Kule nqaku siza kujonga umxholo we-elektroniki wezixhobo ezinjalo, umgaqo wokusebenza kunye nendlela yokucwangcisa. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ndifumene iinkcazo zeemveliso ezigqityiweyo zasefektri, zintle kakhulu, kwaye azibizi kakhulu. Kwimeko nayiphi na into, ngokukhangela ngokukhawuleza, amaxabiso aqala kwii-ruble ezingamawaka alishumi. Ndinikezela ngenkcazo yekhithi yaseTshayina yokuzihlanganisa kwi-1.5 lamawaka.
Okokuqala, kuyimfuneko ukucacisa ukuba yintoni kanye kanye eza kuxoxwa ngayo. Kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo ze-levitators zamagnetic, kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuphunyezwa okumangalisayo. Izinketho ezinjalo, xa iimagnethi ezisisigxina, ngenxa yeempawu zoyilo, zibekwe kunye nezibonda ezijongene nomnye, azinamdla nakubani na namhlanje, kodwa kukho iindlela zobuqili. Umzekelo oku:
Umgaqo wokusebenza uchazwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ukubeka ngokufutshane - kukho imagnethi esisigxina exhonywe kwintsimi yamagnetic ye-solenoid, ubuninzi obuxhomekeke kwisignali ye-sensor yeholo.
Ipali echaseneyo umazibuthe ayijiki ngenxa yento yokuba ixhonywe kwiglowubhu eyidummy, ethi ngokuphawulekayo itshintshe umbindi womxhuzulane ezantsi. Isekethe ye-elektroniki yesixhobo ilula kakhulu kwaye ifuna phantse akukho qwalaselo.
Kukho iinketho zokuphumeza iiprojekthi ezifanayo kwi-Arduino, kodwa oku kuluhlu "kutheni ukwenza kube lula xa kunokuba nzima."
Eli nqaku linikezelwe kolunye ukhetho, apho isitendi sisetyenziswa endaweni yokunqunyanyiswa:
Endaweni yeglowubhu, intyatyambo okanye enye into inokwenzeka, njengoko ingqikelelo yakho iyalela. Ukuveliswa kweethoyi ezinjalo kusekwe, kodwa amaxabiso awakholisi nabani na. Kubukhulu be-Ali Express ndiye ndadibana nala macandelo alandelayo:
ekuzaliswa kwe-elektroniki kwesitendi. Ixabiso elibuzwayo liyi-ruble eyi-1,5 lamawaka ukuba "indlela yomthengisi" ikhethiwe.
Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zonxibelelwano nomthengisi, , kunye nemiyalelo yokuseta ngesiTshayina. Eyona nto yandichukumisayo kukuba umthengisi unike ikhonkco kwividiyo apho ingcali ichaza yonke into ngokweenkcukacha, nangesiTshayina. Ngeli xesha, ulwakhiwo oludityanisiweyo lufuna uhlengahlengiso olunobuchule nolunzima; akukho ngqiqweni ukuyiqala βngokubhabha.β Yiyo loo nto ndigqibe ekubeni ndityebise iRuNet ngemiyalelo ngesiRashiya.
Ngoko, ukuze. Ibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo yenziwe kwindawo entle kakhulu; njengoko kwavela, yayinamaleko amane, okungafunekiyo ngokupheleleyo. Umgangatho womsebenzi ugqwesileyo kwaye yonke into ihlolwe isilika kwaye izotywe ngokweenkcukacha. Okokuqala, kulungele ngakumbi ukuthengisa izinzwa zeHolo, kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu ukuzibeka ngokuchanekileyo. Ifoto evaliweyo iqhotyoshelwe.
Umphezulu obuthathaka we-sensor kufuneka ube kwisiqingatha sokuphakama kwe-solenoids.
Inzwa yesithathu, egobileyo kunye neleta "G", inokuphakanyiswa kancinci. Isikhundla sayo, ngendlela, ayibalulekanga ngokukodwa - isebenza ngokuvula amandla ngokuzenzekelayo.
