Ishishini le-semiconductor lincinci kakhulu, lineenkampani ezininzi ezinkulu kuphela kumashumi eminyaka ubudala. Kodwa kukho namagqala abhiyozela iminyaka yawo yesiqingatha senkulungwane. Ezi ziquka i-Intel (leyo Iminyaka engama-50 ukususela ekusekweni kwayo kulo nyaka uphelileyo) kunye nenkampani ekhuphisana nayo ixesha elide i-AMD. Siyakumema ukuba ukhumbule izinto ezibalulekileyo kwimbali etyebileyo yenkampani, eyasekwa ngoMeyi 1, 1969 kunye nekomkhulu eSunnyvale (eCalifornia) kunye nenkunzi egunyazisiweyo ye-50 yewaka kuphela.
I-CEO yokuqala ye-AMD, ngoSeptemba 1969, yayingomnye wabaseki bayo, uJerry Sanders, owakhokela inkampani iminyaka engama-33 echukumisayo ngaphambi kokurhoxa ngo-Epreli ka-2002. Inkampani inebhongo ngokuba elinye lamabinzana akhe adumileyo "Into ephambili ngabantu, kwaye iimveliso kunye nengeniso ziya kulandela," i-AMD izabalazela ukuyilandela namhlanje.
Impumelelo enkulu yenkampani yaba kukukhululwa ngoSeptemba ka-1970 kwikhawuntara yokuqala ye-binary/hexadecimal logic kwishishini, i-Am2501 (uyilo lwe-AMD), eyathi yabonakala inempumelelo kakhulu kwimarike kwaye yaba sisiganeko esibalulekileyo kushishino ngokubanzi. . Kwadlula eminye iminyaka emibini, kwaye ngoSeptemba 1972 inkampani yahamba esidlangalaleni: izabelo ezingama-500 zamawaka zakhutshwa ngexabiso le-15,5 yeedola nganye: i-$ 7,2 yezigidi zaphakanyiswa njengenxalenye yokuqala yokunikezelwa koluntu lwezibambiso kwi-stock exchange.
Kwiminyaka yokuqala yobukho bayo, i-AMD, ukongeza kwiitshiphusi zayo, nayo yavelisa iiprosesa phantsi kwelayisensi. Ngokomzekelo, ngo-1975, inkampani yatyikitya isivumelwano selayisenisi kunye ne-Intel kwaye yaqalisa ukukhulula iprosesa yayo yokuqala ye-PC (am9080, efana ne-Intel 8080), eyaphuhliswa yi-AMD ngokusekelwe kubunjineli obubuyisela umva, obuhambelana neyokuqala kumyalelo. iseti, kodwa kwangaxeshanye i-40 % iye yagqwesa.
Imbali enkulu yenkampani kukutyikitywa kwesivumelwano ne-IBM ngo-1982, phantsi kwayo i-AMD yaba ngumboneleli wesibini wee-microprocessors ze-IBM PC kunye ne-iAPX86 yoyilo. NgoFebruwari 1986, i-AMD yazisa i-megabit yokuqala yehlabathi (i-65K × 16-bit) yememori efundeka kuphela ye-EPROM, eyenziwe kusetyenziswa inkqubo ye-CMOS ekhethekileyo ye-AMD. Imveliso ivumele abavelisi ukuba benze iprototype ngokukhawuleza kwaye baguqule izisombululo zabo kwiimarike ezahlukeneyo.
NgoMatshi ka-1991, i-AMD yazisa usapho lwe-Am386 lwabaqhubekisi, oluhambelana neeprosesa ze-32-bit 80386 - zazidume njengee-analogue ezifikelelekayo kwizisombululo ze-Intel. Ngo-Aprili 1993, i-Am486 yangena kwimarike, eyadlula i-analogue ye-Intel ekusebenzeni nge-20% kwaye inexabiso elifanayo. Zonke ezi, enyanisweni, yayizii-clones zezisombululo ze-Intel.
