Ngaphandle kokuqonda ngokukodwa izizukulwana zemigangatho yonxibelelwano lweselula, nabani na uya kuphendula ukuba i-5G ipholile kune-4G/LTE. Enyanisweni, yonke into ayilula kangako. Makhe sibone ukuba kutheni i-5G ingcono / imbi kakhulu kwaye zeziphi iimeko zokusetyenziswa kwayo zithembisa kakhulu, kuthathelwa ingqalelo imeko yangoku.
Ke, iteknoloji ye-5G isithembisa ntoni?
- Isantya sonyuka amashumi amaxesha ukuya kuthi ga kwi-10 Gb / s,
- Ukunciphisa ulibaziseko (latency) ngamashumi amaxesha ukuya kwi-1 ms,
- Ukwenyuka ukuthembeka koqhagamshelwano (ipakethi ilahleko izinga lempazamongamakhulu amaxesha,
- Ukwandisa ubuninzi (inombolo) yezixhobo ezixhunyiwe (106 / km2).
Konke oku kuphunyezwa ngokuthi:
- i-multichannel (iparallelism kuwo wonke amaza kunye nezikhululo ezisisiseko)
- ukwandisa iifrikhwensi zomthuthi werediyo ukusuka kwiiyunithi ukuya kumashumi e-GHz (umthamo wesitishi sikanomathotholo)
I-5G iya kuphucula kwi-4G kwiindawo zemveli, nokuba kukukhuphela imuvi ngoko nangoko okanye ukudibanisa ngaphandle komthungo iapp ephathwayo efini. Ke, ngaba kuya kwenzeka ukwala ukuhambisa i-Intanethi kumagumbi ethu nakwiiofisi ngentambo?
I-5G iya kunika uxhulumaniso lwendalo yonke ukusuka kuyo yonke into ukuya kuyo yonke into, ukudibanisa i-bandwidth ephezulu, i-protocols ezilambele amandla kunye ne-band-band, ezonga amandla. Oku kuya kuvula izikhombisi-ndlela ezintsha ezingenakufikeleleka kwi-4G: ukunxibelelana ngomatshini kumatshini emhlabeni kunye nomoya, i-Industry 4.0, i-Intanethi yezinto.
Okanye hayi?..
(Umthombo womfanekiso-Reuters)
ntoni lo msebenzi
Ukuba uyayazi indlela esebenza ngayo i-5G, tsiba eli candelo.
Ke, sinokufezekisa njani ukuhanjiswa kwedatha ngokukhawuleza kwi-5G, njengoko kuchaziwe ngasentla? Olu asilohlobo oluthile lomlingo, akunjalo?
Ukunyuka kwesantya kuya kwenzeka ngenxa yotshintsho oluya kuluhlu oluphezulu lwamaza omoya - olungasetyenziswanga ngaphambili. Ngokomzekelo, i-frequency ye-WiFi yasekhaya yi-2,4 okanye i-5 GHz, i-frequency network networks ekhoyo ingaphakathi kwe-2,6 GHz. Kodwa xa sithetha nge-5G, sithetha ngokukhawuleza malunga namashumi egigahertz. Ilula: sonyusa amaza, sinciphisa ubude bobude - kwaye isantya sokudlulisa idatha siba sikhulu ngokuphindwe kaninzi. Kwaye inethiwekhi iyonke iyothulwa.
