Abantu abanengqondo yobugcisa bazama ukufumana inkqubo kuyo yonke into. Xa ufunda isiNgesi, esifunwa kakhulu kwi-IT, abaninzi abaprogram bajongene nenyaniso yokuba abanako ukuqonda indlela olu lwimi kunye nenkqubo yalo esebenza ngayo.
"Ngubani onetyala?"
Yintoni ingxaki? Kubonakala ngathi umdwebi wenkqubo, osoloko ethetha iilwimi ezininzi ezicwangcisiweyo, okanye umlawuli wenkqubo, elawula ngokungazenzisiyo ezona nkqubo zintsonkothileyo, akanakuba nobunzima bokufunda ulwimi olulula njengesiNgesi.
Ngelishwa, kwindlela eyamkelekileyo yokufunda isiNgesi, ayizizo zonke izinto ezilula. Bafundisa ulwimi kwaye babhale iimanyuwali kubuntu ngengqondo eyahlukileyo kuneyeengcali zobugcisa. Ngokwesiqhelo, abaqulunqi beenkqubo kunye nezixhobo zokufunda isiNgesi kwimarike namhlanje banokwahlulwa babe ngamacandelo amabini:
- Iingcali zoluntu ezithetha isiRashiya ;
- Izithethi zomthonyama, abantu, iingcali .
Zombini ezi ndlela zokufundisa isiNgesi zineengenelo kunye nezingeloncedo zazo. Bahlanganiswe yinto eqhelekileyo: iindlela zakhiwe ukusuka kwizinto ukuya ngokubanzi, i.e. kwinkqubo ethi, amaxesha amaninzi kunokuba ingaphunyezwa ngokusebenza.
Xa uqala ukufunda ngesiseko salo mgaqo, umntu akanalo ingcamango ecacileyo yoluphi uhlobo lwenkqubo yolwimi aya kufunda ngayo. Ngexesha lenkqubo yokufunda, umfundi akanalo luvo lucacileyo lokuba leliphi icandelo lenkqubo ayiqeqeshayo ngoku, indlela into efundwa ngayo idityaniswe kwisikimu esipheleleyo, kwaye iya kuba phi kanye imfuneko. Ngokubanzi, akukho sakhiwo esiyimfuneko kwingcali yezobugcisa (kwaye kungekhona kuphela) ukuqeqesha ngokufanelekileyo isakhono.
Ababhali abathetha isiRashiya beencwadana ezisekelwe kumgaqo-nkqubo wokuguqulela igrama ngokoqobo bawuphumeza ekusebenziseni igrama echazayo, okanye echazayo, eqhutywa ziingcali zolwimi-thiyori, enonxulumano olungangqalanga kuphela noqheliselo lokuthetha. Nangona ukucaciswa okunzulu kwezinto zegrammatical ezahlula le ndlela, umphumo ofunyenweyo, njengomthetho, wehla kwizinto eziphuhliswe kakuhle zenkqubo, ezihlala zihlala kunye nomfundi kuphela ulwazi oluqhekezayo, aluqokelelwa kwinkqubo ebonakalayo yokuphila. ulwimi.
Indlela yokunxibelelana yehlela ekunkqayeni iipatheni zentetho, nto leyo, nayo engaboneleli ngobuchule bolwimi obunentsingiselo kwinqanaba lomdali wentetho. Kuba abaqulunqi bendlela yokunxibelelana zizithethi zomthonyama ngokwazo, banokunikela ngombono wabo wolwimi ngaphakathi, bengakwazi ukuyiveza, beyiqonda ngaphandle njengenkqubo echasene nenkqubo yolwimi. ulwimi lwenkobe yomfundi othetha isiRashiya.
Ngapha koko, izithethi zomthonyama azikrokreli nokuba abafundi babo abathetha isiRashiya bakwiparadigm yolwimi olwahluke ngokupheleleyo kwaye basebenza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zegrama. Ngoko ke, ngokumangalisayo, izithethi ezingathethi isiRashiya azikwazi ukuhambisa izithethi zaseRashiya zonke iinqununu zesiNgesi sazo.
