Molo Habr.
Kwinxalenye yokuqala yenqaku malunga naloo nto kwaxelwa malunga nezikhululo zenkonzo kumaza amade namafutshane. Ngokwahlukileyo, kufanelekile ukuthetha ngezikhululo zikanomathotholo ezisakhulayo. Okokuqala, oku kunomdla, kwaye okwesibini, nabani na unokujoyina le nkqubo, kokubili ukufumana kunye nokudlulisa.
Njengakumacandelo okuqala, ugxininiso luya kuba kwi "digital" kunye nendlela ukusetyenzwa kwesignali kusebenza ngayo. Siza kusebenzisa i-Dutch receiver ye-intanethi ukufumana kunye nokucacisa iimpawu kunye nenkqubo yeMultiPSK.
Kwabo banomdla kwindlela esebenza ngayo, ukuqhubeka kuphantsi kokusikwa.
Emva kokuba kwaziwa kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-100 eyadlulayo ukuba kwakunokwenzeka ukunxibelelana nehlabathi lonke ngamaza amafutshane usebenzisa isidluliseli sezibane ezibini, kungekuphela nje iinkampani, kodwa nabo banomdla babenomdla kule nkqubo. Ngaloo minyaka kwakubonakala kunje , ke, unomathotholo we-ham usengumdlalo onomdla wobugcisa. Makhe sizame ukufumanisa ukuba zeziphi iintlobo zonxibelelwano ezifumanekayo koomathotholo banamhlanje.
Amaqela ahamba rhoqo
Amaza osasazo kanomathotholo asetyenziswa kakhulu zinkonzo kunye nezikhululo zosasazo, ngoko ke abantu abangafundanga bakanomathotholo babelwa amaza omoya athile ukuze bangaphazamisi abanye. Zininzi kakhulu ezi ntlobo, ukusuka kumaza amade kakhulu kwi-137 KHz ukuya kwi-microwaves kwi-1.3, 2.4, 5.6 okanye 10 GHz (ungabona iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe ). Ngokuqhelekileyo, wonke umntu unokukhetha, kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezinomdla kunye nezixhobo zobugcisa.
Ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga ngokulula ukwamkelwa, ezona zihlandlo zifikelelekayo zinobude obungamaza angama-80-20m:
- 3,5 MHz uluhlu (80 m): 3500-3800 kHz.
- 7 MHz uluhlu (40 m): 7000-7200 kHz.
- 10 MHz uluhlu (30 m): 10100-10140 kHz.
- 14 MHz uluhlu (20 m): 14000-14350 kHz.
Unokuziphulaphula usebenzisa oku kungasentla , kunye neyakho yobuqu, ukuba ingafumana kwimowudi yebhendi esecaleni (LSB, USB, SSB).
Ngoku ukuba yonke into ilungile, makhe sibone ukuba yintoni enokwamkelwa apho.
Unxibelelwano lwezwi kunye nekhowudi yeMorse
Ukuba ujonga yonke ibhendi yerediyo ye-amateur nge-websdr, unokubona ngokulula imiqondiso yekhowudi yeMorse. Ngokwenyani ayisahlali kunxibelelwano lukanomathotholo, kodwa abanye abathanda irediyo bayayisebenzisa ngokukhutheleyo.
Ngaphambili, ukuze ufumane uphawu lokufowuna, kwafuneka ukuba uphumelele iimviwo ekufumaneni iimpawu zeMorse, ngoku oku kubonakala kushiywe kuphela kudidi lokuqala, oluphezulu, (zahluke kakhulu, kuphela kumandla aphezulu avumelekileyo). Siza kuchonga iimpawu ze-CW sisebenzisa iCW Skimmer kunye neKhadi leAudio elibonakalayo.
Abafunda ngonomathotholo, ukunciphisa ubude bomyalezo, sebenzisa ikhowudi emfutshane (), ngakumbi, umgca we-CQ DE DF7FF uthetha umnxeba jikelele kuzo zonke izikhululo ezisuka kwi-DF7FF engumqeshwa kanomathotholo. Umntu ngamnye ongumdlali werediyo unophawu lwakhe lokufowuna, isimaphambili salo esakhiwe ukusuka , oku kulula kakhulu kuba Kucace kwangoko ukuba isikhululo sisasaza sisuka phi. Kwimeko yethu, uphawu lokufowuna elithi DF7FF lolomntu ofunda unomathotholo ovela eJamani.