Nantsi i-comic ebonakalayo yokuba yayinjani kwaye iya kuba njani. Yayiyi:
Intando:
(Umthombo: IEEE Spectrum,
I-frequency inyuke ngokuphindwe kalishumi, ngoko ke kwi-5G sijongene namaza amafutshane, i-millimeter. Abagqithi kwimiqobo kakuhle. Kwaye ngokunxulumene nale nto, i-architecture yenethiwekhi iyatshintsha. Ukuba unxibelelwano lwangaphambili belubonelelwe kuthi ngeenqaba ezinkulu, ezinamandla ezibonelela ngonxibelelwano kumgama omde, ngoku kuya kufuneka ukuba kubekwe iinqaba ezininzi ezixineneyo, ezinamandla aphantsi kuyo yonke indawo. Kwaye khumbula ukuba kwizixeko ezikhulu uya kufuna izikhululo ezininzi, ngenxa yesiginali ivalwe zizakhiwo eziphakamileyo. Ke, ukuxhobisa ngokuzithemba iNew York ngeenethiwekhi ze-5G, uyadinga
Ngu
Iinketho ezimbini zenethiwekhi: i-landline kunye neselula
Itekhnoloji esetyenziselwa ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nokwandisa uluhlu Ukuhlengahlengisa β Ulwakhiwo oluguquguqukayo lwerediyo yomxhasi othile. Kwenziwa njani oku? Isikhululo sesiseko sikhumbula apho umqondiso uvela khona kwaye nini ixesha (akuveli kuphela kwifowuni yakho, kodwa kunye nokubonakaliswa kwemiqobo), kunye nokusebenzisa iindlela ze-triangulation, ubala indawo yakho eqikelelweyo, kwaye emva koko wakha indlela yesignali efanelekileyo.
Umthombo: Analysys Mason
Nangona kunjalo, imfuno yokulandelela indawo yomamkeli ikhokelela kumehluko omncinci phakathi kwamatyala okusetyenziswa okusisigxina kunye neselula, kwaye oku kubonakaliswa kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa (ngaphezulu koku kamva kwicandelo elithi "Imarike yoMthengi").
Bume bento
MiGangatho
Akukho mgangatho wamkelweyo we-5G. Itekhnoloji inzima kakhulu kwaye baninzi abadlali abanomdla ophikisanayo.
Umgangatho we-5G NR ukwinqanaba lesiphakamiso esiphuhliswe kakhulu (Irediyo entsha) ukusuka kumbutho we-3GPP (Iprojekthi yobuDlelwane yesiThathu), eyaphuhlisa imigangatho yangaphambili, i-3G kunye ne-4G. I-5G isebenzisa iibhendi ezimbini zerediyo (Range Ubuninzi, okanye mfutshane nje FR). I-FR1 ibonelela ngeefrikhwensi ezingaphantsi kwe-6GHz. I-FR2 - ngaphezulu kwe-24 GHz, ebizwa ngokuba. amaza emilimitha. Umgangatho uxhasa abamkeli abamileyo nabashukumayo kwaye luphuhliso olongezelelweyo lomgangatho we-5GTF ovela kwi-American telecom giant Verizon, exhasa kuphela abamkeli abamileyo (olu hlobo lwenkonzo lubizwa ngokuba yi-fixed wireless access networks).
Umgangatho we-5G NR ubonelela kwiimeko ezintathu zokusetyenziswa:
- eMBB (i-Mobile Broadband eyandisiweyo) - ichaza i-Intanethi ephathwayo esiyiqhelileyo;
- URLLC (UNxibelelwano lwe-Ultra oluthembekileyo lweLatency ephantsi) - Iimfuno eziphezulu zesantya sokuphendula kunye nokuthembeka - kwimisebenzi efana nezithuthi ezizimeleyo okanye utyando olukude;
- mMTC (Uthungelwano olukhulu lomatshini) - inkxaso kwinani elikhulu lezixhobo ezingavamile ukuthumela idatha - imeko ye-Intanethi yezinto, oko kukuthi, iimitha kunye nezixhobo zokubeka iliso.
Okanye ngokufutshane, into efanayo emfanekisweni:
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba ishishini liya kuqala lijolise ekuphunyezweni kwe-eMBB njengemeko eqondakalayo kunye nokuhamba kwemali ekhoyo.
