Yintoni iSAP? Kutheni emhlabeni ixabisa i-163 lamawaka ezigidi zeerandi?
Rhoqo ngonyaka, iinkampani zichitha i-41 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwisoftware Icebo lonikezo lwezeshishini, eyaziwa ngesifinyezo ERP. Namhlanje, phantse lonke ishishini elikhulu liphumeze enye okanye enye inkqubo yeERP. Kodwa uninzi lweenkampani ezincinci azithengi iinkqubo zeERP, kwaye uninzi lwabaphuhlisi mhlawumbi abayibonanga isebenza. Ke kwabo bangekayisebenzisi iERP, umbuzo ngulo...yintoni emnandi? Inkampani efana ne-SAP ikwazi njani ukuthengisa i-25 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngonyaka kwi-ERP?
Kwaye yenzeka njani loo nto , kuquka i-78% yokutya okuhamba ngeenkqubo ze-SAP?
ERP kulapho iinkampani zigcina idatha engundoqo yokusebenza. Sithetha ngoqikelelo lwentengiso, ii-odolo zokuthenga, uluhlu lwempahla, kunye neenkqubo eziqaliswayo ngokusekelwe kuloo datha (efana nokuhlawula ababoneleli xa ii-odolo zifakiwe). Ngomqondo othile, i-ERP "yingqondo" yenkampani - igcina yonke idatha ebalulekileyo kunye nazo zonke izenzo ezibangelwa yile datha ekusebenzeni komsebenzi.
Kodwa ngaphambi kokuthatha ngokupheleleyo ilizwe leshishini lanamhlanje, le software yabakho njani? Imbali ye-ERP iqala ngomsebenzi onzima wokwenza imisebenzi yeofisi kwi-1960s. Ngaphambili, kwi-40 kunye ne-50s, kwakukho i-automation ye-blue-collar mechanical jobs-cinga i-General Motors, eyadala isebe layo lokuzenzekelayo kwi-1947. Kodwa i-automation ye-white-collar jobs (ngokuqhelekileyo ngoncedo lweekhompyutheni!) Yaqala nge-60s.
Ukuzenzekelayo kwe-60s: ukuvela kweekhompyutheni
Iinkqubo zokuqala zoshishino ukuba zenziwe ngokuzenzekela kusetyenziswa iikhompyutha ibiyi-payroll kunye ne-invoyisi. Ibikade isithi yonke imikhosi yabasebenzi baseofisini ibalwe ngesandla iiyure zabasebenzi ezincwadini, iphindaphindeke ngereyithi yeyure, emva koko ithabathe ngesandla irhafu, itsalwe intlawulo, njl.njl... konke nje ukubala umvuzo wenyanga enye! Le nkqubo inzima kakhulu, iphindaphinda impazamo yomntu, kodwa yayilungele ukwenziwa kwekhompyuter.
Ngeminyaka yee-60, iinkampani ezininzi zazisebenzisa iikhomputha ze-IBM ukwenza ukuhlawula kunye ne-invoyisi ngokuzenzekelayo. Ukusetyenzwa kwedatha lixesha eliphelelwe lixesha, apho kuhlala kuphela inkampani . Namhlanje sithi "IT" endaweni yoko. Ngelo xesha, ishishini lophuhliso lwesoftware lalingekabunjwa, ngoko ke amasebe e-IT ayehlala eqesha abahlalutyi kwaye ebafundisa indlela yokucwangcisa kwisiza. Isebe lokuqala leNzululwazi yeKhompyutha eUnited States lavulwa yiYunivesithi yasePurdue ngo-1962, kwaye umntu wokuqala ophumelele kwi-specialty yenzeke kwiminyaka embalwa kamva.
Ukubhala iinkqubo ezizenzekelayo / zokucwangcisa idatha kwi-60s yayingumsebenzi onzima ngenxa yokunciphisa imemori. Kwakungekho iilwimi ezikumgangatho ophezulu, akukho zinkqubo zokusebenza ezisemgangathweni, akukho khompyutha zomntu - kuphela ii-mainframes ezinkulu, ezibizayo kunye nememori encinci, apho iinkqubo zazihamba kwiireli ze-tape magnetic! Abacwangcisi benkqubo babehlala besebenza kwikhompyuter ebusuku xa isimahla. Kwakuqhelekile ukuba iinkampani ezinje ngeGeneral Motors zibhale ezazo iinkqubo zokusebenza ukuze zifumane uninzi lwazo eziziintloko.
