kakade ke, lo mahluko umncinci kangangokuba umntu unokufikelela kwisigqibo esinzulu kuwo .
Ifom yefom ezaliswe yi-helium inokuqulatha i-hard drive efakwe kwi-PMR, esixoxe ngayo ngasentla, okanye i-microwave magnetic recording (MAMR) okanye i-heat-assisted magnetic record (HAMR). Nayiphi na iteknoloji yokugcina magnetic inokudibaniswa ne-helium endaweni yomoya. Kwi-2014, i-HGST idibanise iiteknoloji ezimbini zokusika kwi-hard drive ye-helium ye-10TB, eyayisebenzisa ukurekhoda kwemagnethi elawulwa ngumsingathi, okanye i-SMR (i-Shingled magnetic recording). Makhe sithethe kancinci nge-SMR kwaye emva koko sijonge i-MAMR kunye ne-HAMR.
ITekhnoloji yokuRekhoda kweTile yeMagnetic
Ngaphambili, sijonge ukurekhodwa kwamagnetic perpendicular (PMR), eyayingaphambi kwe-SMR. Ngokungafaniyo ne-PMR, i-SMR irekhoda iingoma ezintsha ezidlula kwindawo yengoma yamagnetic erekhodiweyo ngaphambili. Oku kwenza ukuba ingoma yangaphambili ibe mxinwa, ivumela ukuxinana kwengoma ephezulu. Igama letekhnoloji livela kwinto yokuba i-lap tracks ifana kakhulu neengoma zophahla lwethayile.
I-SMR iphumela kwinkqubo yokubhala entsonkothileyo ngakumbi, kuba ukubhala kwingoma enye kubhala ngaphezulu kwengoma esecaleni. Oku akwenzeki xa i-substrate yediski ingenanto kwaye idata ilandelelana. Kodwa ngokukhawuleza ukuba urekhode kuluhlu lweengoma esele ziqulethe idatha, idatha ekhoyo ekufutshane iyacinywa. Ukuba ingoma esecaleni iqulethe idatha, kufuneka ibhalwe kwakhona. Oku kuyafana nokukhanya kwe-NAND ebesithetha ngako ngaphambili.
Izixhobo ze-SMR zifihla obu bunzima ngokulawula i-firmware, okukhokelela kwi-interface efana nayo nayiphi na enye i-hard drive. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izixhobo ze-SMR ezilawulwa ngumsingathi, ngaphandle kokulungelelaniswa okukhethekileyo kwezicelo kunye neenkqubo zokusebenza, aziyi kuvumela ukusetyenziswa kwezi drives. Umamkeli kufuneka abhalele izixhobo ngokungqongqo ngokulandelelana. Ngexesha elifanayo, ukusebenza kwezixhobo kuqikelelwa kwi-100%. I-Seagate yaqala ukuthumela iidrive ze-SMR ngo-2013, ibanga i-25% ephezulu yoxinano. Uxinzelelo lwe-PMR.
Ukurekhodwa kwemagnethi yeMicrowave (MAMR)
I-Microwave-assisted magnetic recording (MAMR) yiteknoloji yememori yamagnetic esebenzisa amandla afana ne-HAMR (kuxoxwa ngokulandelayo) Inxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-MAMR yi-Spin Torque Oscillator (STO). I-STO ngokwayo ibekwe kufutshane nentloko yokurekhoda. Xa okwangoku isetyenziswe kwi-STO, intsimi ye-electromagnetic ejikelezayo kunye ne-frequency ye-20-40 GHz yenziwa ngenxa ye-polarization ye-electron spins.
Xa ibonakaliswe kumhlaba onjalo, i-resonance iyenzeka kwi-ferromagnet esetyenziselwa i-MAMR, ekhokelela ekulandeleni kwamaxesha omagnetic emimandla kule ndawo. Ngokusisiseko, umzuzu wamagnetic uyaphambuka kwi-axis yawo kwaye utshintshe indlela yayo (flip), intloko yokurekhoda idinga amandla amancinci kakhulu.
Ukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji ye-MAMR kwenza kube lula ukuthatha izinto ze-ferromagnetic ngamandla amakhulu okunyanzeliswa, okuthetha ukuba ubungakanani bemimandla yamagnetic bunokuncitshiswa ngaphandle koloyiko lokubangela isiphumo se-superparamagnetic. Ijeneretha ye-STO inceda ukunciphisa ubukhulu bentloko yokurekhoda, okwenza kube lula ukurekhoda ulwazi kwiinkalo ezincinci zamagnetic, kwaye ngoko kwandisa ubuninzi bokurekhoda.