Ukuphunyezwa
Ukusukela ngo-2018, uvavanyo olukhulu luye lwenziwa, umzekelo, kwiMidlalo yeOlimpiki yaseBusika eMzantsi Korea. Ngo-2018, bonke abasebenzi baseRashiya abakhulu abane baqhuba iimvavanyo. I-MTS ivavanye itekhnoloji entsha
EMzantsi Korea, okokuqala ngqa emhlabeni, inkonzo ye-5G yanikezelwa ekupheleni kwe2018. Ukukhutshwa kwezorhwebo kwihlabathi jikelele kulindeleke kulo nyaka uzayo, wama-2020. Kwinqanaba lokuqala, iqela le-FR1 liya kusetyenziswa njenge-add-on kumanethiwekhi e-4G akhoyo. Ngokwezicwangciso zoMphathiswa weTelecom kunye noNxibelelwano lweMisa, eRashiya i-5G iya kuqala ukubonakala kwizixeko ezinabemi abangaphezu kwesigidi ukusuka ngo-2020. Enyanisweni, ukuhanjiswa okukhulu kuya kugqitywa ngokukwazi ukwenza imali, kwaye le nkalo ye-5G ayikacaci.
Yintoni ingxaki ngokwenza imali? Inyani yeyokuba abaqhubi be-telecom abakaziboni izizathu ezinyanzelisayo zokuphucula: iinethiwekhi ezikhoyo zinokuhlangabezana nomthwalo kakuhle. Kwaye ngoku baqwalasela i-5G ngakumbi ngokwemiqathango yokuthengisa: i-icon ye-5G kwisikrini sefowuni ngokuqinisekileyo iya kuba yinto edibeneyo emehlweni ababhalisi be-telecom operator. Ityala le-anecdotal kunye
Ukuba ujongisisa, unokubona ukuba i-icon eneneni yi "5GE" - emele i-5G Evolution, kwaye ngequbuliso ayisiyiyo i-5G esicinga ngayo, kodwa ileyibhile nje eyenziwe ngabathengisi benethiwekhi ekhoyo ye-LTE enophuculo oluthile.
Iichipsets
Iinkampani zeMicroelectronics sele zityale iibhiliyoni ezininzi zeedola kwi-5G. Iichips zeemodem zeselula ze-5G NR zibonelelwa yiSamsung (
Iifowuni
Phantse bonke abavelisi beefowuni ze-Android babhengeze izicwangciso zokwazisa i-5G. I-Samsung ibonise i-flagship ye-Galaxy S10 kwinguqulo ye-5G kumboniso we-Mobile World Congress ekupheleni kukaFebruwari 2019. Ikhutshwe eKorea ngo-Aprili 5. E-US, imveliso entsha yavela ngoMeyi 16, kwaye apho uxhulumaniso lwenzeka kunye nenethiwekhi ye-telecom operator Verizon. Abanye abaqhubi nabo bayayibamba: I-AT&T ibhengeza izicwangciso zokukhupha i-smartphone yesibini kunye ne-Samsung kwisiqingatha sesibini sika-2.
Ebudeni bonyaka, ii-smartphones ze-5G ezivela kubavelisi abahlukeneyo, ubukhulu becala abo baphambili, baya kubetha kwiishelufu zevenkile. Ngokutsho kolunye uqikelelo, iteknoloji entsha iya kwandisa iindleko zezixhobo nge-$ 200-300 kunye nomrhumo wokubhalisa nge-10%.