Ngokubhekiselele kunxibelelwano lwelizwi, akukho bunzima kulo; abo banqwenelayo banokumamela ngokwabo kwi-websdr. Kudala ngexesha le-USSR, ayingabo bonke oonomathotholo ababenelungelo lokuqhuba unxibelelwano lukanomathotholo kunye nabangaphandle; ngoku akukho zithintelo ezinjalo, kwaye uluhlu kunye nomgangatho wonxibelelwano luxhomekeke kuphela kumgangatho wee-eriyali, izixhobo kunye nomonde we-eriyali. umqhubi. Kwabo banomdla, unokufunda ngakumbi kwiisayithi zikanomathotholo ezingabalulekanga kunye neeforam (cqham, qrz), kodwa siya kudlulela kwimiqondiso yedijithali.
Ngelishwa, kubantu abaninzi abangafundanga koonomathotholo, ukusebenza ngedijithali kukudibanisa ikhadi lesandi lekhompyuter kwinkqubo yedekhowuda; bambalwa abantu abaphanda kubuntsonkothi bendlela esebenza ngayo. Bambalwa nabenza imifuniselo yabo ngokusetyenzwa komqondiso wedijithali kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zonxibelelwano. Ngaphandle koku, uninzi lweeprothokholi zedijithali ziye zavela kule minyaka i-10-15 idlulileyo, ezinye zazo ezinomdla ukuziqwalasela.
RTTY
Uhlobo oludala lonxibelelwano olusebenzisa ukumodareyitha rhoqo. Indlela ngokwayo ibizwa ngokuba yi-FSK (i-Frequency Shift Keying) kwaye iquka ukwenza ulandelelwano oluncinci ngokutshintsha ukuhanjiswa rhoqo.
Idatha ifakwe ngekhowudi ngokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza phakathi kweefrikhwensi ezimbini ze-F0 kunye ne-F1. Umahluko dF = F1 - F0 ibizwa ngokuba yi-frequency spacing, kwaye ingalingana, umzekelo, 85, 170, okanye 452 Hz. Iparameter yesibini yisantya sothumelo, esinokuthi sihluke kwaye sibe, umzekelo, 45, 50 okanye 75 bits ngomzuzwana. Ngokuba Sinee-frequencies ezimbini, ngoko kufuneka sithathe isigqibo sokuba yeyiphi "ephezulu" kwaye iya kuba "ngaphantsi", le parameter idla ngokuba yi "inversion". Ezi xabiso zintathu (isantya, isithuba kunye noguqulo) zimisela ngokupheleleyo iiparamitha zothumelo lwe-RTTY. Unokufumana ezi zicwangciso phantse kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo yokuguqula ikhowudi, kwaye ngokukhetha ezi parameters nokuba "ngeso", unokucacisa uninzi lwale miqondiso.
Ngesinye isihlandlo, unxibelelwano lwe-RTTY lwaluthandwa kakhulu, kodwa ngoku, xa ndaya kwi-websdr, andizange ndive uphawu olulodwa, ngoko kunzima ukunika umzekelo wokudibanisa. Abo banqwenela banokuziphulaphula ngokwabo kwi-7.045 okanye i-14.080 MHz; iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu malunga ne-teletype zabhalwa amanqaku.
PSK31/63
Olunye uhlobo lonxibelelwano kukumodareyitha kwesigaba, . Ayisiyonto iguqukayo apha, kodwa isigaba; kwigrafu ijongeka ngolu hlobo:
I-bit encoding ye-signal iquka ukutshintsha isigaba ngee-degrees ze-180, kwaye umqondiso ngokwawo yi-sine wave ecocekileyo - oku kunika uluhlu olulungileyo lokuhambisa ngamandla amancinci amancinci. Ukutshintsha kwesigaba kunzima ukukubona kwiscreenshot; inokubonwa ukuba uyandisa kwaye ubeka ngaphezulu iqhekeza elinye kwelinye.
I-encoding ngokwayo ilula kakhulu - kwi-BPSK31, iimpawu zihanjiswa ngesantya se-31.25 baud, utshintsho lwesigaba lubhalwe "0", kwaye akukho tshintsho lwesigaba lufakwe "1". Ukufakwa kweekhowudi ngoonobumba kunokufumaneka kwiWikipedia.
