NgoJanuwari 14, usuku lokuqala loNyaka oMtsha omdala we-2017, inqaku elithi "».
1987 unyaka
Emva kokuyifunda, eyavuselela iimvakalelo ezininzi, kwathi qatha unyaka we-1987, ngendlela yawo unyaka obalulekileyo ebomini bam. Lo ngunyaka apho mna, kumphandi oqhelekileyo ophantsi, ndaba yintloko yelinye lamasebe akhokelayo kwiziko lophando, elalinikwe uxanduva lokuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yophando lwezenzululwazi iyazenzekela.
Kwaye ke, iminyaka eyi-30 edlulileyo, ngoku emva kwe-1987, u-Andrew Tanenbaum wabhala i-Unix-compatible operating system Minix njengencwadi yencwadi yakhe ethi "Operating Systems: Design and Implementation" (1987, ISBN 0-13-637406-9) . Imigca ye-12000 edibeneyo yekhowudi yomthombo, ebhalwe ngokuyinhloko ngolwimi lweprogram ye-C, ye-Minix kernel, i-subsystem yolawulo lwememori, kunye nenkqubo yefayile yashicilelwa kwincwadi. U-Andrew Tanenbaum uphuhlise i-Minix OS ye-IBM PC kunye ne-IBM PC / AT iikhomputha ezikhoyo ngelo xesha. Ngeli xesha, iikhompyuter zobuqu ezihambelana ne-IBM PC zaqala ukubonakala kwilizwe lethu kunye ne-ES-1845, eyathi, njengoko yavela kamva, yaqhuba ngempumelelo iMinix OS.
Kwangowe-1987, ndaqalisa ukubhala ikholamu ethi “INJINI NECOMPUTER” kwiphephancwadi elithi “Technology and Science”. Impapasho yokuqala kweli candelo yayilinqaku elikwiNombolo yesi-7 yephephancwadi elithi “" Kwaye eli nqaku lithi ziinkqubo zokusebenza ezikuvumela ukuba utshintshele "kuwe" kwikhompyuter.
Kodwa sele kushicilelo olulandelayo lwephephancwadi kwapapashwa inqaku elinesihloko esithi "Intshayelelo yenkqubo yokusebenza ye-UNIX":
Ngeli xesha, iUnited States yabeka phambili iStrategic Defense Initiative (SDI), kunye ne-USSR yavelisa inkqubo ye-Anti-SDI.
Ukulinganisa ukuma
Njengenxalenye yale nkqubo, kwakucwangciswe ukudala i-standing modeling stand (SIM) kunye nenkqubo yophando oluncediswa yikhompyutheni (i-CADR), eya kuvumela kuphela ukulinganisa imiphumo yokuphunyezwa kwe-SOI, kodwa nokubeka phambili. iimfuno zeenkqubo ezithi zithintele ezi ziphumo. Isiseko sobugcisa be-SIM/SAIPR yayiza kuba yinethiwekhi yekhompyutha enamandla edibanisa uthungelwano lwekhompyutha lwasekuhlaleni lwamasebe enzululwazi:
Uthungelwano bekufanele lubandakanye iikhomputha ezinkulu ze-ES, uhlobo lwe-ES-1066, kunye neekhompyutha zomntu malunga namaqhekeza angama-200. Kodwa okona kubalulekileyo, ezi khomputha bekufanele ukuba zifake i-UNIX-ehambelanayo ne-OS EC. Kwaye ukuba akukho ngxaki ngoomatshini abakhulu kwaye i-OS MOS EC ifakwe kubo, ngoko bekukho iingxaki ngokuyifaka kwiikhomputha ezifana ne-ES-1840, kuba i-hard drive yayifuneka, kwaye ukukhululwa kwe-OS kwalibaziseka. Kwaye ukuhanjiswa kweekhompyuter zobuqu kwakungumcimbi onzima kakhulu. Babeswele kakhulu. Banokufunyanwa kuphela ngeSigqibo seKomiti ePhakathi ye-CPSU kunye neBhunga labaPhathiswa be-USSR, emva kokuvuma konke oku kunye namasebe anomdla, njengeKomiti yoCwangciso kaRhulumente ye-USSR (ngoku eyiNdibano ye-Federal ye-Russian Assembly). I-Federation ibekwe kwisakhiwo sayo), iKomiti yeSizwe ye-VTI (iKomiti kaRhulumente kwiNjineli yeKhompyutha kunye ne-Informatics, iKomiti ye-USSR State kwi-teknoloji yekhompyutha, eyasungulwa ngo-Aprili 1986) kunye nabanye abaninzi.