Ngo-Matshi 1996 wabona i-debut ye-350 nm ye-AMD-K5 iprosesa edumileyo, iprosesa yokuqala ezimeleyo ye-x86 ukuba ihambelane nephedi yokhuphiswano kodwa isekelwe kwi-architecture ye-RISC. Imiyalelo rhoqo yabhalwa kwakhona kwi-microinstructions, eyanceda kakhulu ukuphucula imveliso. Kodwa i-AMD ayikwazanga ukudlula i-Intel ngamaxesha amaninzi ngeli xesha.
Ukukhutshwa kwee-chips ze-AMD-K6 ngo-Ephreli 1997 kwenza ukuba kube lula ukunciphisa iindleko zePC okokuqala ngqa phantsi kwenqaku leengqondo le-1000 yeedola. Ezi chips ze-250 nm zazisekwe kuphuhliso lwe-NextGen kunye nolunye ulwakhiwo lwe-Nx686 olusekwe kwiRISC. I-AMD yayithembele kumlinganiselo wexabiso lentsebenzo, ekubeni kwakungenakwenzeka ukubetha iPentium II. I-architecture ye-K6 yaphuculwa amaxesha amaninzi (iiseti zemiyalelo eziliqela zongezwa kwi-K6 II phantsi kwegama elithi 3DNow! ubuchwepheshe, kunye ne-L6 cache yongezwa kwi-K2 III).
Nangona kunjalo, impumelelo yokwenyani ye-AMD yafika kwakhona ngoJuni 1999 ngokusungulwa kweprosesa yesizukulwana sesixhenxe, i-Athlon eyaziwayo, eyavumela inkampani ukuba ihluthe intende yesandla ngokusebenza kwi-Intel. Aba babeziprosesa zokuqala ukusebenzisa ubhedu endaweni ye-aluminiyam.
Ngo-Matshi 2000, i-Athlon 1000 yakhululwa, okokuqala ngqa kwishishini yafikelela kwi-1 GHz uphawu lwesantya. Kwaye sele ngoJuni ka-2001, ixesha leeprosesa ezininzi zanamhlanje zaqala ngokukhululwa kwe-Athlon MP. Ngendlela, i-Athlon MP yayisisisombululo sokuqala se-AMD esenziwe ngeso kumncedisi kunye nemarike yomsebenzi.
Ngomhla wama-25 ku-Epreli ka-2002, i-CEO entsha, u-Hector Ruiz, owayesebenze kwinkampani njenge-COO kunye noMongameli ukususela ngoJanuwari 2000 kwaye ngaphambili wayelawula icandelo lemveliso ye-semiconductor ye-Motorola, wathatha uxanduva lolawulo lwe-AMD. Ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari 2003, wangena kwisivumelwano sobuchule kunye ne-IBM ukuphuhlisa ngokudibeneyo iteknoloji yokuvelisa usebenzisa izakhiwo eziphambili kunye nezinto eziphathekayo, kubandakanywa i-SOI (i-silicon kwi-insulator) i-transistors, i-copper interconnects kunye nokuphucula i-dielectric insulators ephantsi.
NgoAprili ka-2003, iprosesa yokuqala yehlabathi ye-x86 ene-architecture ye-64-bit, esele iyinto eqhelekileyo, yavela. Yayiyi-AMD64 esekwe kwi-server Opteron. Sele ngoSeptemba, abasebenzisi bePC bafumene iitshiphusi ze-64-bit ngohlobo lwe-Athlon 64 FX, ezathi ke zajongwa njengezona ziqhubeki phambili kwaye zinamandla abathengi kwimarike.
Imbali elandelayo ngokuqinisekileyo yaba kukufunyanwa ngo-Okthobha ka-2006 nge-5,4 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ze-ATI Technologies, enye yabenzi bamakhadi evidiyo abaphambili ngelo xesha. Leli qela, ngokuthe ngcembe litshintsha ukubunjwa kwalo, elinoxanduva lwazo zonke ii-GPU ezilandelayo eziveliswe phantsi kophawu lweRadeon. Amakhadi evidiyo abe yinxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu kwishishini lenkampani kwaye eli candelo lentengiso litsha lincede ukuba liphile ngamaxesha anzima.
