Iinwele zomntu wanamhlanje azikho nto ngaphandle kwento yokuzazisa okubonakalayo, inxalenye yomfanekiso kunye nomfanekiso. Ngaphandle koku, olu kwakheka kweempondo zesikhumba kunemisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo yebhayoloji: ukhuseleko, i-thermoregulation, ukubamba, njl. Zomelele kangakanani iinwele zethu? Kwathi kanti, zomelele ngokuphindwe kaninzi kunoboya bendlovu okanye bendlulamthi.
Namhlanje siza kuqhelana nophononongo apho izazinzulu zeYunivesithi yaseCalifornia (USA) zagqiba ekubeni zivavanye ukuba ubukhulu beenwele kunye namandla azo zinxibelelana njani neentlobo zezilwanyana ezahlukeneyo, kuquka nabantu. Ziinwele zikabani ezona zinamandla, zeziphi iimpawu zomatshini ezineentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeenwele, kwaye olu phando lunokunceda njani ukuphuhlisa iintlobo ezintsha zemathiriyeli? Oku sikufunda kwingxelo yezazinzulu. Hamba.
Isiseko sophando
Iinwele, ezibandakanya ubukhulu becala yiprotein keratin, kukwakheka kweempondo zesikhumba esanyisayo. Enyanisweni, iinwele, uboya kunye noboya ziyafana. Ubume beenwele buqulathe iipleyiti zekeratin ezithelelanayo, njengeedominoes eziwela phezu komnye. Inwele nganye inemigangatho emithathu: i-cuticle ngumaleko ongaphandle kunye nokukhusela; I-cortex - i-cortex, equka iiseli ezifileyo ezide (ezibalulekileyo kumandla kunye nokunwebeka kweenwele, zigqiba umbala wazo ngenxa ye-melanin) kunye ne-medulla - i-central layer yeenwele, equka iiseli ezithambileyo zekeratin kunye nemingxuma yomoya, inxaxheba ekudluliseleni izondlo kwezinye iileya.
Ukuba iinwele zihlulwe ngokuthe nkqo, sifumana icandelo elingaphantsi (i-shaft) kunye necandelo elingaphantsi (i-bulb okanye ingcambu). I-bulb ijikelezwe yi-follicle, imilo echaza ukuma kweenwele ngokwayo: i-follicle ejikelezileyo iqondile, i-oval follicle i-curly kancane, i-follicle efana nezintso i-curly.
Izazinzulu ezininzi zicebisa ukuba indaleko yabantu iyatshintsha ngenxa yenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji. Oko kukuthi, amanye amalungu kunye nezakhiwo emzimbeni wethu ngokuthe ngcembe ziba yinto enqabileyo-ezo ziphulukene nenjongo yazo. La malungu omzimba abandakanya amazinyo obulumko, i-appendix kunye neenwele zomzimba. Ngamanye amazwi, izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba ngokuhamba kwexesha, ezi zakhiwo ziya kutshabalala kwi-anatomy yethu. Ingaba oku kuyinyaniso okanye akunjalo kunzima ukuthetha, kodwa kubantu abaninzi abaqhelekileyo, amazinyo obulumko, umzekelo, adibene nokutyelela ugqirha wamazinyo ukuze asuswe ngokungenakuphepheka.
Nokuba kunjalo, umntu ufuna iinwele; ayinakuphinda idlale indima ebalulekileyo kwi-thermoregulation, kodwa iseyinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-aesthetics. Kunokuthethwa okufanayo nangenkcubeko yehlabathi. Kumazwe amaninzi, ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, iinwele zazigqalwa njengomthombo wamandla onke, yaye ukuzicheba kwakunxulunyaniswa neengxaki zempilo ezinokwenzeka kwanokusilela ebomini. Intsingiselo engcwele yeenwele yafuduka kwizithethe ze-shamanic zezizwe zamandulo ukuya kwiinkolo zanamhlanje, imisebenzi yababhali, abaculi kunye nabadwebi. Ngokukodwa, ubuhle besifazane buhlala buhambelana ngokusondeleyo nendlela iinwele ezithandekayo ezibukeka ngayo okanye zabonakaliswa (umzekelo, kwimizobo).
Qaphela indlela iinwele zeVenus ezichazwe ngayo (uSandro Botticelli, "Ukuzalwa kukaVenus", 1485).
Masiyishiye ecaleni inkalo yenkcubeko kunye nobuhle beenwele kwaye siqale ukuqwalasela uphando lwezazinzulu.