Isiganeko esihlekisayo senzeke xa kuvunyelwana ngesicwangciso sokubonelela ngezixhobo zekhompyutha kwiQela le-VTI.
Beza kuwe
Safika apho sobathathu - mna ndiphethe irenki enkulu, ndinxibe iibhutsi ze-chrome, ndiphethe umpu okwi holster kwibhanti yam, kunye nesutikheyisi evaliweyo ezandleni zam. Hayi, yayingeyona ityesi yenyukliya, yayiqulethe idrafti yeSigqibo seBhunga laBaphathiswa be-USSR No. intloko yeziko, uLieutenant General Volkov L.I.) Major General Bordyukov M.M. kunye neKoloneli yokwenyani Boyarsky A.G. Sathi xa sisiya kwigumbi lokwamkela iindwendwe likaSihlalo, sachukunyiswa zizinto ezimbini—unobhala omhle kakhulu oblowundi kunye neebhokisi zikaPC Olivetty ezazifumbethe ukudideka kuyo yonke indawo yokwamkela iindwendwe. Yayiliphupha elingalawulekiyo ukuba ubuncinane neekhompyutha ezinjalo kweli ziko.
Kumbuzo wethu wokuba singakwazi kusini na ukuya kuSihlalo, unobhala waphendula wathi akakafiki, kodwa ufanele afike nangawuphi na umzuzu aze athembise ukulinda. Emva kwexesha elithile, uSihlalo kunye nomncedisi wakhe bayavela. Kumbuzo othe cwaka kaSihlalo, unobhala waphendula ngokunyanisekileyo: - "Ixhomekeke kuwe!". Uthe chuu engena eofisini, simlandele.
Yaye xa yafumanisa into esasize ngayo sonke, safumana utyobelo lwakhe ngaphandle kwemibuzo engakumbi. Ngelo xesha, ezi yayizizixhobo ezinkulu - iikhomputha ezinkulu ezinesiqingatha, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-ES-1066, kunye ne-200 ES-1841/45 iiPC, phantse yonke imveliso yonyaka yeekhompyuter kwi-USSR. Kwaye kufuneka ndithi, nangona kulibaziseka, sifumene ezi khompyutha:
Hamba!
Kodwa kwakukho eminye imizekelo. Kwakuyimfuneko ukufumana i-visa kwiSekela likaMongameli wezoNxibelelwano lwe-USSR.
Esi sikhundla sabanjwa ngelo xesha nguLieutenant General Kirill Nikolaevich Trofimov, umthathi-nxaxheba kwiMfazwe Enkulu yePatriotic, iHero ye-Socialist Labor. Kwidinga kunye noTrofimov K.N. Ndafika, njengesiqhelo, ndikhatshwa “nomsebenzi” jikelele. Trofimov K.N. wandimemela etafileni kwaye saxoxa ixesha elide ngeengxaki ze-automation, ukuxhobisa amaziko oMmandla waseMoscow ngezixhobo zekhompyutha. Umbuzo ophambili kukuba kutheni kufuneka kubekho izinto ozikhethayo. Kodwa ekugqibeleni wathi: “Ndinike amaphepha akho, ndiza kuwatyobela.” Kodwa ngelixa ndibakhupha, ilizwi "lomsebenzi" jikelele (andiyi kunika igama lakhe lokugqibela) lavakala: "Kutheni ungaqondi ukubaluleka okupheleleyo ...". Kwaye oku kwathiwa ku-K.N. Trofimov ... ndandindisholo. Yaye ngesizathu esivakalayo. UNjengele Trofimov K.N. wathi cwaka wema ngeenyawo, wathatha ifolda enamaphepha ethu waza wayijula ngakwicala lokuphuma: “Phuma apha!” Kodwa konke kulungile oko kuphetha kakuhle. Ndaphinda ndazombona, ndacela uxolo yafunyanwa ne visa. Ngelishwa, lo mkhosi uhlonitshwa kakhulu wasweleka esemsebenzini ngo-Oktobha 19, 1987 kwingozi yenqwelomoya kwinqwelomoya eyiMi-8 eHungary.