Ndiya kuncoma ukunyuswa kwe-solenoids ukwenzela ukuba izikhokelo ezivela ekuqaleni kokujikeleza ziphezulu. Ngale ndlela baya kuma ngokulinganayo, kwaye kukho umngcipheko omncinci wokujikeleza okufutshane. I-solenoids ezine zenza isikwere; kuyimfuneko ukudibanisa i-diagonals ngababini. Kwibhodi yam, enye idiagonal yayibhalwe X1,Y1, kwaye enye yayibhalwe X2,Y2.
Ayiyonyani into yokuba uya kufumana enye. Umgaqo ubalulekile: sithatha i-diagonal, sidibanise i-terminals yangaphakathi yeekhoyili kunye, kwaye udibanise ii-terminals zangaphandle kwisekethe. Amandla kazibuthe enziwe yiperi nganye yeekhoyili kufuneka achasane.
Iikholamu ezine zeemagnethi ezisisigxina kufuneka zixhonywe ukuze zonke zijongane kwicala elinye. Akunandaba nokuba ngumntla okanye umzantsi, kubalulekile ukuba ungahambelani.
Emva koko, sijongana ngokuzolileyo kunye namacandelo kwaye sinamathele ngokuhambelana nokuprintwa kwesikrini sesilika. I-tinning kunye ne-metallization zigqwesileyo, ukuthengisa ibhodi enjalo kuyonwabisa.
Ngoku lixesha lokuphonononga ukusebenza kwesekethe ye-elektroniki.
I-node J3 - U5A - Q5 ibekwe ngokwahlukileyo kancinci. I-Element J3 yinzwa yeHolo eyona inde kwaye inemilenze egobileyo. Oku akukho nto ngaphezu kokuba isixhobo esizenzekelayo sokutshintsha amandla. I-Sensor J3 ibona eyona nyani yobukho be-float ngaphezulu kwesakhiwo sonke. Siye sabeka ifloti kwacinywa umbane. Isusiwe - icinyiwe. Oku kunengqiqo kakhulu, kuba ngaphandle kwe-float ukusebenza kwesekethe kuba yinto engenantsingiselo.
Ukuba amandla awabonelelwanga, i-float iya kubambelela ngokuqinileyo kwesinye sezithuba zemagnethi. Nceda uqaphele: oku kulungile, kufanele kube njalo. I-float kufuneka ijikwe kweli cala. Iqala ukutyhala kuphela xa ingqongqo kumbindi wesakhiwo. Kodwa ngelixa i-electronics ingasebenzi, ngokuqinisekileyo iwela kwenye yee-vertices zesikwere.
Umlawuli uyilwe ngolu hlobo: iihafu ezimbini ze-symmetrical, i-amplifiers ezimbini ezihlukeneyo, nganye ifumana isibonakaliso kwi-sensor yeHolo yayo kwaye ilawula i-H-bridge, umthwalo wayo i-solenoids.
Enye ye-amplifiers ye-LM324, umzekelo, i-U1D, ifumana umqondiso kwi-sensor J1, ezinye ezimbini, i-U1B kunye ne-U1C, zisebenza njengabaqhubi be-H-bridge eyenziwe yi-transistors Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4. Ngethuba nje i-float isembindini wesikwere, i-amplifier ye-U1D kufuneka ilinganise kwaye zombini iingalo ze-H-bridge zivaliwe. Ngokukhawuleza ukuba i-float isiya kwenye ye-solenoids, umqondiso ovela kwi-sensor J1 uyatshintsha, esinye isiqingatha se-H-bridge siyavula, kwaye i-solenoids yenza ukuba imimandla yemagnethi ichasene. Lowo ukufutshane kwindawo edadayo kufuneka ayityhale. kwaye yiyiphi enye eqhubekayo - ngokuchaseneyo, nomtsalane. Ngenxa yoko, idada libuyela emva apho livela khona. Ukuba i-float ibhabha kakhulu, enye ingalo yebhulorho ye-H iya kuvuleka, i-polarity yonikezelo lwamandla kwipere ye-solenoids iya kutshintsha, kwaye i-float iya kuphinda ihambe iye embindini.
I-diagonal yesibini kwi-transistors Q6, Q7, Q8, Q9 isebenza ngendlela efanayo. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukuba ungcolisa isigaba se-coil okanye ukufakwa kwee-sensor, yonke into iya kuba iphosakele ngokupheleleyo kwaye isixhobo asiyi kusebenza.