Iinwele, ngendlela enye okanye enye, zikhona kwiintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana ezincelisayo. Ukuba kubantu abasabalulekanga kangako kwimbono yezinto eziphilayo, ngoko ke kwabanye abameli behlabathi lezilwanyana uboya kunye noboya buyimpawu ezibalulekileyo. Ngelo xesha, ngokubhekiselele kwisiseko sabo esisisiseko, iinwele zomntu kwaye, umzekelo, iinwele zeendlovu zifana kakhulu, nangona kukho ukungafani. Eyona nto icacileyo kubo yimilinganiselo, kuba iinwele zendlovu zinzima kakhulu kunezethu, kodwa, njengoko kwavela, azinamandla.
Oosonzululwazi kudala befunda iinwele noboya ixesha elide. Iziphumo zale mi sebenzi zaphunyezwa zombini kwi-cosmetology kunye neyeza, kunye nakwishishini elikhanyayo (okanye, njengoko iKalugina L.P. eyaziwayo yayiza kuthi: "imboni yokukhanya"), okanye ngokuchanekileyo kwi-textile. Ukongezelela, ukufundwa kweenwele kuye kwanceda kakhulu ekuphuhliseni i-biomaterials esekelwe kwi-keratin, eyathi ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka edlulileyo bafunda ukuzihlukanisa neempondo zezilwanyana ngokusebenzisa i-lime.
Ngaloo ndlela ikeratin efunyenweyo yayisetyenziselwa ukwenza iijeli ezinokuthi zomelezwe ngokufaka i-formaldehyde. Kamva, bafunda ukwahlula ikeratin kungekuphela nje kwiimpondo zezilwanyana, kodwa nakwiboya bazo, nakwienwele zomntu. Izinto ezisekelwe kwi-keratin zifumene ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwii-cosmetics, ii-composites kunye nakwii-tablet coatings.
Kule mihla, ishishini lokufunda kunye nokuvelisa izinto ezomeleleyo kunye nezikhaphukhaphu likhula ngokukhawuleza. Iinwele, ngokuba ngokwemvelo, yenye yezinto zendalo ezikhuthaza olu hlobo lophando. Cinga ngamandla obunzima boboya kunye neenwele zomntu, ukusuka kwi-200 ukuya kwi-260 MPa, elilingana namandla athile e-150-200 MPa / mg m-3. Kwaye oku kuphantse kufaniswe nentsimbi (250 MPa / mg m-3).
Indima ephambili ekubunjweni kweempawu zomatshini zeenwele zidlalwa yi-hierarchical structure, ekhumbuza idoli ye-matryoshka. Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwesi sakhiwo yi-cortex yangaphakathi yeeseli ze-cortical (i-diameter malunga ne-5 μm kunye nobude be-100 μm), equka i-macrofibrils edibeneyo (i-diameter malunga ne-0.2-0.4 μm), yona, iqulethe i-filaments ephakathi (7.5 nm). ububanzi ), ifakwe kwi-amorphous matrix.
Iimpawu zemishini yeenwele, uvakalelo lwalo kwiqondo lokushisa, umswakama kunye ne-deformation yisiphumo esithe ngqo sokusebenzisana kwe-amorphous kunye ne-crystalline components of cortex. Imicu yekeratin ye-cortex yeenwele zomntu ihlala inobude obuphezulu, kunye noxinzelelo olungaphezulu kwe-40%.
Ixabiso eliphezulu elinjalo libangelwa ukukhululwa kwesakhiwo а-keratin kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, ukuguqulwa kwayo ibe b-keratin, ekhokelela ekwandeni kobude (ukujika okupheleleyo kwe-0.52 nm helix yolulelwe kwi-1.2 nm kuqwalaselo b). Esi sesinye sezizathu eziphambili zokuba kutheni izifundo ezininzi zijolise ngokukodwa kwi-keratin ukuze ziphinde zenziwe ngendlela yokwenziwa. Kodwa umaleko wangaphandle weenwele (cuticle), njengoko sele sisazi, iqulathe iipleyiti (0.3-0.5 microns obukhulu kunye 40-60 microns ubude).