USihlalo wokuqala weKomishoni yobuGcisa kaRhulumente yaseRashiya / iFSTEC yaseRashiya
Ngaxeshanye nolungelelwaniso lwezicwangciso zobonelelo lwezixhobo zekhompyutha, uphuhliso kunye nokuvunywa kweeNgcaciso zobuGcisa kuyilo lokuyilwa kweSIM/CAIPR kwakuqhubeka. Iziko le-Technical Cybernetics ye-Academy of Sciences ye-BSSR, umlawuli u-Semenkov O.I., wakhethwa njengekontraki ekhokelayo. Ngendlela, ngexesha elinye i-Institute of Cybernetics ye-Ukrainian SSR Academy yeSayensi nayo yaqwalaselwa. Kodwa ukhetho lwalusanikezelwa kwi-ITK ye-BSSR Academy yeSayensi. Kwaye ekupheleni kuka-1986, iinkcukacha zobugcisa sele zilungile, konke okwakusele kukufumana i-visa kuSekela-Mphathi oyiNtloko, uColonel-General Yu.A. Yashin, kwaye ayivume kuMongameli we-Academy of Academy. IiSayensi zeBSSR, i-Academician ye-USSR Academy yeSayensi N.A. Borisevich. kunye noMthetheli-mkhosi. Emva koko, phakamisa imikhono yakho kwaye ugqibezele umsebenzi owunikiweyo. Kwaye ke phakathi kuDisemba ndafumanisa ukuba uNjengele Yu.A. Yashin wafika kwiziko. Ndibamba isutikheyisi kunye nedrafti yenkcazo yobugcisa kwaye ndileqe phantsi izitepsi ezisecaleni ukuya kwindawo yolwamkelo lwentloko yeziko. Kwaye kwizinyuko ndidibana nentloko yeziko kunye noGeneral Yashin Yu.A. Ngaphandle kokuthandabuza, ndicela imvume kuYu.A. Yashin. qhagamshelana nentloko yeziko. Wamangaliswa, kodwa wayivumela. Ndachaza kwintloko yeziko ukuba siphelelwa lixesha kwaye sifuna ukufumana i-visa evela eYu.A. Yashin. Kwaye khangela kwaye qaphela, le visa yafunyanwa kanye apho kwinqwelo-moya yezinyuko.
NgoJanuwari 1992, uYashin Yu.A. uba nguSihlalo obambeleyo, kwaye ngoJanuwari 18, 1993 wamiselwa njengoSihlalo weKomishoni yobuGcisa ehlengahlengisiweyo phantsi koMongameli weRussian Federation, indima kunye nobume bawo banda kakhulu (uSihlalo weKomishoni wayelingana noMphathiswa). Ukusuka kumbutho wezomkhosi okhethekileyo, iKomishoni yezobuGcisa kaRhulumente yaba liqumrhu elijongene nokhuseleko lolwazi. Okwangoku, iKomishoni yezobuGcisa kaRhulumente yaseRashiya iye yaguqulwa yaba yiNkonzo ye-Federal for Technical and Export Control (FSTEC yaseRashiya). Kwaye ngoFebruwari 4, 2002, umkhonzi wakho othobekileyo wawongwa iwotshi yobuqu kaSihlalo weKomishoni yobuGcisa kaRhulumente yaseRashiya phantsi koMongameli weRussian Federation.
Ngaphandle kweefestile kunye neengcango
Yonke into eseleyo yayilinyathelo lokugqibela - ukuvuma uMongameli we-Academy of Sciences ye-BSSR, i-Academician ye-Academy of Sciences ye-USSR N.A. Borisevich. Kwaye iintsuku ezine ngaphambi koNyaka omtsha we-1987, ngokuvumelana nomlawuli we-ITK ye-Academy of Sciences ye-BSSR, uSemenkov O.I. Ndiza kwiHero City Minsk. Ndidibana no-O.I. Semenkov. kwaye nceda ucacise xa siya kuMongameli we-Academy of Sciences ye-BSSR. Kwaye ke izinto ezingaqhelekanga ziqala, bathi uxakeke, emva koko baqala ukumphatha kwi-caramel pillows kwi-ration yomlawuli, njl. iinkcukacha zobugcisa. Ngokukodwa, ngokukhawuleza bathi abafuni ukusebenzisa i-OS ehambelana ne-Unix. Ndaqonda ukuba kufuneka ndibuyele eMoscow. Ndaye ndayenza. Kwaye xa ndifika emsebenzini ngosuku olulandelayo, sele befowunele bevela eMinsk, bacela uxolo kwaye bandicela ukuba ndize ndisayine imimiselo yokubhekisela. Ngokuhlwa ndandisele ndikhwele kuloliwe. Kwiqonga, umlawuli ngokwakhe wadibana nam kwiVolga kwaye sakhawuleza saya kubona uMongameli.
