I-Censorship inxulumene kakhulu nezopolitiko. Ihlabathi lonyaka Inkululeko kwi-Intanethi ibonisa ngokucacileyo oku kuxhomekeka: iindawo apho amalungelo oluntu agxothwa khona ibhlokhi "engathandekiyo" imithombo okanye ukuthintela ukufikelela kwinethiwekhi yehlabathi.
I-13 kuphela kumazwe angama-65 abaphandi be-Freedom House abahlalutye ngo-2017 inkululeko yolwazi yabemi bayo. Uninzi lwabanye abasebenzisi be-Intanethi behlabathi banokufikelela kuphela kwimithombo evaliweyo besebenzisa iinkonzo zeVPN. Kubandakanya abahlali baseTshayina, apho kutshanje ukuzingela iiVPNs ezingenalayisenisi.
Umphuhlisi wangaphambili u-Ararat Martirosyan, ohlala e-China kwaye esebenza kude, usixelele malunga noko kwenzekayo ngeenkonzo ze-VPN zendawo kwaye apho, ngokombono wakhe, i-Intanethi ekhululekile. Sipapasha ibali lakhe apha.
Ixesha lexesha lezithintelo
Emuva ngo-2008, i-Youtube yayivaliwe e-China. Kunyaka kamva, kwafika ixesha le-Twitter, i-Facebook kunye neenkonzo zikaGoogle-iGoogle Amaxwebhu, iKhalenda yeGoogle, iGoogle Drive kunye neGoogle.com ngokwayo ivaliwe. Kwi-2014, ukufikelela kwi-Instagram kwabulawa. Inguqulelo esemthethweni yabasemagunyeni kukuba zonke ezi zixhobo zisasaza ulwazi olungafunekiyo kubemi baseTshayina, kodwa kukho enye inguqulelo.
Iprojekthi "Ikhaka legolide" (okanye iFirewall enkulu yaseTshayina), ehlunga umxholo "onobungozi" ngamagama angundoqo kunye nokuthintela ukufikelela kwiisayithi kuluhlu olumnyama lwendawo, lusebenza e-China ukususela kwi-2003. Iinethiwekhi zentlalo zaseNtshona azizange zibandakanywe kolu luhlu. Ngoko ke, abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba iibhloko ezinkulu ze-2008-2009 zanceda nje ukulwa nombuso phakathi kwe-Uighurs kwi-Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region kwintshona yelizwe. Ndicinga into enye: ngo-2009, uqhushululu lwanyanzeliswa ngamandla, kwaye ulwazi malunga nalo lwalufihlwe ngandlela zonke - akukho namajelo eendaba okanye abalwela amalungelo oluntu abakwazi ukubeka iliso ngokwaneleyo imeko. Kuyaziwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba i-Instagram ivaliwe ngenxa eHong Kong.
Unokujonga ukuba ngaba "i-Golden Shield" ikuvumela ukuba ulandele ikhonkco oyifunayo ukuyisebenzisa
Kunye "nabasasazi bomxholo ongafunwayo," ezinye izixhobo eziluncedo nazo zavalwa. Ngenxa yokuvalwa kweeseva kunye needilesi ze-IP, iisayithi ezinxibelelana neGoogle zayeka ukusebenza-umzekelo, iifonti zikaGoogle azizange zilayishe (ezifanayo. kunye naseRashiya). Iikholeji ezikwi-Intanethi kunye nomxholo nje owonwabisayo "ovela eNtshona" nazo zibandezelekile. Inyaniso enomdla: ngekhadi le-SIM ye-4G yaseTshayina, nakwelinye ilizwe awuyi kukwazi ukufikelela kwizibonelelo ezithintelweyo.
Kungelo xesha apho abantu baqonda ukuba ukuvalwa kuyafuneka kwaye kungagqitha. Ekuqaleni kwakukho iiproxi apho abasebenzisi banokunxibelelana nehlabathi langaphandle. Kodwa ngo-2012, urhulumente wafikelela kubo. Emva koko i-boom ye-VPN yaqala kwilizwe; iinkonzo ekudala zisebenza e-China namhlanje zinokumelana neNkongolo yeQela lamaKomanisi, nangona ngeli xesha lomsitho ubalulekileyo kwilizwe lonke. izithuthi zangaphandle, kwaye ubomi kuyo yonke indawo bume.
Ukhuseleko kunye nokwandiswa kweVPN
Khawucinge ukuba zonke izixhobo ozisebenzisayo ngoku zivaliwe. Ungasebenzisa kuphela ezo zingathintelwanga. Iinkampani zaseTshayina ze-IT zaqala ukukhula ngokukhawuleza, zisiza kunye nee-analogue zasekhaya zeenkonzo zaseNtshona: endaweni yeYouTube, endaweni ye-Twitter, endaweni kaGoogle, endaweni yezithunywa ezikhawulezayo (kwaye endaweni yezinye iinkqubo zokuhlawula). Izithintelo zincede i-China iqalise ngempumelelo imigaqo-nkqubo yokukhusela.