Ngaphambili, izazinzulu sele zenze uphando kwiipropati zemishini yeenwele zabantu abaneminyaka eyahlukeneyo kunye neentlanga. Kulo msebenzi, kugxininiswe ekufundeni ukungafani kwiimpawu zemishini yeenwele zeentlobo zezilwanyana ezahlukeneyo, ezizezi: abantu, amahashe, iibhere, iihagu zasendle, i-capybaras, i-peccaries, iindlulamthi kunye neendlovu.
Iziphumo zophando
Umfanekiso #1: Imofoloji yeenwele zomntu (А - cuticle; В - ukuphuka kwe-cortex; ebonisa iziphelo zemicu, С - ubuso besiphoso, apho iindidi ezintathu zibonakala; D - indawo esecaleni ye-cortex, ebonisa ukunyuka kwefiber).
Iinwele zomntu omdala zimalunga ne-80-100 microns ububanzi. Ngokhathalelo oluqhelekileyo lweenwele, inkangeleko yabo iphelele ngokupheleleyo (1A). Inxalenye yangaphakathi yeenwele zomntu yi-fibrous cortex. Emva kovavanyo oluqinileyo, kwafunyaniswa ukuba i-cuticle kunye ne-cortex yeenwele zomntu zaphuka ngokwahlukileyo: i-cuticle ngokuqhelekileyo yaphuka ngokukrakra (i-crumple), kunye nemicu ye-keratin kwi-cortex yahluthwa kwaye yakhutshwa ngaphandle kwesakhiwo sonke.1B).
Emfanekisweni 1C ubuso obunqabileyo be-cuticle bubonakala ngokucacileyo ngokubonwa kwemigangatho, edibanisa iiplate ze-cuticle kunye nobukhulu be-350-400 nm. Ukujongwa kwe-delamination kumphezulu wokuqhekeka, kunye nendalo enqabileyo yalo mhlaba, ibonisa unxibelelwano olubuthathaka phakathi kwe-cuticle kunye ne-cortex, naphakathi kweefayili ngaphakathi kwe-cortex.
Imicu yeKeratin kwicortex yakhutshiwe (1D). Oku kuphakamisa ukuba i-fibrous cortex iyona nto ijongene namandla omatshini weenwele.
Inombolo yomfanekiso 2: Imo yeenwele zehashe (А - i-cuticle, ezinye iiplate zazo ziphambuka kancinane ngenxa yokungakhathali; В - ukubonakala kokuphuka; С - iinkcukacha zokuqhekeka kwe-cortex, apho i-cuticle ekrazukileyo ibonakala; D - iinkcukacha ze-cuticle).
Ukwakhiwa kweenwele zehashe kufana neenwele zomntu, ngaphandle kobubanzi, obuyi-50% enkulu (150 microns). Emfanekisweni 2A Uyakwazi ukubona umonakalo ocacileyo kwi-cuticle, apho amaninzi amacwecwe angaxhunywanga ngokusondeleyo kwi-shaft njengoko ayenayo kwizinwele zomntu. Indawo yokuphumla kwehashe iqulethe zombini ikhefu eliqhelekileyo kunye nokuphuka kweenwele (i-delamination yamacwecwe e-cuticle). Vula 2B Zombini iintlobo zomonakalo ziyabonakala. Kwiindawo apho i-lamellae ikhutshwe ngokupheleleyo, i-interface phakathi kwe-cuticle kunye ne-cortex ibonakala (2C). Iintsinga ezininzi zakrazulwa kwaye zadityaniswa kujongano. Ukuthelekisa oku kuqwalaselwe kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwangaphambili (iinwele zomntu), ukusilela okunjalo kubonisa ukuba iinwele zehashe azizange zibe noxinzelelo olunjengeenwele zomntu xa iintambo kwi-cortex zikhutshwe kwaye zikhutshwe ngokupheleleyo kwi-cuticle. Kwakhona kunokubonwa ukuba ezinye iipleyiti ziye zahlukana nentonga, enokuthi ibe ngenxa yoxinzelelo loxinzelelo (2D).
Umfanekiso #3: Imo yeenwele zeBhere (А - cuticle; В - umonakalo kwiindawo ezimbini ezinxulumene nommandla wokukrazula; С - ukuqhekeka kwe-cuticle kunye ne-delamination of fibers kwi-cortex; D - iinkcukacha zesakhiwo sefiber, iifiber ezininzi ezide ukusuka kwisakhiwo jikelele ziyabonakala).