Singene eOfisini kaPresident, sahlala etafileni, ndithe xa ndijonga ngasemva kumnyango ebesingena ngawo, ndafika kungekho: bekukho iishelfu ezineencwadi macala onke.
Ndaqonda ukuba ndingahamba kuphela apha ndine-technical specication evunyiweyo. Sathetha iyure enesiqingatha, sixoxa ngamathemba eteknoloji yekhompyutha yasekhaya (okanye njengoko ifashini ngoku ukuthetha malunga nokungeniswa endaweni), emva koko kunye neenkcukacha zobugcisa ezisayiniweyo ndaya kwisikhululo. Bendibhiyozela unyaka omtsha ekhaya.
Abasebenzi bagqiba yonke into
Kwaye ke, ukuze uqeqeshe abasebenzi, ufundise aba basebenzi ukuba basebenze kwiinkqubo ze-Unix (kwaye wonke umntu ngaphambi kokuba usebenze kwi-EU OS), ufundise ulwimi lweC (kwaye wonke umntu ngaphambi kokuba asebenzise i-PL / 1, Fortran, Pascal), i-Unix -efana nenkqubo yokusebenza ibifuneka ngokungxamisekileyo . Kwaye uAndrew Tanenbaum wasinika yona. Kwaye konke oku, njengakwintsomi, kwenzeka ngo-1987, kwaye wayesebenzela i-EU-1840!
Kodwa bekufuneka songeze into, sitshintshe into kuyo. Ukukwazi ukuqalisa ukusuka kwi-hard drive yongezwa, i-alfabhethi yesiCyrillic yongezwa, kodwa eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwimbono yomsebenzisi ophakathi yayiluphuhliso lomsebenzisi iliso elifanayo kwizakhono kwinkqubo. kwi-MS-DOS, usebenzisa ulandelelwano lokubaleka.
Ngeli xesha, sele ibandakanya abaqhubi bokutshintshiselana kwedatha nge-COM port phakathi kweePC kunye neMinix / MINOS.
Kwi-1991, kwi-All-Union Scientific and Practical Conference e-Gomel, ingxelo yenziwe "kwi-Mobile instrumental operating system MINOS":
Orlov V.N., eMoscow
Inkqubo yokusebenza yesixhobo esiphathwayo MINOS
Inkqubo ye-MINOS yinkqubo yokusebenza ye-UNIX-class ephuhliswe ngokwesiseko senguqulo 7. Inkqubo yenzelwe ukusetyenziswa kwiiyunivesithi ukuqeqesha abadwelisi benkqubo kuyilo lweenkqubo zesoftware ezintsonkothileyo.
Iimpawu ezahlukileyo zenkqubo:
- Ukusebenza kwi-EC 184x PC (kubandakanywa ne-EC 1840 PC ngokungabikho kwe-hard drive), i-PC AT-286, i-PC AT 386 kunye neePC ezihambelanayo;
- Inkqubo isebenza kuzo zombini iikhowudi eziziiprayimari nezizezinye;
- Ukusebenza kwesistim ngeefloppy disks ze-360 KB, 720 KB kunye ne-1.2 MB;
- Ukulungiswa kwezitshixo zomsebenzi kwinqanaba le-kernel yenkqubo, eyenza ukuba ifumaneke nanini na, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zeziphi iinkqubo ezisebenzayo kwinkqubo;
- Ukuba uyanqweneleka, ukuqhubekekiswa kwekernel yezitshixo zokusebenza kunokucinywa;
- Ukukwazi ukuphinda uqwalasele izitshixo zomsebenzi;
- Ukuzalisekiswa kwenkqubo yeRendezvous kwinkqubo;
- Ukuphunyezwa kwisistim, ukongeza kwitoliki yomyalelo weqokobhe, yomsebenzisi esweni efanayo kwizakhono kwinkqubo ye-NORTON kwi-MS-DOS;
- Ubukho bolawulo lomyalelo olwakhelwe ngaphakathi kwisixokelelwano.
Inkqubo isebenzisa imiyalelo engaphezulu kwe-70, kuquka abahleli besicatshulwa kunye ne-hexadecimal, imiyalelo yokusebenza kunye nenkqubo yefayile ye-MS-DOS, i-archiver yetar ekuvumela ukuba utshintshise iifayile kunye nezinye iinkqubo zohlobo lwe-UNIX, i-format yombhalo, njl.