Namhlanje siqhuba isoftware yesicelo kwiinkqubo ezininzi zokusebenza eziqhelekileyo, kodwa oku bekungenjalo de kwaba ngoo-1990. IN I-90% yayo yonke isoftware yabhalwa ukuba iodolwe, kwaye kuphela i-10% yathengiswa sele ilungile.
Le meko yachaphazela kakhulu indlela iinkampani eziphuhlise ngayo ubugcisa bazo. Abanye bacebise ukuba ikamva liza kuba yihardware esemgangathweni ene-OS esisigxina kunye nolwimi lwenkqubo, njenge kushishino lwezophapho (elisasetyenziswa nanamhla!) Uninzi lweenkampani ziqhubekile zisenza eyazo isoftware ezimeleyo ngokupheleleyo, ngokufuthi iphinda iqale ivili.
Ukuzalwa koMgangatho weSoftware: SAP Extensible Software
Ngo-1972, iinjineli ezintlanu zayishiya i-IBM ukuya kuthatha isivumelwano sesoftware kunye nefemu enkulu yeekhemikhali ebizwa ngokuba yi-ICI. Baseka inkampani entsha ebizwa ngokuba yi-SAP (Systemanalyse und Programmentwicklung okanye "uhlalutyo lweenkqubo kunye nophuhliso lweprogram"). Njengabaphuhlisi abaninzi besoftware ngelo xesha, babebandakanyeke ngokuyintloko ekubonisaneni. Abasebenzi be-SAP beza kwii-ofisi zabathengi kwaye baphuhlise isoftware kwiikhompyuter zabo, ngakumbi kulawulo lolungiselelo.
Ishishini belilungile: I-SAP yaphela unyaka wokuqala ngengeniso yamanqaku angama-620 amawaka, engaphezulu nje kwe-1 yezigidi zeedola kwiidola zanamhlanje. Kungekudala baqala ukuthengisa isoftware yabo kwabanye abathengi, beyihambisa kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza njengoko kufuneka. Kule minyaka mine ilandelayo, bafumana abathengi abangaphezu kwama-40, ingeniso ikhule ngokuphindwe kathandathu, kwaye inani labasebenzi linyuke ukusuka kwi-9 ukuya kuma-25. , kodwa ikamva leSAP lalibonakala liqaqambile.
Isoftware ye-SAP yayikhethekileyo ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi. Ngelo xesha, iinkqubo ezininzi zaziqhutywa ebusuku zize ziprinte iziphumo kwiikhasethi zephepha, owawuzijonga ngentsasa elandelayo. Kunoko, iinkqubo ze-SAP zasebenza ngexesha langempela, kwaye umphumo awuboniswanga kwiphepha, kodwa kwiimonitha (ngelo xesha zibiza malunga ne-$ 30 lamawaka).
Kodwa okona kubalulekileyo, isoftware ye-SAP yenzelwe ukwandiswa kwasekuqaleni. Kwikhontrakthi yokuqala kunye ne-ICI, i-SAP ayizange yakhe isofthiwe ukususela ekuqaleni, njengoko yayiqhelekile ngelo xesha, kodwa kunoko wabhala ikhowudi phezu kweprojekthi yangaphambili. Xa i-SAP ikhupha i-software yayo ye-accounting yezemali kwi-1974, ekuqaleni yayiceba ukubhala iimodyuli ezongezelelweyo zesoftware phezu kwayo kwixesha elizayo kwaye izithengise. Oku kwandiswa kuye kwaba yinto ecacileyo ye-SAP. Ngelo xesha, intsebenziswano phakathi kweemeko zabaxumi yayithathwa njengento entsha emandla. Iinkqubo zabhalwa ukusuka ekuqaleni kumxhasi ngamnye.