Imarike yabathengi
Ityala 1. I-Intanethi yasekhaya
Uthungelwano lwe-5G olusisigxina lokufikelela ngaphandle kwamacingo luya kuba yenye indlela ye-intanethi eneentambo kumagumbi ethu. Ukuba ngaphambili i-intanethi yafika kwindlu yethu ngekhebula, ngoko kwixesha elizayo iya kuvela kwinqaba ye-5G, kwaye i-router iya kusasaza nge-WiFi eqhelekileyo yasekhaya. Iinkampani zabadlali abaphambili ziye zagqiba amalungiselelo, ukuvumelanisa ukukhululwa kwee-routers ezithengiswayo kunye nokuthunyelwa kweenethiwekhi ze-5G. I-router ye-5G eqhelekileyo ixabisa i-$ 700-900 kwaye ibonelela ngesantya sokukhuphela i-2-3 Gbps. Ngale ndlela, abaqhubi baya kusombulula ingxaki "yemayile yokugqibela" ngokwabo kwaye banciphise iindleko zokubeka iingcingo. Kwaye akukho mfuneko yokoyika ukuba uthungelwano lwe-backbone olukhoyo aluyi kumelana nokunyuka kwezithuthi eziza kuvela kwiinethiwekhi ze-5G: uphando luyaqhubeka malunga nokusetyenziswa kwendawo ekhoyo ye-fiber optic networks - ebizwa ngokuba "ifayibha emnyama" ( ifayibha emnyama).
Ingaba le meko iya kuba yinto entsha kubasebenzisi? Ngoku, kwamanye amazwe abasasebenzisi i-intanethi ye-intanethi ye-intanethi yendabuko, kwaye batshintshela kwi-LTE: kubonakala ukuba kukhawuleza kwaye kungabizi kakhulu ukusebenzisa unxibelelwano lweselula kuzo zonke iimeko, kunye neentlawulo ezifanelekileyo ezikhoyo. Ngokomzekelo, le meko iye yavela eKorea. Kwaye kuboniswe kule comic:
Ityala 2. Iindibano ezinkulu zabantu
Ngokuqinisekileyo wonke umntu uye waba kwimeko enjalo engathandekiyo: yiza kumboniso okanye kwibala lezemidlalo, kwaye uxhumano lweselula luyanyamalala. Kwaye oku kanye kanye lo mzuzu xa ufuna ukuthumela ifoto okanye ukubhala kwiintanethi zentlalo.
Amabala emidlalo
Isamsung yenze uvavanyo kunye nomsebenzisi we-telecom waseJapan u-KDDI kwibala le-baseball elinezihlalo ezingama-30. Ukusebenzisa iipilisi ze-5G zovavanyo, sakwazi ukubonisa ukusasazwa kwevidiyo ye-4K kwiipilisi ezininzi ngaxeshanye.
Ibala lemidlalo yenye yeemeko ezintathu eziboniswe kwindawo yedemo ebizwa ngokuba yi-5G City, eseSuwon (ikomkhulu le-Samsung). Ezinye iimeko zibandakanya indawo yasezidolophini (ukudibanisa iikhamera zevidiyo, izinzwa kunye neebhodi zolwazi) kunye nesantya esiphezulu sokufikelela kwindawo yokuhambisa ividiyo ye-HD kwibhasi ehambayo: ngelixa idlula kwinqanaba, ifilimu inexesha lokukhuphela.
umdlalo
UNiantic, umdali womdlalo odumileyo wehlabathi osekwe kwindawo yePokemon Go, unethemba elikhulu le-5G. Kwaye nantsi isizathu: kungekudala, iziganeko zeqela zavela kumdlalo - uhlaselo. Uhlaselo lufuna ukuba ulungelelanise nabanye abadlali ukuze nisebenze kunye ukoyisa iPokΓ©mon enamandla ngakumbi, kwaye oku kudala iimeko ezinomdla kubomi bokwenyani. Ke, eyona ndawo idumileyo yomdlalo kunye ne-Pokemon Mewtwo enqabileyo ibekwe kwi-Times Square eNew York - unokucinga ukuba isihlwele sinokuqokelelana khona, singabazingeli bePokemon kuphela, kodwa nabakhenkethi nje.