Nangona ubuninzi beenkonzo zaseTshayina kunye nezicelo, abaninzi abasebenzisi be-tech-savvy baye baqala ukufikelela kwi-Intanethi nge-VPN. Ezi yayiziinkonzo ezincinci nezingekho mthethweni ezazihlala zivaliwe. Yonke into yatshintsha xa ababoneleli be-Western VPN beza eChina kwi-2014-2015. Urhulumente wabayalela ukuba bafumane iphepha-mvume elikhethekileyo okanye balishiye elo lizwe.
Kuphela iiVPN zikarhulumente ezisemthethweni apha: ezo nkonzo zasekhaya zinikwe ilayisenisi ngabasemagunyeni kwaye zinokusetyenziswa ngamaqumrhu asemthethweni. Abantu ngabanye - oko kukuthi, abemi abaqhelekileyo - banokusebenzisa i-VPN enjalo, kodwa ngeenjongo zemfundo okanye zesayensi.
Ngokwemvelo, i-China yenze konke okusemandleni ukwenza i-VPN yasekhaya ifikeleleke ngakumbi kuneyangaphandle. Kwaye kwenzeka. Kukho iphakheji ethile ye-VPN enokusetyenziswa, kodwa ukufikelela kuyo umsebenzisi kuya kufuneka ahambe ngokubhaliswa ngokusemthethweni, oko kukuthi, ukulungelelanisa urhulumente umnqweno wakhe wokudlula ukuvalwa nokumnika idatha yakhe yobuqu. Ayibukeki kakhulu njengemigaqo yeVPN esiqhelene nayo sonke, akunjalo?
Kwisiganeko esaziwa ngokubanzi esihlekisayo, umdali weGolden Shield, ethetha nabafundi, kwafuneka asebenzise i-VPN ukufikelela kwiwebhusayithi yaseMzantsi Korea. Ngendlela, babhala ngale nto . Apha kufuneka uqonde ukuba ukusebenzisa nayiphi na (!) I-VPN e-China, ngokubanzi, ayinqatshelwe, kodwa ababoneleli abangenalayisenisi ngokwabo. ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka emi-6 entolongweni.
Uphawu lwemodeli yaseTshayina
Ubuqhetseba bemodeli yokulawula yaseTshayina kukuba yonke into ivaliwe ngokuvulekileyo. Indawo entsha ivaliwe? Oku kuya kubhengezwa ngokusemthethweni. Yonke into apha ilawulwa ngumthetho, ngoko ke iibhlokhi zibikwa kwangaphambili kumajelo eendaba.
Kumava am, amaTshayina akakhathali ngokuvimba. Abaphoswa nguFacebook okanye uTwitter. Uninzi lwabo alulwazi naluphi na ulwimi ngaphandle kwesiTshayina: kutheni bedinga iYouTube yolwimi lwesiNgesi ukuba banokubukela iividiyo zesiTshayina kuYouku? Ukongeza, uyilo lwaseTshayina kunye nengqiqo yonke yokwakhiwa kwewebhusayithi yahluke kakhulu kwinto abantu baseYurophu abaqhele ukuyenza.
Eyona nto iphambili yaseTshayina kukuba abasebenzisi bahlala benikwa enye indlela kwimithombo evaliweyo. Xa iTelegram yaqala ukuvalwa ngobuninzi eRashiya, akukho mntu wanikela nawuphi na omnye umthunywa ngokubuyisela. Akukho mntu wathi: “Bafo, senze eyethu iTelegram, elungiselelwe abantu baseRashiya.” Isiphukuphuku usebenzisa i-ICQ okanye iTamTam esuka kwi-Mail.ru ayibali.
Andixhasi ukuvimba, kodwa ukuba kukho into evaliweyo, kufuneka kuxhamle abemi: e-China, kwiminyaka eyi-3-4, iinkampani ze-IT ezazingenako ukukhuphisana neenkonzo zangaphandle ngoku zingena kwimarike enkulu. Urhulumente ubabonelela ngeenzuzo ezahlukeneyo kwaye uyabaxhasa ngandlela zonke. I-China yenze isangqa esincinci sezoqoqosho ngoncedo lwe-VPNs zomthetho kunye nolawulo lwendawo yewebhu ukuba iinkampani zasekhaya zazingenakho ukukhetha: ngoku zineemeko zonke zokukhula. Uninzi lwee-analogue zaseTshayina zeendawo zangaphandle zokubamba zipholile kakhulu kunezo zivaliweyo.
Kodwa kukwakho nezinto ezingeloncedo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuze uqalise iprojekthi yakho ye-intanethi, kufuneka ufumane eyodwa . Yonke iwebhusayithi ebhalisiweyo eTshayina kufuneka ibe nayo. Ikhutshwe liSebe lezoShishino kunye nobuChwepheshe boLwazi lweRiphabhlikhi yaBantu baseTshayina. Eli phepha-mvume likuvumela ukuba ubhalise isizinda, uqhagamshele kumncedisi, kwaye ubonise iwebhusayithi yakho kuthungelwano lwababoneleli. Le yinkqubo ende kwaye entsonkothileyo ngokusemthethweni.