Ukubaluleka kokuhlanganiswa
Xa i-SAP yazisa imodyuli yayo yesibini yesoftware yokuvelisa ukongeza kwimodyuli yayo yokuqala yezemali, iimodyuli ezimbini zazikwazi ukunxibelelana ngokulula ngenxa yokuba zabelana ngedatha eqhelekileyo. Olu hlanganiso lwenze indibaniselwano yeemodyuli ixabiseke kakhulu kuneenkqubo ezimbini ngokwahlukeneyo.
Ngenxa yokuba isoftware izenzele iinkqubo ezithile zoshishino, impembelelo yayo ixhomekeke kakhulu ekufikeleleni kwidatha. Idatha yomyalelo wokuthenga igcinwe kwimodyuli yokuthengisa, idatha yoluhlu lwemveliso igcinwe kwimodyuli yokugcina impahla, njl. Kwaye ekubeni ezi nkqubo zingasebenzi, zifuna ukulungelelaniswa rhoqo, oko kukuthi, umqeshwa ukopishe idatha kwidatha enye ukuya kwenye. .
Isoftware edibeneyo isombulula le ngxaki ngokuququzelela unxibelelwano phakathi kweenkqubo zenkampani kunye nokuvumela iintlobo ezintsha zokuzenzekelayo. Olu hlobo lokudibanisa-phakathi kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zoshishino kunye nemithombo yedatha-yinto ephambili kwiinkqubo ze-ERP. Oku kuye kwabaluleke kakhulu njengoko i-hardware yavela, ivula amathuba amatsha okuzenzekelayo-kunye neenkqubo ze-ERP ziphumelele.
Isantya sokufikelela kulwazi kwisoftware edibeneyo ivumela iinkampani . I-Compaq, isebenzisa i-ERP, yazisa imodeli entsha βye-make-to-orderβ (oko kukuthi, ukwakha ikhompyutha kuphela emva kokuba kufunyenwe umyalelo ocacileyo). Lo mzekelo ugcina imali ngokunciphisa i-inventory, ukuthembela ekuguquleni ngokukhawuleza-kanye yintoni i-ERP enhle inceda ngayo. Xa i-IBM ilandela, yanciphisa ixesha lokuhanjiswa kwamacandelo ukusuka kwiintsuku ze-22 ukuya kwezintathu.
Ijongeka njani iERP
Amagama athi "isoftware yeshishini" ayidibanisi ne-fashionable and user-friendly interface, kwaye i-SAP ayinjalo. Ufakelo olusisiseko lwe-SAP luqulethe iitafile ze-20 zedatha, i-000 yazo iitafile zokucwangcisa. Ezi theyibhile ziqulathe malunga nama-3000 ezigqibo zoqwalaselo ekufuneka zenziwe phambi kokuba inkqubo iqalise ukusebenza. Kunjalo ngoba - lo ngumsebenzi wokwenene!
Ngaphandle kobunzima bokwenza ngokwezifiso, isoftware ye-SAP ERP ibonelela ngexabiso eliphambili - ukuhlanganiswa okubanzi phakathi kweenkqubo ezininzi zoshishino. Oku kudityaniswa kukhokelela kumawaka eemeko zokusetyenziswa kuwo wonke umbutho. I-SAP iququzelela ezi meko zokusetyenziswa zibe "ziintengiselwano," eziyizenzo zoshishino. Eminye imizekelo yentengiselwano ibandakanya "ukudala iodolo" kunye "nomboniso womthengi". Ezi ntengiselwano zicwangciswe ngendlela elungiselelwe uvimba weefayili. Ke, ukufumana iNtengiselwano yokuDala iNtengiso yokuThengisa, uya kwiLogistics directory, emva koko uThengise, emva koko u-Order, kwaye apho uya kufumana intengiselwano yokwenyani.
Ukubiza i-ERP ngokuthi "i-browser yentengiselwano" iya kuba yinkcazo echanekileyo ngokumangalisayo. Ifana kakhulu nesikhangeli, eneqhosha elingasemva, amaqhosha okwandisa, kunye nendawo yokubhaliweyo βye-TCodes,β elilingana nebha yedilesi yesikhangeli. I-SAP ixhasa , ngoko ukuzulazula kumthi wentengiselwano kunokuba nzima ngaphandle kwezi khowudi.