Inkqubo inezihlanganisi ze-C, i-Assembler, kunye ne-TWINDOW package.
Ingundoqo yenkqubo yi-90 KB, umthamo opheleleyo wenkqubo malunga neengxelo ze-20000 kwiilwimi zeC kunye neNdibano.
Isistim ibonelelwa ngeefloppy disks ezi-5 zika-360 KB, okanye kwiifloppy disks ezi-2 zika-360 KB nezi-2 zeefloppy disks zika-729 KB, okanye kwiifloppy disks ezi-2 zika-360 KB ne-1 floppy disk engu-1.2 MB.
Iikhowudi zemithombo yesixokelelwano zinikezelwa ngokwahlukeneyo. Umthamo wabo ziifloppy disks ezili-10 ze-360 KB nganye.
Ngo-Agasti 25, 1991, kwiinyanga ezintlanu emva kokuba eqalise umsebenzi kwiprojekthi yakhe, uLinus Torvalds oneminyaka engama-21 ubudala (owayesengumfundi ngoko) wathetha ngokudala iprototype ye-OS entsha ngokupheleleyo ebizwa ngokuba yiLinux, kwaye ngoSeptemba 17, 1991, eyokuqala. ukhupho loluntu lwe Linux kernel lwenzekile.
Kwaye ke, ngo-1991 sasineMinix OS, iLinux OS kunye neMINOS OS. Ngelo xesha, ezimbini zokugqibela ngendlela enye okanye enye zixhomekeke kumava kaMinix.
Kwangaxeshanye, uAndrew Tanenbaum kwasekuqaleni wala izindululo zokuphucula iMinix okanye amkele amabala avela kubafundi bencwadi yakhe. Mhlawumbi kungenxa yoko le nto uTorvalds 'Linux ekhokele. I-Linux yathatha indima yeprojekthi apho abafundi baka-Andrew Tanenbaum babeza kuwuqonda umnqweno wabo wokuphuhlisa iinkqubo zokusebenza, kwaye yazuza ngokungenasiphelo kuyo.
Kuthekani nge-OS MINOS? Ngowe-1991 ngunyaka wokugqibela weSoviet Union. Ilizwe liyawohloka, uqoqosho luyawohloka. Akukho xesha leenkqubo zokusebenza apha.
Igolide ilawula ihlabathi
Kuthekani ngeqonga lokulinganisa, inkqubo yokwenziwa kophando encediswa yikhompyutha, nothungelwano lwekhompyutha?
Yonke yaphela kabuhlungu. Kwagaleleka isikhukula seekhompyutha elizweni. Ukuze uzifumane, wawufuna imali kunye nemali kuphela. Kwagqitywa ekubeni kunikezelwe zonke izixhobo zekhompyutha zothotho lwe-EU ukuze ziphinde zisetyenziswe kwigolide, kwaye kusetyenziswe imali efunyenweyo yokuphinda kusetyenziswe izixhobo. Zonke iimvume zafunyanwa, ipaki yomatshini yachithwa kwaye yanikezelwa, kodwa iikhompyutha ezintsha azizange zifike. Ukuba yonke into iye yajika ngokwahlukileyo, ngubani owaziyo ukuba iphi iMINOS ngoku!
Kodwa abantu abenze iSIM/CAIPR bafumana amava amakhulu kunye nolwazi. Bobabini babanceda basinda kwii-90 ezinzima.
Kwaye iLinux yeTorvalds iphuhla ngempumelelo, isoyisa ngakumbi nangakumbi iindawo ezintsha. Ngoku iifolokhwe zasekhaya / ii-clones zeLinux "zihamba ukusuka eMoscow ukuya emaphandleni." UAndrew Tanenbaum's Minix uphuhlisa ngempumelelo, kunye neencwadi zakhe .
U-Andrew Tanenbaum ubeka phakathi kwezikhanyiso ze-IT ezifana noDenis Ricci, uBrian Carnigan, uKen Thompson kunye nenkqubo yokusebenza ye-Unix, uKen Thompson ofanayo noDennis Ritchie kunye nolwimi lweC, u-Elgar Codd kunye nemodeli yedatha yobudlelwane, uLinus Torvalds kunye nenkqubo yokusebenza yeLinux.
Kwaye ngubani owaziyo ukuba yeyiphi enye iTorvalds eya kukhula ifunda iincwadi zika-Andrew Tanenbaum kunye nencwadana yakhe yoqeqesho yeMinix !!!
umthombo: www.habr.com