I-Western Digital, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-WD, yazisa le teknoloji kwi-2017. Kungekudala emva koko, ngo-2018, uToshiba wayixhasa le teknoloji. Ngelixa i-WD kunye noToshiba belandela itekhnoloji ye-MAMR, i-Seagate ibheja kwi-HAMR.
Ukurekhoda kweThermomagnetic (HAMR)
Ukurekhodwa kwemagnethi encediswa ngubushushu (HAMR) bubuchwephesha bokugcina idatha yamagnetic obunokwandisa kakhulu inani ledatha enokugcinwa kwisixhobo samagnetic, esifana ne-hard drive, ngokusebenzisa ubushushu obubonelelwa ngelaser ukunceda ukubhala. idata kumphezulu hard drive substrates. Ukufudumeza kubangela ukuba amasuntswana edatha abekwe ngokusondelelana kakhulu kwi-disk substrate, okuvumela ukwanda koxinzelelo lwedatha kunye nomthamo.
Le teknoloji inzima kakhulu ukuyiphumeza. I-200 mW laser ngokukhawuleza indawo encinci ukuya kuthi ga kwi-400 ° C ngaphambi kokurekhoda, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa okanye ukonakalisa yonke idatha kwidiski. Ukufudumala, ukurekhoda kwedatha kunye nenkqubo yokupholisa kufuneka igqitywe ngaphantsi kwe-nanosecond. Ukujongana nale mingeni kufuna uphuhliso lwe-nanoscale surface plasmons, ekwaziwa ngokuba zii-laser-guided lasers, endaweni yokufudumeza ngokuthe ngqo kwelaser, kunye neentlobo ezintsha zeepleyiti zeglasi kunye neengubo zolawulo lwe-thermal ukumelana nokufudumeza okukhawulezileyo ngaphandle kokonakalisa intloko yokurekhoda okanye nayiphi na indawo ekufutshane. idatha, kunye neminye imingeni yobuchwephesha eyahlukeneyo ebifuna ukoyiswa.
Ngaphandle kweengxelo ezininzi ezithandabuzayo, i-Seagate yaqala ukubonisa le teknoloji ngo-2013. Iidiski zokuqala zaqala ukuthumela ngo-2018.
Ukuphela kwefilimu, yiya ekuqaleni!
Saqala ngo-1951 kwaye sagqiba inqaku ngokujonga kwikamva leteknoloji yokugcina. Ukugcinwa kwedatha kutshintshile kakhulu ngokuhamba kwexesha, ukusuka kwi-tape yephepha ukuya kwintsimbi kunye nemagnethi, imemori yentambo, iidiski ezijikelezayo, iidiski ezibonakalayo, imemori ye-flash kunye nabanye. Inkqubela phambili ibangele ukukhawuleza, ezincinci, kunye nezixhobo zokugcina ezinamandla.
Ukuba uthelekisa i-NVMe kunye ne-UNISERVO yensimbi ye-tape esuka kwi-1951, i-NVMe inokufunda i-486% ngaphezulu kwamadijithi ngesibini. Xa uthelekisa i-NVMe kwintando yam yobuntwana, i-Zip drives, i-NVMe inokufunda i-111% ngaphezulu kwamadijithi ngomzuzwana.
Ekuphela kwento ehlala iyinyani kukusetyenziswa kuka-0 kunye no-1. Iindlela esikwenza ngazo oku zahluka kakhulu. Ndiyathemba ukuba kwixesha elizayo xa utshisa i-CD-RW yeengoma zomhlobo okanye ugcina ividiyo yasekhaya kwi-Optical Disc Archive, ucinga malunga nendlela indawo engabonakaliyo eguqulela ngayo kwi-0 kunye nomphezulu obonakalisayo uguqulela kwi-1. Okanye ukuba urekhoda i-mixtape kwikhasethi, khumbula ukuba inxulumene kakhulu neDatasette esetyenziswe kwi-Commodore PET. Okokugqibela, ungalibali ukuba nobubele kwaye ubuyisele umva.
Спасибо и ngenxa ye-tidbits (andinakukunceda) kulo lonke inqaku!
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umthombo: www.habr.com