Ngokubonakalayo kwi-spectrum, umqondiso we-BPSK ubonakala njengomgca omncinci, kwaye ngokuvakalayo uvakala njengethoni ecocekileyo (eyiyo ngokomgaqo). Unokuva izibonakaliso ze-BPSK, umzekelo, kwi-7080 okanye i-14070 MHz, kwaye unokuzikhupha kwi-MultiPSK.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuqaphela ukuba kwi-BPSK kunye ne-RTTY, "ukukhanya" komgca kungasetyenziselwa ukugweba amandla omqondiso kunye nomgangatho wokwamkela - ukuba inxalenye ethile yomyalezo iyanyamalala, ngoko kuya kubakho "inkunkuma" kule ndawo yomyalezo, kodwa intsingiselo iyonke yesigidimi ihlala ifana iqondakala. Umsebenzisi unokukhetha ukuba yeyiphi na isignali amakagxininise kuyo ukuze ayisuse ikhowudi. Ukukhangela imiqondiso emitsha kunye nebuthathaka evela kubanxibelelana abakude inomdla kakhulu ngokwayo; kwakhona xa unxibelelana (njengoko ubona kumfanekiso ongasentla), ungasebenzisa isicatshulwa esisimahla kwaye uqhube "bukhoma" incoko yababini. Ngokwahlukileyo, ezi protocol zilandelayo zizenzekela kakhulu, zifuna ungenelelo oluncinci okanye akukho mntu. Ingaba oku kulungile okanye kubi ngumbuzo wefilosofi, kodwa sinokuthi ngokuqinisekileyo inxalenye ethile yomoya werediyo ye-ham ilahlekile ngokuqinisekileyo kwiindlela ezinjalo.
FT8/FT4
Ukucacisa olu hlobo lulandelayo lweempawu kufuneka ufake inkqubo . Iimpawu ihanjiswe ngokusebenzisa i-frequency modulation ye-8 frequencies kunye nokutshintshwa kwe-6.25 Hz kuphela, ukwenzela ukuba isignali ithathe i-bandwidth ye-50 Hz kuphela. Idatha kwi-FT8 ikhutshelwa "kwiipakethi" ezihlala malunga nemizuzwana ye-14, ngoko ke ungqamaniso oluchanekileyo lwexesha lekhompyutha lubaluleke kakhulu. Ulwamkelo luphantse luzenzekele ngokupheleleyo - inkqubo ichaza uphawu lomnxeba kunye namandla omqondiso.
Kwinguqulelo entsha yeprotocol , evele kutshanje ngolunye usuku, ubude bepakethe buncitshiswe kwi-5s, i-4-tone modulation isetyenziswe kwisantya sokuhanjiswa kwe-23 baud. I-bandwidth yesiginali ekhoyo imalunga ne-90Hz.
WSPR
I-WSPR yiprothokholi eyenzelwe ngokukodwa ukufumana kunye nokuhambisa iimpawu ezibuthathaka. Lo ngumqondiso othunyelwa ngesantya se-1.4648 baud kuphela (ewe, ngaphezu kwe-1 bit ngomzuzwana). Ukuhanjiswa kusebenzisa i-frequency modulation (4-FSK) kunye ne-frequency spacing ye-1.4648Hz, ngoko i-bandwidth yesignali yi-6Hz kuphela. Ipakethi yedatha edlulisiweyo inobungakanani beebhithi ezingama-50, iibhithi zokulungiswa kwempazamo nazo zongezwa kuyo (ikhowudi ye-convolutional non-recursive, ubude bokunyanzeliswa K = 32, ireyithi = 1/2), okubangelwa ubungakanani bepakethi ye-162 bits. Ezi 162bits zigqithiselwa malunga nemizuzu emi-2 (nabani na omnye umntu uya kukhalaza malunga ne-Intanethi ecothayo? :).
Konke oku kukuvumela ukuba udlulise idatha phantse ngaphantsi kwenqanaba lengxolo, kunye neziphumo eziphantse zimnandi - umzekelo, isibonakaliso se-100 mW esivela kumlenze we-microprocessor, ngoncedo lwe-antenna ye-loop yangaphakathi kwakunokwenzeka ukuhambisa umqondiso ngaphezu kwe-1000 km.