Ubukhulu beenwele zebhere buyi-80 microns. Amacwecwe e-cuticle adityaniswe ngokuqinileyo omnye komnye (3A), kwaye kwezinye iindawo kunzima ukwahlula amacwecwe ngamanye. Oku kusenokuba ngenxa yokukhuhlana kweenwele ngokuchasene nabamelwane. Ngaphantsi koxinzelelo olunzima, ezi nwele zahlukana ngokwenyani ngokubonakala kweentanda ezinde (ukufakwa ngaphakathi 3B), ebonisa ukuba ngempembelelo ebuthakathaka yokubopha i-cuticle eyonakalisiweyo, iintambo ze-keratin kwi-cortex zazilula ngokulula. I-delamination ye-cortex ibangela ikhefu kwi-cuticle, njengoko kubonakaliswe yipatheni ye-zigzag yekhefu (3C). Olu xinzelelo lubangela ukuba ezinye iintsinga zitsalwe ngaphandle kwecortex (3D).
Inombolo yomfanekiso 4: imofoloji yeenwele zemazi (А - Ukuqhekeka kweenwele eziqhelekileyo; В - isakhiwo se-cuticle sibonisa imeko embi yokunyaniseka (iqela) lamacwecwe; С - iinkcukacha ze-gap kwi-interface phakathi kwe-cuticle kunye ne-cortex; D - iifibers ezinde ukusuka kubunzima obupheleleyo kunye neefibrils eziphumayo).
Iinwele zehagu zityebe kakhulu (230 mm), ngakumbi xa zithelekiswa neenwele zebhere. Ukukrazulwa kweenwele zehagu xa zonakele kubonakala ngokucacileyo (4A) i-perpendicular ukuya kwicala loxinzelelo lwe-tensile.
Ngokwentelekiso, iipleyiti ezincinci zecuticle eziveziweyo zakrazulwa kumzimba ophambili weenwele ngenxa yokolula imiphetho yazo (4B).
Kumphezulu wendawo yokutshatyalaliswa, ukwahlukana kweentsinga kubonakala ngokucacileyo; kucacile ukuba zazidityaniswe ngokuqinileyo omnye komnye ngaphakathi kwe-cortex (4C). Iintsinga kuphela kwi-interface phakathi kwe-cortex kunye ne-cuticle zavezwa ngenxa yokwahlukana (4D), ebonisa ubukho bee-cortical fibrils (250 nm ububanzi). Ezinye iifibrils zivele kancinci ngenxa yokuguquka. Bafanele ukuba basebenze njenge-agent yokomeleza iinwele zebhokhwe.
Umfanekiso #5: Ukumila kweenwele zeendlovu (А - С) kunye nendlulamthi (D - F). А - cuticle; В - ukuphuka kweenwele ngesinyathelo ngesinyathelo; С - i-voids ngaphakathi kweenwele ibonisa apho iifiber zikrazulwe khona. D - iipleyiti ze-cuticular; Е - nkqu ukuphuka kweenwele; F - iifiber ezikrazukileyo ukusuka kumphezulu kwindawo yokuphuka.
Uboya bendlovu yosana bunokuba malunga nama-microns angama-330 ubukhulu, kwaye kumntu omdala unokufikelela kwi-1.5 mm. Amacwecwe aphezu komhlaba kunzima ukuwahlula (5A.) Iinwele zendlovu nazo zixhomekeke ekuqhekekeni okuqhelekileyo, oko kukuthi. Ukwaphuka okucocekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, i-morphology yendawo yokwaphuka ibonisa ukubonakala okunyukayo (5B), mhlawumbi ngenxa yobukho beziphene ezincinci kwi-cortex yeenwele. Eminye imingxunya emincinci inokubonwa kumphezulu wokuqhekeka, apho iifibrils zokuqinisa zazifumaneka ngaphambi komonakalo (5C).
Iinwele zendlulamthi nazo zingqindilili (370 microns), nangona ukucwangciswa kweepleyiti ze-cuticle kungacacanga kangako (5D). Kukholelwa ukuba oku kungenxa yomonakalo wabo kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo (umzekelo, ukungqubuzana nemithi ngexesha lokutya). Nangona kukho umahluko, ukuqhawuka kweenwele zendlulamthi kwakufana noko kwendlovu (5F).
Umfanekiso we-6: i-capybara hair morphology (А - isakhiwo se-cuticular esiphindwe kabini samacwecwe; В - ukuphuka kwesakhiwo esiphindwe kabini; С - iifiber ezikufutshane nomda wokuqhawula zibonakala zilukhuni kwaye zinzima; D - imicu emide ukusuka kwindawo yokuphuka kwesakhiwo esiphindwe kabini).