Ngaphandle kwenani elidizzy lolungelelwaniso kunye nentengiselwano ekhoyo, iinkampani zisajongene neemeko zokusetyenziswa ezikhethekileyo kwaye kufuneka zihlengahlengise ukusebenza kwazo. Ukujongana nokuhamba komsebenzi okhethekileyo, i-SAP inendawo eyakhelwe kuyo inkqubo. Nantsi indlela iqela ngalinye elisebenza ngayo:
Iinkcukacha
Kwi-interface ye-SAP, abaphuhlisi banokwenza iitafile zabo zedatha. Ezi zitheyibhile ezizalanayo ezifana noovimba beenkcukacha zeSQL eziqhelekileyo: iikholamu zeentlobo ngeentlobo, izitshixo zangaphandle, izithintelo zexabiso, kunye neemvume zokufunda/ukubhala.
Ingqiqo
I-SAP iphuhlise ulwimi olubizwa ngokuba yi-ABAP (iNkqubo yeSicelo soShishino oluPhezulu, ekuqaleni i-Allgemeiner Berichts-Aufbereitungs-Prozessor, isiJamani "yeprosesa yengxelo jikelele"). Ivumela abaphuhlisi ukuba baqhube ingqiqo yeshishini eliqhelekileyo ekuphenduleni iziganeko ezithile okanye kwishedyuli. I-ABAP lulwimi olutyebileyo lwe-syntax, malunga namagama angundoqo aphindwe kathathu njengeJavaScript (jonga ngezantsi). ). Xa ubhale inkqubo yakho (i-SAP inomhleli owakhelwe-ngaphakathi wenkqubo), uyipapasha njengentengiselwano yakho, kunye ne-TCode nganye. Unokwenza ngokwezifiso ukuziphatha okukhoyo usebenzisa inkqubo ebanzi yeekhonkco ezibizwa ngokuthi "i-add-ins yeshishini," apho inkqubo ilungiselelwe ukuba iqhube xa utshintshiselwano oluthile lwenzeka-efana ne-SQL ebangela.
UI
I-SAP iza nomyili wokwenza i-UI. Ixhasa i-drag-n-drop kwaye iza nezinto eziphathekayo ezifana neefom ezenziweyo ezisekelwe kwitafile yeDB. Nangona kunjalo, kunzima kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa. Eyona ndawo ndiyithandayo kumyili kukuzoba iikholamu zetafile:
Ubunzima bokuphunyezwa kweERP
I-ERP ayibizi. Umbutho omkhulu wezizwe ngezizwe unokuchitha ukusuka kwi-100 lezigidi zeedola ukuya kwi-500 yezigidi zeedola ekuphunyezweni, kubandakanywa i-30 yezigidi zeerandi kwimirhumo yelayisensi, i-$ 200 yezigidi ngeenkonzo zokubonisana, kunye nezinye kwii-hardware, uqeqesho lwabaphathi kunye nabasebenzi. Ukuphunyezwa ngokupheleleyo kuthatha iminyaka emine ukuya kwemithandathu. uthe: "Inzuzo yokukhuphisana kwishishini iya kunikwa inkampani enokwenza umsebenzi wokuphunyezwa kwe-SAP ngcono kwaye ngexabiso eliphantsi."
Kwaye akukho malunga nemali kuphela. Ukuphumeza iERP ngumzamo onobungozi kwaye iziphumo ziyohluka kakhulu. Enye yeemeko eziyimpumelelo kukuphunyezwa kwe-ERP eCisco, eyathatha iinyanga ezili-9 kunye nezigidi ze-15. Ukuthelekisa, ukuphunyezwa kwi-Dow Chemical Corporation kuxabisa i-1 yezigidigidi kwaye kuthatha iminyaka eyi-8. . Sele bakholelwa ukuba ukuphunyezwa kweenkqubo zeERP βkunethuba eliphakathi lokonakalisa ishishini.β Le yinto ongayiva rhoqo xa uvavanya isoftware!
