Ngokutsho kuka-Alexander Auzan, iDini yeFaculty of Economics kwiYunivesithi yaseMoscow State, ngamaxesha obunzima indima kunye nomsebenzi weengcali zoqoqosho “zeziko” ziyanda. Ezo. iingcali zoqoqosho ezijonga ingxaki ngokubanzi. Emva koko batshintshwe ngabaqoqosho "abaqhelekileyo" abanobuchule ekuqwalaseleni nasekubaleni iingxaki ezincinci, ezijoliswe kuzo.
Umsebenzi weengcali zoqoqosho “zeziko” kukumisela imithetho-siseko jikelele, iivectors neentsingiselo ezinokukhokelela kuhlumo loqoqosho. Fumana uhlobo "lwesiqalo", "i-fulcrum", leyo, ngokutsho kwe-Archimedes, iya kukuvumela ukuba "ujike ihlabathi".
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, "ubuTyebi beZizwe" ngokutsho kuka-Adam Smith sele kuthathwa ixesha elide njengendawo yokuqala kwezoqoqosho. Kwisayensi yanamhlanje, le ngongoma iguqulwe yaba yi-GDP - i-Gross Domestic Product.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, indawo yokuqala kwi-monetarism (uMilton Friedman) kunye nesikolo sase-Austrian sezoqoqosho (uLudwig von Mises, uFriedrich von Hayek) yinkululeko. Inkululeko yezoqoqosho nezopolitiko.
Indawo yesithathu yereferensi esefashonini ngoku ngumbono we "International Happiness Index".
Ngaloo ndlela, akukho nqaku elinye lokubhekisela ngoku.
Nangona kunjalo, le ngongoma inokufumaneka ukuba sihlalutya imigaqo esisiseko yokwakha uluntu lwanamhlanje lwedemokhrasi yasemva kwamashishini. Ukuba uyayiqonda into efanayo imodeli edwelisiweyo. Iphi indawo abaqhele ukuqala kuyo?
Inkqubo yanamhlanje yezoqoqosho, njengenkqubo yanamhlanje yedemokhrasi, ayizange idalelwe yona. Zidalelwe abantu. Oku kuthetha ukuba ayingomntu welizwe, kodwa urhulumente womntu. Imithetho ayikokunqanda inkululeko yomntu, kodwa iqinisekisa ukuhlonishwa kwamalungelo kunye nenkululeko yomntu wonke, ukwandisa ulonwabo kunye nobutyebi bomntu wonke. Oku kuthetha ukuba ayiyo-GDP ebalulekileyo, kodwa ubutyebi bomntu ngamnye.
Izizwe zenziwe ngabantu. Ukuba akukho bantu, akukho mbuso. Abantu abahluphekayo bathetha ilizwe elihlwempuzekileyo.
Ubutyebi, ulonwabo, inkululeko yomntu yindawo yokuhlonipha amalungelo akhe.
Ke, indawo yokudibanisa eqhelekileyo kwingxoxo yezoqoqosho nezopolitiko kunye nethiyori ikwindawo yamalungelo oluntu.
Yaye ukuba amalungelo oluntu ahlonitshwa ngokupheleleyo, ngoko ulonwabo, "ubutyebi bezizwe" buvela, i-GDP yelizwe ikhula, kwaye inkululeko yezoqoqosho ivela.
Ayintoni amalungelo abantu? Kukho iUniversal Declaration of Human Rights. Inokuthi ithathwe njengesiseko, nangona ngokombono wam, izibonelelo ezininzi zesi siBhengezo aziqinisekisi ngokupheleleyo amalungelo oluntu kunye nenkululeko. Kodwa kusengcono kunanto.
Ungathembela kumazwi kaThomas Jefferson ovela kwiSibhengezo seNkululeko sase-US, ukuba "bonke abantu badalwe balingana, kwaye banikwe nguMdali wabo ngamalungelo athile angenakubekelwa bucala, okuba bubomi, inkululeko kunye nokufuna ulonwabo."
La magama abanzi kakhulu kunamalungiselelo eSibhengezo samaLungelo oLuntu kwaye, ngokombono wam, achaneke ngakumbi.