Iinwele ze-capybaras kunye ne-peccaries zihluke kuzo zonke ezinye iinwele ezifundwayo. Kwi-capybara, umahluko ophambili kubukho bobume be-cuticle ephindwe kabini kunye nokumila kweenwele ze-oval (6A). I-groove phakathi kweendawo ezimbini ezibunjiweyo zeenwele ziyimfuneko ukususa amanzi kuboya besilwanyana ngokukhawuleza, kunye nokungenisa umoya ongcono, okuvumela ukuba zome ngokukhawuleza. Xa zibonakaliswe ukolula, iinwele zohlulwe zibe ngamacandelo amabini ecaleni komjelo, kwaye inxalenye nganye iyatshatyalaliswa (6B). Imicu emininzi ye-cortex iyahlukana kwaye yoluliwe (6C и 6D).
Umfanekiso #7: I-Peccary hair morphology (А - isakhiwo se-cuticle kunye nendawo yokuphuka; В - i-morphology yokutshatyalaliswa kwe-cortex kunye neenkcukacha zesakhiwo sayo; С - iiseli ezivaliweyo (ama-microns angama-20 ububanzi), iindonga zazo ziqukethe iifayili; D - iindonga zeseli).
Iipeccaries (usapho Tayassuidae, o.k. peccary) iinwele zine-cortex ene-porous, kwaye umaleko we-cuticle awunazo iipleyiti zahlukileyo (7A). I-cortex yeenwele iqulethe iiseli ezivaliweyo ezinomlinganiselo we-10-30 microns (7B), iindonga zazo zinemicu yekeratin (7C). Ezi ndonga zinamandla, kwaye ubukhulu bepore enye malunga ne-0.5-3 microns (7D).
Njengoko ubona emfanekisweni 7A, ngaphandle kokuxhaswa kwe-cortex ye-fibrous, i-cuticle iqhekeza kunye nomgca wokuqhawula, kwaye iifayili zikhutshwa kwezinye iindawo. Esi sakhiwo seenwele siyimfuneko ukwenza iinwele zithe nkqo, zikhulise ngokubonakalayo ubukhulu besilwanyana, esinokuthi sibe yindlela yokukhusela kwi-peccary. Iinwele zePeccary zichasa ukucinezelwa kakuhle, kodwa azikwazi ukumelana nokuzolula.
Emva kokuqonda iimpawu zokwakheka kweenwele zezilwanyana ezahlukeneyo, kunye neentlobo zabo zomonakalo ngenxa yoxinzelelo, izazinzulu zaqala ukuchaza iimpawu zomatshini.
Umfanekiso we-8: umzobo we-deformation wohlobo ngalunye lweenwele kunye nomzobo wokuseta uvavanyo lokufumana idatha (isantya soxinzelelo 10-2 s-1).
Njengoko kunokubonwa kwigrafu engentla, impendulo ekoluleni kweenwele zeentlobo zezilwanyana ezahlukeneyo yayahluke kakhulu. Ngaloo ndlela, iinwele zomntu, ihashe, ihagu kunye nebhere zibonise ukusabela okufana nokusabela koboya (kungekhona omnye umntu, kodwa i-textile material).
Kwimodyuli ephezulu ye-elastic ye-3.5-5 ye-GPa, i-curves iquka ummandla we-linear (elastic), olandelwa yi-plateau kunye noxinzelelo olunyuka ngokukhawuleza ukuya kwi-strain ye-0.20-0.25, emva koko isantya sokuqina sanda kakhulu kude kube yinto ukusilela koxinzelelo lwe-0.40. Ummandla wethafa ubhekisa ekuphumleni а-isakhiwo se-helical se-keratin intermediate filaments, kwezinye iimeko ezinokuthi (inxalenye) ziguquke zibe b-amashiti (izakhiwo ezisicaba). Ukukhulula ngokupheleleyo kukhokelela kwi-deformation ye-1.31, ephakamileyo kakhulu kunokuphela kwesi sigaba (0.20-0.25).
I-crystalline thread-like part of the structure ijikelezwe yi-amorphous matrix engaguqukiyo. Inxalenye ye-amorphous yenza malunga ne-55% yomthamo opheleleyo, kodwa kuphela ukuba ububanzi beefayili eziphakathi bu-7 nm kwaye bahlulwe nge-2 nm yezinto eziphathekayo. Ezo zalathi zichanekileyo zifunyenwe kwizifundo zangaphambili.