NgoSeptemba 2007, iprosesa yokuqala yehlabathi ye-4-core single-chip yaphehlelelwa, imelwe yi-AMD Opteron. Ikwafumene itekhnoloji ye-Rapid Virtualization Indexing kwimisebenzi ye-virtualization. NgoJuni ka-2008, i-AMD yazisa i-FireSteam 9250 njenge-GPU yokuqala ukodlula i-1 teraflops incopho yamanqaku okusebenza kwicomputing. Yayisisisombululo esikhethekileyo sobalo lwenjongo jikelele ehambelana kakhulu.
Kwinyanga kamva, ngoJulayi ka-2008, i-AMD yaphinda yatshintsha i-CEO kunye nomongameli - u-Dirk Meyer, owayesebenze kwinkampani ukususela ngo-1995 kwaye wayenesandla kwiprosesa yase-Athlon yokuqala. Ngelishwa kwinkampani, yayiphantsi kwakhe ukuba, ukuze kunyuswe iindleko, iindawo ezininzi ezithembisayo zavalwa, kubandakanywa nophuhliso lweenkqubo ze-mobile single-chip ezisekelwe kwi-ARM - ngoJanuwari 2009, i-Qualcomm yafumana i-Imageon IP (i-graphics ye-ATI yeselula) kunye iyaqhubeka ukuyiphuhlisa ngenkuthalo kwi-Adreno GPUs (eli gama liyi-anagram yeRadeon).
Ngo-Matshi ka-2009, inkampani yagqiba ekubeni igxininise ekuphuhliseni i-chip, ukwahlula imveliso ibe yindibaniselwano entsha kunye ne-Arab ATIC, i-GlobalFoundries. Le yokugqibela ikho ngempumelelo, kodwa kungekudala abanini bayo balushiyile ukhuphiswano kunye ne-TSMC, i-Samsung kunye nabanye abavelisi bekhontrakthi ekhokelayo ye-semiconductor kwaye bacutha umsebenzi wokuphuhlisa imigangatho ye-7-nm ephezulu.
Amakhadi evidiyo anamaza angaphezulu kwe-1 GHz ayothusi namhlanje, kodwa imveliso yokuqala enjalo yayiyi-ATI Radeon HD 2009 ngoMeyi 4890, eyaveliswa kwiinguqulelo kunye ne-factory overclocking ye-GPU ukuya kwi-1 GHz kunye nokupholisa umoya. Kwaye ngoSeptemba 2009, iteknoloji ye-ATI Eyefinity yaziswa, eyenza kube lula ukudibanisa ukuya kwimiboniso emithandathu echanekileyo kwikhadi elilodwa levidiyo.
Ukuthathwa kwe-ATI ubukhulu becala ibimalunga nokudibanisa ngempumelelo ii-GPU kunye nee-CPU zibe yimveliso enye, kwaye ngoJuni ka-2010, i-AMD yabonisa iprosesa yayo yokuqala ekhawulezileyo kwiComputex 2010. Kwaye ngoJanuwari 2011, i-APU yokuqala ye-chip eyodwa yakhululwa kwimarike.
Ngo-Agasti 2011, isithuba sentloko yenkampani sadluliselwa kuRory Read, owasuka kwisithuba esifanayo kwiLenovo Group. NgoJuni 2012, ngeenjongo zokhuseleko (ikakhulukazi iintlawulo ezahlukeneyo ze-intanethi), undoqo okhethekileyo osekelwe kubuchwephesha be-ARM TrustZone yaziswa kwiiprosesa ze-AMD. Nangona kunjalo, uReed akazange ahlale kwisithuba sakhe ixesha elide - sele ngo-Oktobha 2014, inkampani yayikhokelwa yinkokeli yayo yangoku uLisa Su.