Inyani eyongeziweyo ikwajongwa njenge "app ebulalayo" ye5G. Kulo nto
yothutho
Ekugqibeleni, ityala likaloliwe linomdla. Kwavela umbono wokubonelela ngololiwe ngonxibelelwano lwe-5G lokuzonwabisa kunye nokuthuthuzela abakhweli. KwiYunivesithi yaseBristol isifundo
Umzekelo wendlela yokubeka iindawo zokungena ecaleni kwendlela kaloliwe
Uvavanyo lwenziwa ngempumelelo kuloliwe osebenza kufutshane neTokyo - yabo
Iimeko ezintsha zokusetyenziswa
Kodwa konke oku kusisisombululo kwiingxaki esele ziqhelekile kuthi. Zeziphi izinto ezintsha ezinokusinika zona i-5G?
Imoto eqhagamshelweyo
Inzuzo ephambili yi-latency ephantsi, evumela ukuba oomatshini banxibelelane omnye nomnye ngesantya ukuya kwi-500 km / h. Ngokungafaniyo nabaqhubi abangabantu, iinqwelo-mafutha ekugqibeleni ziya kukwazi ukuthethathethana phakathi kwazo okanye neziseko zoncedo ezingaguqukiyo malunga nokuqhuba, ukwenza indlela ikhuseleke ngakumbi. Kuyathakazelisa ukuba inkqubo iya kuthathela ingqalelo iimeko zemozulu: wonke umntu uyazi ukuba kwimozulu emtyibilizi umgama wokuqhotsa umgama omde, ngoko ke imigaqo kwinkqubo enjalo kufuneka itshintshe.
I-European 5GAA (i-Automotive Association) sele idibanisa ngaphezu kwe-100 enkulu ye-telecom kunye nabavelisi beemoto kwihlabathi jikelele ukukhawulezisa ukuthunyelwa kwe-C-V2X (i-Cellular Vehicle-To-Everything). Iinjongo eziphambili zombutho lukhuseleko olubanzi ezindleleni kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwezithuthi. Abakhweli bebhayisikile kunye nabahamba ngeenyawo abanee-smartphones ze-5G banokuthembela kukhuseleko. Abathathi-nxaxheba bezendlela kumgama ofikelela kwi-1 km baya kukwazi ukunxibelelana ngokuthe ngqo; kumgama omde baya kufuna i-5G. Inkqubo iya kuqinisekisa ukudalwa kwee-corridors zamapolisa kunye nee-ambulensi, ukubonelela ngokutshintshiselana kweenzwa phakathi kweemoto, ukuqhuba okude kunye nezinye imimangaliso. Emva kokuqaliswa kwe-C-V2X, umbutho uceba ukusebenzisa amava afunyenwe kwi-5G V2X, apho iya kuthatha injongo kwi-industry 4.0, izixeko ezihlakaniphile kunye nayo yonke into ehambayo isebenzisa i-5G.
Imizekelo yeemeko ezinokusonjululwa kusetyenziswa i-Connected Car. Umthombo: Qualcomm
I-5G iya kuvumela unxibelelwano kungekhona kuphela kwizithuthi eziphantsi komhlaba, kodwa kunye neenqwelo-moya. Kulo nyaka, i-Samsung, kunye nomnikezeli we-Intanethi waseSpain iOrange,
Ishishini 4.0
Ngokubanzi, ibinzana elithi "Industrie 4.0" layilwa eJamani ngenkqubo yalo yokuphucula ishishini. Umbutho
Ezinye izicelo, ezinjengonxibelelwano phakathi kwabalawuli bamashishini okanye nabaqhubi babantu, uthungelwano lwenzwa, alufuni kakhulu. Namhlanje, uninzi lwezi intanethi zisebenzisa intambo, ngoko ke i-5G engenazingcingo ibonakala iyisisombululo esinoqoqosho, ngaphezu kokuvumela ukuhlengahlengiswa ngokukhawuleza kwemveliso.