Ngexesha lokuqina kwenqanaba le-deformation, ukutyibilika kwenzeka phakathi kwemicu ye-cortical kunye naphakathi kwezinto ezincinci zesakhiwo ezifana ne-microfibrils, i-filaments ephakathi, kunye ne-amorphous matrix.
Iinwele zendlulamthi, indlovu kunye ne-peccary zibonisa impendulo enzima ngokwentelekiso engenamahluko ucacileyo phakathi kwamathafa kunye nemimandla yokuqina ngokukhawuleza (iincopho). I-elastic modulus iphantsi kwaye imalunga ne-2 GPa.
Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iintlobo, iinwele ze-capybara zibonisa impendulo ebonakaliswe ngokuqiniswa ngokukhawuleza xa uxinzelelo olulandelelanayo lusetyenziswa. Olu qwalaselo ludibene nesakhiwo esingaqhelekanga seenwele ze-capybara, okanye ngokuchanekileyo kunye nobukho beendawo ezimbini ezilinganayo kunye ne-longitudinal groove phakathi kwabo.
Izifundo zangaphambili sele zenziwe ezibonisa ukuba i-Young's modulus (i-longitudinal elastic modulus) iyancipha ngokunyuka kweenwele kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezilwanyana. Le misebenzi yaphawula ukuba i-peccary's Young's modulus iphantsi kakhulu kunezinye izilwanyana, ezinokuthi zibangelwa yi-porosity yesakhiwo sayo seenwele.
Kukwanomdla wokuba iipeccaries zineendawo ezimnyama nezimhlophe kwizinwele zabo (imibala emibini). Ikhefu le-tensile lihlala livela kwindawo emhlophe yeenwele. Ukwanda kokuchasana kwendawo emnyama kubangelwa ubukho be-melanosomes, ezifumaneka kuphela kwizinwele ezimnyama.
Zonke ezi ngqalelo ziyingqayizivele ngokwenene, kodwa umbuzo oyintloko uhlala: ngaba imilinganiselo yeenwele idlala indima kumandla ayo?
Ukuba sichaza iinwele kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo, sinokugqamisa iinyani eziphambili ezaziwa ngabaphandi:
- kwiintlobo ezininzi zeenwele ziba ngqindilili kwindawo esembindini kunye ne-tapers ukuya ekupheleni; Uboya bezilwanyana zasendle bungqindilili ngenxa yendawo abahlala kuyo;
- Ukwahluka kububanzi beenwele zolunye uhlobo kubonisa ukuba ubukhulu beenwele ezininzi buyahluka phakathi kobukhulu obuqhelekileyo bohlobo oluthile lwesilwanyana. Ubunzima beenwele bunokwahluka phakathi kwabameli abahlukeneyo bohlobo olufanayo, kodwa yintoni echaphazela lo mahluko awukaziwa;
- Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zezilwanyana ezanyisayo zineenwele ezahlukeneyo ezinobunzima (njenge-cliche njengoko inokuvakala).
Ngokushwankathela ezi nyaniso zifumaneka esidlangalaleni kunye nedatha efunyenwe ngexesha lovavanyo, izazinzulu ziye zakwazi ukuthelekisa zonke iziphumo ukwenza ubudlelwane phakathi kobunzima beenwele kunye namandla azo.
Umfanekiso we-9: ubudlelwane phakathi kobunzima beenwele kunye namandla abo kwiintlobo zezilwanyana ezahlukeneyo.
Ngenxa yomahluko kububanzi beenwele kunye nokwandiswa, izazinzulu zagqiba ekubeni zibone ukuba uxinzelelo lwazo lunokuqikelelwa ngokusekwe kwi-Weibull statistics, enokuthi ichaze ngokuthe ngqo umahluko kubungakanani besampulu kunye nesiphumo sobukhulu besiphene.
Kucingelwa ukuba inxalenye yeenwele ezinomthamo V luquka n izinto zomthamo, kunye nomthamo weyunithi nganye V0 inolwabiwo olufanayo lweziphene. Ukusebenzisa eyona ngqikelelo yekhonkco ibuthathaka, kwinqanaba lombane elinikiweyo σ ukuba nokwenzeka P ukugcina ingqibelelo yecandelo leenwele ezinikeziweyo kunye nomthamo V inokubonakaliswa njengemveliso enokwenzeka eyongezelelweyo yokugcina imfezeko yento nganye yevolumu, ezizezi:
P(V= = P(V0) · P(V0)… · P(V0) = · P(V0)n
uphi umthamo V iqulethe izakhi zevolumu V0. Njengoko i-voltage inyuka P(V) iyancipha ngokwendalo.