Ingxaki yezikhova zehlabathi
Inkqubo yolwimi lwesiRashiya kunye nenkqubo yolwimi lwesiNgesi iyachasa nakwinqanaba lokuqonda. Umzekelo, udidi lwexesha kwisiNgesi lucingelwa ngokwahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo kunesiRashiya. Ezi ziigrama ezimbini ezakhelwe phezu kwemigaqo echaseneyo: IsiNgesi si ulwimi, ngelixa isiRashiya - .
Xa eqalisa ukufunda ulwimi ngaphandle kokuthathela ingqalelo eyona nto ibalulekileyo, umfundi uwela emgibeni. Ngokungagqibekanga, sizama ngokwemvelo ukukhangela inkqubo eqhelekileyo, ukuqonda kwethu kukholelwa ukuba ifunda ulwimi olufanayo nesiRashiya, kodwa isiNgesi kuphela. Yaye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba umfundi usifunda kangakanani na isiNgesi, uthi phithi, engazi, uyaqhubeka βetsalela isikhova sesiNgesi kwiglowubhu yaseRashiya.β Le nkqubo inokuthatha iminyaka okanye amashumi eminyaka.
"Kwenzeke ntoni?", Okanye Ukusasazwa kwingqondo
Unako ukwaphula ukuziqhelanisa nesiphelo ngokulula kakhulu ngaphakathi kwesakhelo se β", elungiselelwe iimpawu zeengcali zobugcisa ezithetha isiRashiya. Umbhali usombulula ubunzima obuchazwe ngasentla ngokwazisa izinto ezimbini ezingaqhelekanga ekufundiseni.
Okokuqala, ngaphambi kokuba aqalise ukufunda isiNgesi, umfundi uyawuqonda ngokucacileyo umahluko phakathi kwegrama yesiRashiya nesiNgesi, eqala ngolwimi lwakhe lwenkobe ukwahlula phakathi kwezi ndlela zimbini zokucinga.
Ngale ndlela, umfundi ufumana i-immunity ethembekileyo ekuweleni "kwi-bug" ye-intuitive "ukutsalela isiNgesi kwisiRashiya," esilibazisa inkqubo yokufunda ixesha elide, njengoko kuchazwe ngasentla.
Okwesibini, isakhelo senkqubo yengqiqo yolwimi lwesiNgesi ilayishwe engqondweni ngolwimi lwenkobe phambi kokuba kuqale ukufunda isiNgesi. Oko kukuthi, ukufunda kwakhiwe ukusuka ekulawuleni i-algorithm yegrama ngokubanzi ukuya ekusebenziseni izinto zayo ezithile. Ngaphaya koko, egcwalisa esi sikhokelo ngomxholo wesiNgesi, umfundi usebenzisa izakhiwo zegrama esele ziqhelekile kuye.
"Inguquko yaseRashiya", okanye iMimangaliso ye-Psycholinguistics
Zombini izigaba zifuna kuphela malunga neeyure ezili-10 zemfundo zeeklasi kunye notitshala okanye ixesha elithile lokufunda ngokuzimeleyo ngumfundi usebenzisa izinto ezifakwe kwindawo yoluntu. Utyalo-mali olunjalo lwangaphambili, ukongeza ekubeni yinkqubo enika umdla kumfundi, emele uhlobo lomdlalo wengqondo, igcina ixesha elininzi kunye nemithombo yemali, idala imeko-bume etofotofo yokulawula isakhono, kwaye inyusa kakhulu izakhono zomfundi. ubuwena.
Njengoko umkhuba wokusebenzisa le ndlela ubonisile, iingcali ze-IT ziyayilawula igrama yesiNgesi ingcono kwaye ikhawuleza kunabanye abafundi - i-algorithmic kunye ne-deterministic approach to grammar, ukulula kunye nengqiqo yenkqubo ihambelana ngokugqibeleleyo nezakhono zobuchwephesha.
Umbhali wabiza le nkqubo ye-academic hack "Indlela ye-12" emva kwenani leefom zexesha elisisiseko (okanye, kwintetho eqhelekileyo, "amashumi") ezenza isakhelo senkqubo yegrama yolwimi lwesiNgesi.
Kufuneka kukhankanywe ukuba obu buchule busetyenzisiweyo bukuphunyezwa okusebenzayo kwemigaqo yethiyori ye-psycholinguistics, equlunqwe ngoososayensi ababalaseleyo njengoN. Chomsky, L. Shcherba, P. Galperin.
umthombo: www.habr.com