Ukuba sithatha amalungelo oluntu njengesiqalo sethu, iimpendulo kwimibuzo emininzi engxamisekileyo yoqoqosho lwale mihla zibonakala ngokucacileyo. Kwaye kuya kucaca ukuba leliphi icala lokusombulula le miba, ngokuhambelana ngokupheleleyo ne-GDP, inkululeko yezoqoqosho, ulonwabo lomntu kunye "nobutyebi bezizwe."
Umzekelo, ilungelo lobomi lithetha ilungelo lokukhuselwa kobomi nempilo, kunye nelungelo lokufa. Oku kuthetha imfuneko yokuba kusemthethweni ukuthengiswa kwezixhobo zokuzikhusela, ukwenza ngokusemthethweni i-euthanasia, ukwenza lula kunye nokurhoxisa isiqinisekiso samachiza, amaziko ezonyango, iiresiphi, njl. (Jonga "Inkululeko yokukhetha" kaMilton Friedman kwi-FDA). Umntu kufuneka abe nelungelo lokuzimela kwaye ngokukhululekileyo azikhethele ukuba yintoni, njani kwaye aphathwe ngubani. Indlela yokukhusela ubomi kunye nempilo yakho. Khetha ngokukhululekileyo indlela yokuphila esempilweni okanye ukufa kwicuba elisemthethweni, incakuba, intambo okanye utywala, kunye nezinto ezingekho mthethweni (kwamanye amazwe) izinto, imipu, ukubulawa kwabantu.
Omnye umzekelo. Ilungelo lokusebenza likwathetha ukuvunyelwa ngokusemthethweni kokuthengisa ngomzimba, okuya kunika abantu abalo msebenzi ilungelo lokuphila nempilo.* Kwaelona lungelo lisebenza ehlabathini lonke, ilungelo lokuhamba ngokukhululekileyo lifuna ukuba kube lula ukuthobela umthetho wokufuduka.
Ngaba la malungelo kunye nenkululeko ehambelana nobutyebi bezizwe kunye nokukhula kwe-GDP? Ngokungathandabuzekiyo. Ukugunyazwa ngokusemthethweni kwezixhobo zokuzikhusela, ukuthengisa ngomzimba, ukufuduka, ukuchithwa kwesatifikethi kunye nelayisenisi kunciphisa iindleko zebhajethi yamapolisa kunye nezinye iinkonzo, kwaye ngoko kugcina imali yabahlawuli berhafu. Ukunciphisa inkcitho yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali kukuvumela ukuba unciphise irhafu kwaye ngaloo ndlela wenze wonke umhlawuli werhafu otyebileyo kwaye onwabe ngakumbi.
Ukumiselwa ngokusemthethweni kwenza amashishini amaninzi kunye nengeniso ibe semthethweni, nto leyo enciphisa imali yolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye ijongela phantsi isiseko sezoqoqosho solwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kuthetha ukuba kunciphisa iindleko zohlahlo lwabiwo-mali.*
Ngaphezu koko, ukubhaliswa ngokusemthethweni kwenza abantu bathobele umthetho abahlawuli berhafu, oko kwandisa i-GDP kunye nengeniso yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali.
Ngenxa yoko, abantu bazizityebi kwaye bavuya, i-GDP iyanda, ingeniso yebhajethi ikhula, ijika ibe yinzuzo eyongezelelweyo kubantu, umzekelo, ngendlela yengeniso engenamiqathango.
Ngaloo ndlela, indawo yokuqala kuqoqosho lwangoku kufuneka ibe yiparameter yentlonipho epheleleyo yamalungelo oluntu. Kukuthotyelwa kwamalungelo oluntu okuxhasa ukukhula kweGDP kunye "nobutyebi bezizwe."
Xa amalungelo abantu ehlonelwa ngokupheleleyo, onke amaqumrhu ezoqoqosho ayazuza. Ngoko ke, amalungelo oluntu yeyona ndawo iphambili ekubhekiselwa kuyo kuqoqosho lwale mihla.
* Iingxoxo ezineenkcukacha zezi ngcamango zinikelwe kwincwadi ethi “Economics and Human Rights”
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Ukongezwa.
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