Ukusebenzisa unikezelo lwe-Weibull yeeparamitha ezimbini, ukubakho kokusilela komthamo wonke kunokubonakaliswa ngolu hlobo:
1 - P = 1 - exp [ -V/V0 · ((σ/σ0m]
apho σ - amandla ombane, σ0 luphawu (ireferensi) amandla, kunye m - I-Weibull modulus, engumlinganiselo wokuguquguquka kwepropati. Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba amathuba okutshatyalaliswa ayanda ngokunyuka kobungakanani besampulu V kwi-voltage engaguqukiyo σ.
Kwitshathi 9A Usasazo lwe-Weibull loxinzelelo lokusilela kovavanyo lweenwele zomntu kunye ne-capybara ziyaboniswa. Iigophe zezinye iintlobo zaqikelelwa kusetyenziswa ifomula #2 enexabiso elifanayo le-m njengeyeenwele zomntu (m = 0.11).
I-avareji yeediameters ezisetyenzisiweyo zezi: ihashe - 235 µm, ihashe - 200 µm, peccary - 300 µm, ibhere - 70 µm, uboya bendlovu - 345 µm kunye nendlulamthi - 370 µm.
Ngokusekelwe kwinto yokuba uxinzelelo oluqhekezayo lunokumiselwa kwi P(V) = 0.5, ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba uxinzelelo lokungaphumeleli luyancipha ngokunyuka kweenwele ezikhulayo kuzo zonke iintlobo.
Kwitshathi 9B ibonisa uxinzelelo oluqikelelweyo lokuqhawuka kwi-50% yokungaphumeleli (P(V) = 0.5) kunye ne-avareji yovavanyo lokuqhawula uxinzelelo lweentlobo ezahlukeneyo.
Kuyacaca ukuba njengoko ububanzi beenwele bukhula ukusuka kwi-100 ukuya kwi-350 mm, ukunyanzeliswa kwengcinezelo kunciphisa ukusuka kwi-200-250 MPa ukuya kwi-125-150 MPa. Iziphumo zokulinganisa ukusasazwa kwe-Weibull zikwisivumelwano esihle kakhulu kunye neziphumo ezichanekileyo zoqwalaselo. Ekuphela kwento ehlukileyo ziinwele zepeccary njengoko zinobunwele obugqithisileyo. Amandla okwenene eenwele ze-peccary aphantsi kunoko kuboniswe yi-Weibull yokusabalalisa imodeli.
Ukuze ufumane ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga nee-nuances zophononongo, ndincoma ukujonga и kuye.
Ipilo
Isiphelo esiphambili sale migqaliselo ingentla kukuba iinwele ezityebileyo azilingani neenwele eziqinileyo. Liyinyaniso elokuba, njengoko izazinzulu zisitsho, le ngxelo ayifunyaniswanga kwiwaka leminyaka, ekubeni kwaphawulwa okufanayo xa kufundwa ucingo lwentsimbi. Inqaku apha alikho nakwifiziksi, i-mechanics okanye ibhayoloji, kodwa kwizibalo-ukuba inkulu into, ubukhulu bobubanzi beziphene.
Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba umsebenzi esiwuphononongileyo namhlanje uya kunceda oogxa babo benze izinto ezintsha zokwenziwa. Ingxaki ephambili kukuba ngaphandle kophuhliso lwetekhnoloji yanamhlanje, abakakwazi ukwenza into efana neenwele zomntu okanye zendlovu. Emva koko, ukudala into encinci sele ingumceli mngeni, ungakhankanyi isakhiwo sayo esiyinkimbinkimbi.
Njengoko sibona, olu phononongo luye lwabonisa ukuba isilika yesigcawu ayifanelekanga ingqalelo yezazinzulu njengenkuthazo yezinto ezizayo ezomelele kakhulu kunye ne-ultra-light, kodwa neenwele zomntu zinokumangalisa ngeempawu zayo zobugcisa kunye namandla amangalisayo.
Enkosi ngokufunda, hlala unomdla kwaye ube neveki emnandi bafana. 🙂
Ezinye iintengiso 🙂
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