Umfanekiso weskrini wephepha eliphambili leTshayina Google - Baidu. Inombolo yelayisensi kufuneka iboniswe kumazantsi ewebhusayithi nganye yaseTshayina
I-Intanethi yasimahla?
Bendise China ukusukela ngo-2013 kwaye ndingasebenza kuphela ukude ngenxa yeVPN. Ngaphambili, ngaphambi kokuba ndiqalise umsebenzi, ndavula iqela labaxumi abahlukeneyo abaneeprothokholi ezahlukeneyo, ndibalungiselele iiyure ezi-2-3 ngosuku, emva koko ndaphuma ngefolokhwe yenkonzo ehlawulwayo kwaye ndafumana phantse akukho ngxaki.
E-China, ndaqonda ngokukhawuleza ukuba i-intanethi yamahhala yayiyintsomi. Enyanisweni, ilizwe ngalinye kunye nommandla ngamnye une-firewall yayo: phantse yonke indawo inethiwekhi ilawulwa ngendlela enye okanye enye. Ukuba ndifikelela kwi-Intanethi kwiseva yaseRashiya, ndifumana izixhobo ezininzi ezivaliweyo eziya kuvuleka eKazakhstan engummelwane. Ukuba ndingena kwiseva yaseTaiwan, ke uninzi lweemiboniso bhanyabhanya ezikwi-intanethi kunye nemilambo aziyi kusebenza, njengase China. Ukuze uzive ukhululekile, kufuneka ukwazi isethi ethile yeeseva kwaye uqonde ukuba zeziphi izixhobo ezikhoyo kwilizwe elithile.
I-Intanethi evaliweyo sele iyinxalenye yehlabathi lethu. Ayisiyi-China kuphela, kodwa naseMzantsi Korea, kunye ne-Australia ethile ilawula indawo yabo yewebhu. EMzantsi Korea, nangona kunjalo, yonke into ihluke kancinci: akusiyo izibonelelo ezivaliweyo apho, kodwa izinto ngokwazo. Inethiwekhi yasimahla, kubonakala kum, ngoku iseJapan, e-Estonia, eLatvia, eJamani naseScandinavia.
Artem Kozlyuk, intloko yeprojekthi yeRosKomSvoboda, malunga nokuba nokwenzeka kwamava aseTshayina eRashiya:
Akunakwenzeka ukuphinda imodeli yokuthintela yaseTshayina eRashiya. Ngokweziseko nangokwembali, i-Intanethi kula mazwe yaphuhliswa ngokwahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. AmaTshayina aqala ukwakha "i-Golden Shield" emva kweminyaka engama-90, ukususela ekungeneni kwe-Intanethi kweli lizwe. ERashiya, kude kube yi-2012, i-Intanethi iphuhliswe kwimarike yamahhala, ngokomgaqo wokuzilawula. Enkosi koku, sinamawakawaka ababoneleli, i-Intanethi ekhawulezayo nengabizi kakhulu. Ewe, ukususela ngo-2012, yonke into yaqala ukutshintshela kulawulo olungqongqo lweshishini le-Intanethi: ababungazi kunye nabaqhubi be-telecom, abalamli bolwazi, iinkonzo. Kodwa uthintelo olupheleleyo alunakwenzeka ngenxa yezizathu ezinzulu zesakhiwo. Thatha, umzekelo, umkhosi waseTshayina wezigidi ezomeleleyo zeeblogi ezixhasa urhulumente, i-"5 Mao Party" (5 Mao = 50 kopecks: bathi iibloggers zihlawulwa imali efanayo ngombono omnye kwi-Weibo), ebeka esweni yonke into. Indawo ye-Intanethi. Ukusebenzisa ubukhulu obufanayo bempembelelo kwi-RuNet kunye nokwakha umatshini osebenzayo wokuhlola, iRashiya iya kufuneka ityale iibhiliyoni zeeruble. Kwaye ngoku abasekho.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, iRashiya inokuphumelela kwizinto ezithile zaseTshayina. Akunyanzelekanga ukuba ukhuphele ngaphezulu, kodwa fikelela kwiimbono ezifanayo. Sele ekwenza oku, kodwa i-VPN inceda ukudlula izithintelo. Kukwakho nemingxuma eTshayina, yaye ukuba umntu ufuna ukungena kwiindawo ezithile ze-Intanethi, uyayifumana. Kodwa apho urhulumente unika abemi indawo efanelekileyo yemithombo yangaphandle. Ngelo xesha, phantse zonke iinzame zaseRashiya zokudala iinkonzo ezifana nezaseNtshona zaziyintsilelo.
Bacinga ntoni abaphulaphuli bakaHabr malunga nokuphindaphindwa kwemeko yaseTshayina eRashiya? Ngokukodwa ngoku ukuba umthetho "kwi-Intanethi eyongamileyo" yamkelwe kwisifundo sokuqala. Ngaba kukho iiyantlukwano ezininzi kangaka phakathi kwethu?
umthombo: www.habr.com