Ubume obudibeneyo be-ERP buthetha ukuba ukuphunyezwa kwayo kufuna inzame yenkampani yonke. Kwaye kuba iinkampani zizuza kuphela emva koko yonke indawo ukuphunyezwa, oku kuyingozi ngakumbi! Ukuphumeza iERP ayisosigqibo nje sokuthenga: kukuzibophelela ekutshintsheni indlela olawula ngayo imisebenzi yakho. Ukufakela isoftware kulula, ukuphinda uhlengahlengise ukuhamba komsebenzi wenkampani kulapho umsebenzi wokwenyani ulele khona.
Ukuphumeza inkqubo ye-ERP, abathengi badla ngokuqesha inkampani yokubonisana efana ne-Accenture kwaye ibahlawule izigidi zeerandi ukuze basebenze kunye neeyunithi zeshishini ngalinye. Abahlalutyi bamisela indlela yokudibanisa i-ERP kwiinkqubo zenkampani. Kwaye xa udibaniso luqala, inkampani kufuneka iqalise ukuqeqesha bonke abasebenzi indlela yokusebenzisa inkqubo. Gartner ugcine i-17% yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali kuqeqesho kuphela!
Ngaphandle kwabo bonke ubunzima, iinkampani ezininzi ze-Fortune 500 ziye zasebenzisa iinkqubo ze-ERP ngo-1998, inkqubo ekhawulezileyo yi-Y2K scare. Imarike yeERP iyaqhubeka nokukhula namhlanje . Lelinye lawona macandelo makhulu kushishino lwesoftware yehlabathi.
Ishishini lale mihla le-ERP
Abadlali abakhulu yi-Oracle kunye ne-SAP. Nangona bobabini beziinkokeli zentengiso, iimveliso zabo ze-ERP zahluke ngokumangalisayo. Imveliso ye-SAP ubukhulu becala yakhiwe ngaphakathi endlwini, ngelixa i-Oracle yafumana abantu abakhuphisana nabo njengePeopleSoft kunye neNetSuite.
I-Oracle kunye ne-SAP zinamandla kangangokuba endaweni yemveliso yayo yeMicrosoft Dynamics ERP.
Ngenxa yokuba uninzi lwamashishini aneemfuno ezichanekileyo ze-ERP, i-Oracle kunye ne-SAP inesimo esakhelwe kwangaphambili kumashishini amaninzi anjengokutya, iimoto kunye neekhemikhali, kunye nokulungelelaniswa okuthe nkqo njengeenkqubo zokuthengisa. Nangona kunjalo, kuhlala kukho indawo yabadlali be-niche abathanda ukugxila ngokuthe nkqo ngokuthe ngqo:
- kwiiyunivesithi
- kunye noMcKesson banikezela ngeERP kwimibutho yezempilo
- kwimveliso kunye nolungiselelo
Ii-ERP ezithe nkqo zisebenza ngokudityaniswa kunye nokuhamba komsebenzi ngokuthe ngqo kwimakethi ekujoliswe kuyo: umzekelo, iERP yokhathalelo lwempilo. .
Nangona kunjalo, ubungcali ayisiyiyo kuphela ithuba lokufumana i-niche yakho kwimarike. Abanye abaqalisi bazama ukuzisa iiplatifti zesoftware zale mihla ukuthengisa. Umzekelo uya kuba : Inika ithuba lokudibanisa (kunye nee-ERP ezahlukeneyo!) Ngokubhalisa. I-Startups efana ne-Anaplan kunye ne-Zoho inikezela into efanayo.
Ngaba iERP iyenyuka?
I-SAP yenza kakuhle ngo-2019: ingeniso yayiyi-24,7 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kunyaka ophelileyo kwaye imali yayo yemarike ngoku . Kodwa isoftware yehlabathi ayisiyiyo le nto ibikade iyiyo. Xa i-SAP iqala ukuphuma, idatha yachithwa kwaye kunzima ukuyidibanisa, ngoko ukugcina yonke into kwi-SAP kubonakala ngathi yimpendulo ecacileyo.
Kodwa ngoku imeko iguquka ngokukhawuleza. Uninzi lwesoftware yeshishini yanamhlanje (umzekelo, i-Salesforce, iJira, njl.) ine-backend ene-APIs elungileyo yokuthumela ngaphandle idatha. Amachibi edatha ayakhiwa: umzekelo, iququzelela ukuthungelana koovimba beenkcukacha ebekungenakwenzeka kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo.
umthombo: www.habr.com