I-WSPR isebenza ngokupheleleyo ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye ayifuni nxaxheba yabaqhubi. Kwanele ukushiya inkqubo isebenza, kwaye emva kwexesha elithile ungabona ilog yokusebenza. Idatha ingathunyelwa kwakhona kwisayithi , ekulungele ukuvavanya ukuhanjiswa okanye umgangatho we-antenna - unokudlulisa uphawu kwaye ubone ngokukhawuleza kwi-intanethi apho ifunyenwe khona.
Ngendlela, nabani na unokujoyina ulwamkelo lwe-WSPR, nangaphandle kophawu lomnxeba werediyo (akufuneki ukuba ulwamkelo) - umamkeli nje kunye nenkqubo ye-WSPR yanele, kwaye konke oku kunokusebenza ngokuzimeleyo kwiRaspberry Pi (ewe kunjalo. , udinga umamkeli wangempela ukuthumela idatha evela kwabanye kwi-intanethi -abamkeli abanakho ukuqonda). Inkqubo inomdla kokubini kwimbono yesayensi kunye novavanyo lwezixhobo kunye nee-eriyali. Ngelishwa, njengoko kunokubonwa kumfanekiso ongezantsi, malunga nokuxinana kwezikhululo zokufumana izikhululo, iRashiya ayikude neSudan, iYiputa okanye iNigeria, ngoko ke abathathi-nxaxheba abatsha bahlala beluncedo - kunokwenzeka ukuba ngowokuqala, kunye nommkeli omnye. Unako "ukugubungela" indawo eyiwaka leekhilomitha.
Inomdla kakhulu kwaye intsonkothileyo kukuhanjiswa kwe-WSPR kumaza angaphezulu kwe-1 GHz - uzinzo lwefrikhwensi yomamkeli kunye nomthumeli kubalulekile apha.
Kulapho ndiya kugqiba uphononongo, nangona, ewe, ayizizo zonke izinto ezidwelisiweyo, kuphela ezona zidumileyo.
isiphelo
Ukuba umntu wayefuna ukuzama isandla sakhe, ngoko akunzima kangako. Ukufumana iimpawu, ungasebenzisa i-classical (Tecsun PL-880, Sangean ATS909X, njl.) okanye i-SDR receiver (SDRPlay RSP2, SDR Elad). Okulandelayo, vele ufake ezi nkqubo njengoko kubonisiwe ngasentla, kwaye unokufunda unomathotholo ngokwakho. Ixabiso lokukhutshwa li-$ 100-200 ngokuxhomekeke kwimodeli yomamkeli. Unokusebenzisa abamkeli be-intanethi kwaye ungathengi nto konke konke, nangona oku ayikaniki mdla kangako.
Kwabo bafuna ukusasaza, kuya kufuneka bathenge i-transceiver ene-eriyali kwaye bafumane ilayisenisi yerediyo ye-amateur. Ixabiso le-transceiver liphantse lilingane nexabiso le-iPhone, ngoko ke iyafikeleleka ukuba iyafunwa. Kuya kufuneka kwakhona uphumelele uvavanyo olulula, kwaye malunga nenyanga uya kukwazi ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo emoyeni. Ngokuqinisekileyo, oku akulula - kuya kufuneka ufunde iindidi ze-eriyali, uze nendlela yokufakela, kwaye uqonde ama-frequencies kunye neentlobo ze-radiation. Nangona igama elithi "kuya kufuneka" mhlawumbi alifanelekanga apha, kuba yiloo nto yinto yokuzonwabisa, into eyenziwa ngokuzonwabisa kwaye ingabi phantsi koxinzelelo.
Ngendlela, nabani na unokuzama unxibelelwano lwedijithali ngoku. Ukwenza oku, vele ufake inkqubo ye-MultiPSK, kwaye unokunxibelelana ngokuthe ngqo "ngomoya" ngekhadi lesandi kunye nemakrofoni ukusuka kwikhompyutheni enye ukuya kwenye usebenzisa naluphi na uhlobo lonxibelelwano lomdla.
Imifuniselo eyonwabileyo wonke umntu. Mhlawumbi omnye wabafundi uya kudala uhlobo olutsha lwedijithali lonxibelelwano, kwaye ndiya konwaba ukubandakanya uphononongo lwayo kulo mbhalo π
umthombo: www.habr.com