Enyanisweni, ukwenzeka kwezoqoqosho kuya kukhokelela ekwamkelweni kwe-5G kwiindawo ezibiza kakhulu zabasebenzi, njengabaqhubi be-forklift kwiifektri kunye neendawo zokugcina iimpahla. Ngaloo ndlela, inkampani yobunjineli yaseYurophu i-Acciona yabonisa
Itekhnoloji yentsebenziswano ekude iya kuqhubela phambili. Kulo nyaka, kubonisiwe ukuba ugqirha wotyando oyingcali uyijonga njani inkqubela yotyando ngexesha lokwenyani, olwenzeka kumgama weekhilomitha ezininzi, kwaye ubonisa oogxa bakhe indlela engcono yokwenza utyando. Njengoko iteknoloji iphucula, uya kukwazi ukuthatha indima esebenzayo, ukulawula ngokuthe ngqo izixhobo zotyando.
I-Intanethi yezinto
Okokuqala, i-5G iya kusombulula ingxaki yemigangatho yonxibelelwano ye-Intanethi yezinto ezininzi kunye ne-Intanethi, okwangoku, ngokombono wethu, ukunciphisa uphuhliso lwale ndawo.
Apha i-5G inokubonelela ngoku kulandelayo:
- Uthungelwano lwe-Ad hoc (ngaphandle kweerotha)
- Ukuxinana okuphezulu kwezixhobo ezixhunyiwe
- Ixhasa i-narrowband, amandla asebenzayo (iminyaka eyi-10+ kwibhetri enye) unxibelelwano
Kodwa kubonakala ngathi ishishini elikhulu lisenomdla ngakumbi kwezinye iimeko ngaphandle kwe-Intanethi yeZinto. Ukukhangela ngokukhawuleza kwi-intanethi akufumananga miboniso ngabadlali abaphambili beenzuzo ze-5G kwi-Intanethi yezinto.
Ukuqukumbela esi sihloko, makhe siqwalasele oku kulandelayo okubangela umdla. Kule mihla, ukuxhomekeka kwindawo yokuphuma okanye imfuno yokutshintsha iibhetri kunciphisa ukhetho "lwezinto". Ukutshaja okuphantsi kwe-wireless inductive kusebenza kuphela kumgama weesentimitha ezimbalwa. I-5G kunye namaza ayo emilimitha eya kuthi ivumele ukutshaja okusebenzayo kumgama weemitha ezininzi. Nangona imigangatho yangoku ingakucacisi oku, asithandabuzi ukuba iinjineli kungekudala ziya kufumana iindlela zokusebenzisa eli thuba!
Iimpawu zoMphuhlisi
Ukuba unomdla kwisihloko, ungaya phi ngokulandelayo?
Uqhagamshelwano. Uya kuba nakho ukudibana ngokwakho nabadlali be-5G kwiinkomfa ezizayo zaseRashiya
Phakathi koqhagamshelwano lwezemfundo kufuneka kuqatshelwe
Imali. Abadlali abaphambili babambe ukhuphiswano lokusebenzisa i-5G kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. E-US Verizon kutshanje
Ukubekwa emsebenzini. Ukongeza kwii-Big Four mobile operators, kukho iinkampani ezininzi zaseRashiya eziceba ukusebenzisa i-5G kwixesha elizayo. Imodeli yoshishino yomboneleli okhokelayo wokuhanjiswa komxholo eRashiya kunye neCIS, iCDNVideo, intlawulo yomthamo wezithuthi ezifunyenweyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-5G, enokuthi inciphise eli xabiso, kuya kuvumela inkampani ukuba inciphise iindleko. I-PlayKey iphakamisa imidlalo efini, kwaye ayimangalisi into yokuba iceba ukusebenzisa i-5G.
Vula Umnikezi, kusenokwenzeka ukuba idlale indima ephambili kwiziseko ezingundoqo. eMelika
Ababhali:
UStanislav Polonsky - INtloko yeSebe loPhando oluPhezulu kunye noPhuhliso lweZiko loPhando lwe-Samsung
UTatyana Volkova-Umbhali wekharityhulamu yeprojekthi ye-IoT i-Samsung Academy, ingcali kwiinkqubo zoxanduva loluntu kwiZiko loPhando le-Samsung
umthombo: www.habr.com