Kodwa ngubani okuthintelayo ekuhlanganiseni yonke into ngokuchanekileyo?
Ngoku siyiqonda isekethe ye-elektroniki, umba woqwalaselo uye wacaca ngakumbi.
Kuyimfuneko ukulungisa i-float kwiziko, kwaye ufake i-potentiometers i-R10 kunye ne-R22 ukwenzela ukuba zombini iingalo zombini iibhulorho ze-H zivaliwe. Kulungile, masithi, "lungisa" - Ndithathekile, unokubamba i-float ngezandla zakho, ngokuchanekileyo, ngesandla esinye, kwaye ngesinye isandla ujije izichasi ezimbini zokujika ezininzi. Njengoko kwavela, ezi zixhasi zi-multi-turn ngenxa yesizathu - ngokoqobo isiqingatha sokujika kwenye yazo, kwaye isilungiselelo silahlekile. Apho izandla zam zivela khona kuyimfihlo, kodwa ngokuchukumisa andikwazanga ukubona utshintsho kwindlela yokuziphatha ye-float ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo yesilayidi se-potentiometer. Ndinobuganga bokucebisa ukuba umphuhlisi wafumana ubunzima obufanayo, kwaye ke ngoko wanikezela ngeejumpi ezimbini ezinje ebhodini.
Ngaba ubona izitsibi ezibini phezulu ekhohlo nasekunene? Baphula isiphaluka phakathi kwesibini se-solenoids kunye ne-H-bridge. Inzuzo kubo iphindwe kabini: ngokususa enye ye-jumpers, unokucima ngokupheleleyo enye ye-diagonals, kwaye ngokuvula i-ammeter esikhundleni somnye, unokubona imeko ye-H-bridge yenye i-diagonal.
Njengokuhlanjululwa kweengoma, ndiphawula ukuba ukuba iibhulorho ze-H kuzo zombini i-diagonals zivuleleke ngokupheleleyo, ukusetyenziswa kwangoku kunokufikelela kwii-amperes ezintathu. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, kuya kuba nzima kakhulu ukuba i-transistor Q5 ihlale iphila. Ngethamsanqa, inokumelana nomthwalo onjalo ixesha elifutshane, kodwa kufuneka ujike izichasi ezimbini zokujika ezininzi, kwaye awukwazi kwangaphambili apho.
Ke ngokuseta kwangaphambili, ndincoma kakhulu ukukhenkceza ngediagonal nganye ngokwahlukileyo: cima eyesibini ngejumper ukuze iQ5 ingatshayi.
Ekubeni ikhoyo ngoku edlula kwi-solenoids inokutshintsha indlela, amaTshayina aneammeters apho inaliti ime ngokuthe nkqo embindini wesikali. Kwaye ke ngoko baziva belungile kwaye bekhululekile: bakhupha i-jumpers, bancamathele i-ammeters kwizithuba, kwaye bajike ngokuzolileyo abaxhathisi de iintolo ziye ku-zero.
Kwafuneka ndishiye i-jumper enye ivulekile, kwaye ndifake kwelinye ikhefu i-Soviet tester endala kwimodi ye-ammeter kunye nomda wokulinganisa we-10 amperes. Ukuba umsinga ujike waba ngokuchaseneyo, umvavanyi uye waphuma waya ekhohlo, kwaye ngomonde ndajika isikrufu de umvavanyi wabuyela ku-zero. Le yayikuphela kwendlela yokwenza uhlengahlengiso lokuqala. Emva koko kwakunokwenzeka ukuvula zombini i-diagonals kwaye ulungelelanise ukulungiswa, ukufezekisa ukuzinza okukhulu kwe-float. Ungalawula kwakhona itotali yangoku esetyenziswa sisixhobo: incinci. kokukhona ichaneka ngakumbi isicwangciso.
Ngaphandle komkhwa, ndaprinta i-Levitron case kwiprinta ye-3D. Akuzange kube kuhle njengento yokudlala egqityiweyo yamawaka alishumi, kodwa ndandinomdla kumgaqo wobugcisa, kungekhona i-aesthetics.
umthombo: www.habr.com