Ngo-2012, i-AMD yazisa i-architecture entsha yemizobo, i-Graphics Core Next (GCN). Ikhadi lokuqala levidiyo laliyi-Radeon HD 7770. I-GCN yazisa inkxaso ye-x86 yokujongana nendawo yedilesi edibeneyo ye-CPU kunye ne-GPU, imiyalelo ye-RISC SIMD yaqala ukusetyenziswa endaweni ye-VLIW MIMD ye-GPGPU, kunye nolunye utshintsho lwenziwa. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, olu lwakhiwo, luhlala luvela, lusisiseko sokukhawulezisa imizobo yenkampani.
Yayiyi-GCN eyenza isiseko se-Xbox One yangoku kunye ne-PlayStation 2013 consoles ekhutshwe ngo-2014-4 - zombini iinkqubo zazisekwe kwizinto ezifanayo (ezinee-nuances ezahlukeneyo) iinkqubo ze-AMD single-chip ezine-8 Jaguar CPU cores kunye nenani elahlukileyo le-GPU computing. iiyunithi. Kukholelwa ukuba uyilo olutsha lwe-GPU oluvela kwi-AMD luya kuba yi-Navi, eyenzelwe i-PS5 kunye ne-Xbox Next.
NgoNovemba ka-2014, i-AMD yazisa umgangatho ovulekileyo wokulungelelanisa ukunikezelwa kwesakhelo kunye nefrikhwensi yesikrini-iFreeSync, eyaziwa ngokuba yiVESA Adaptive Sync kwaye, emva kwenkxaso yamva nje evela kwi-NVIDIA njengenxalenye yokuhambelana kwe-G-Sync, enyanisweni, ibe lishishini. umgangatho. Itekhnoloji ngokufanelekileyo ikuvumela ukuba ulahle ukukrazuka kwesakhelo, ngelixa ufezekisa i-lag encinci yokuphendula kunye nendawo yokudlala egudileyo.
NgoJuni ka-2015, inkampani yakhupha ikhadi lokuqala levidiyo elidibanisa imemori ye-HBM enesantya esiphezulu kunye ne-GPU kwiphakheji enye - iflegi ye-AMD Radeon R9 Fury X ifumene i-bandwidth enkulu kakhulu kwaye iphindwe kathathu ukusebenza nge-watt yememori ye-GDDR yesizukulwana sangaphambili.
I-AMD iphelelwe lithemba emva kwe-Intel malunga nokusebenza kwe-CPU ukusukela ngeentsuku ze-K10 kunye ne-Bulldozer, kodwa ngoJuni ka-2016 ukukhanya kwaqala ukukhanya: inkampani yabonisa okokuqala iprosesa esekwe kuyilo lwe-x86 ye-Zen entsha ye-AM4 pad. . Yayiyi-8-core, i-16-thread chip eyathi, ngoDisemba 2016, yaba sisizukulwana sokuqala se-Ryzen CPUs enamandla, inyanzelisa i-Intel ukuba ihambe kwaye iqale ukwandisa inani lee-cores ngokunjalo. Ayimangalisi ke into yokuba kukhutshwe iiprosesa ze-AMD Threadripper kubathandi. Ehlotyeni le-2017, i-architecture ye-Zen yangena kwi-market ye-server enkosi kwintsapho ye-EPYC.
NgoNovemba ophelileyo, inkampani yazisa i-GPU yokuqala ye-7nm yehlabathi kwiziko ledatha ngendlela ye-Radeon Instinct MI60 kunye ne-MI40 yokufunda koomatshini kunye nemisebenzi ye-computing ehambelana kakhulu. Sele kulo nyaka, i-7nm yokuqala ye-Radeon VII yakhululwa, kwaye ukuqaliswa kwe-7nm ye-Ryzen 3000 processors esekelwe kwi-architecture ye-Zen 2 kunye namakhadi evidiyo e-7nm asekwe kwi-Navi GPUs kulindeleke kungekudala. Ngokubanzi, i-AMD iyanda, kwaye inkampani enembali yesiqingatha senkulungwane isenezinto ezininzi ezinomdla kwivenkile, njengeqonga leGoogle Stadia.
umthombo: 3dnews.ru