Kwangoko kwibhlog sibhale malunga nendlela iifomati ze-e-book ezivele ngayo ΠΈ .
Umxholo wenqaku lanamhlanje yi-EPUB.
Umfanekiso: / CC BY
Imbali yefomathi
Kwiminyaka ye-90, i-e-book market yayilawulwa zizisombululo zobunini. Kwaye abaninzi abavelisi be-e-reader babenefomathi yabo. Umzekelo, i-NuvoMedia isebenzise iifayile ezinolwandiso lwe-.rb. Ezi yayiziziqulathi ezinefayile yeHTML kunye nefayile ye.info equlethe imetadata. Le meko yawenza nzima umsebenzi wabapapashi - kwafuneka bachwetheze iincwadi zefomathi nganye ngokwahlukeneyo. Iqela leenjineli ezivela kuMicrosoft, iNuvoMedia esele ikhankanyiwe kunye neSoftBook Press yathatha isigqibo sokuyilungisa le meko.
Ngelo xesha, iMicrosoft yayiza kunqoba i-e-book market kwaye yayiphuhlisa isicelo se-e-reader ye-Windows 95. Sinokuthi ukudalwa kwefomathi entsha kwakuyingxenye yesicwangciso seshishini le-IT enkulu.
Ukuba sithetha ngeNuvoMedia, le nkampani ithathwa njengomvelisi womfundi wokuqala we-elektroniki . Imemori yangaphakathi yesixhobo yayiyi-megabytes ezisibhozo kuphela, kwaye ubomi bebhetri abuzange budlule iiyure ze-40. Ngokuphathelele iSoftBook Press, baphuhlise abafundi be-elektroniki. Kodwa izixhobo zabo zazinophawu olwahlukileyo-imodem eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi-ikuvumela ukuba ukhuphele uncwadi lwedijithali ngqo kwiSoftBookstore.
Ekuqaleni kwe-XNUMX, zombini iinkampani - i-NuvoMedia kunye neSoftBook - zathengwa yinkampani yeendaba ze-Gemstar kwaye zadibaniswa kwi-Gemstar eBook Group. Lo mbutho waqhubeka ukuthengisa abafundi iminyaka emininzi (umzekelo, ) kunye neencwadi zedijithali, nangona kunjalo ngo-2003 .
Kodwa masibuyele ekuphuhliseni umgangatho omnye. Kwi-1999, iMicrosoft, i-NuvoMedia kunye neSoftBook Press yaseka i-Open eBook Forum, eyaqala ukusebenza kuxwebhu oluyilwayo oluphawula ukuqala kwe-EPUB. Ekuqaleni umgangatho I-OEBPS (imele i-Open EBook Publication Structure). Kwenze ukuba kube lula ukusasaza ukupapashwa kwedijithali kwifayile enye (i-ZIP archive) kwaye yenza kube lula ukudlulisa iincwadi phakathi kweeplatifti ze-hardware ezahlukeneyo.
Kamva, iinkampani ze-IT i-Adobe, IBM, HP, Nokia, Xerox kunye nabapapashi uMcGraw Hill kunye ne-Time Warner bajoyine i-Open eBook Forum. Ngokudibeneyo baqhubela phambili nokuphuhlisa i-OEBPS kwaye baphuhlisa inkqubo yoncwadi lwedijithali iyonke. Ngo-2005, lo mbutho wabizwa ngokuba yi-International Forum for Digital Publishing, okanye .
Kwi-2007, i-IDPF yatshintsha igama lefomathi ye-OEBPS kwi-EPUB kwaye yaqala ukuphuhlisa inguqulelo yayo yesibini. Yaziswa kuluntu ngokubanzi ngo-2010. Imveliso entsha yayiphantse ingafani neyangaphambili, nangona kunjalo imizobo yevektha kunye neefonti ezakhelwe ngaphakathi.
Ngeli xesha, i-EPUB yayithatha indawo yokuthengisa kwaye yaba ngumgangatho ongagqibekanga kubapapashi abaninzi kunye nabavelisi begajethi yombane. Ifomathi yayisele isetyenziswe ngu-O'Reilly kunye noCisco Press, kunye nenkxaso ye-Apple, i-Sony, i-Barnes & Noble, kunye ne-ONYX BOOX izixhobo.
Ngo-2009, iprojekthi yeeNcwadi zikaGoogle malunga nenkxaso ye-EPUB - isetyenziselwe ukuhambisa iincwadi ezisimahla ezingaphezu kwesigidi. Ifomathi yaqala ukufumana ukuthandwa phakathi kwababhali. Kwi-2011, uJK Rowling uqalise iwebhusayithi yePottermore kwaye wenze ukuba ibe yeyona ndawo yokuthengisa iincwadi zePotter kwifomu yedijithali.
I-EPUB yakhethwa njengomgangatho wokusasaza uncwadi, ngokuyintloko ngenxa yamandla ayo okuphumeza ukukhuselwa kwekopi (). Zonke iincwadi ezikwivenkile ekwi-intanethi yombhali ukuza kuthi ga ngoku .
Inguqulelo yesithathu ye-EPUB ifomathi yakhululwa ngo-2011. Abaphuhlisi bongeze amandla okusebenza ngeefayile zeaudio kunye nevidiyo kunye namanqaku asezantsi. Namhlanje umgangatho uyaqhubeka nokuguquka - kwi-IDPF ye-2017 inxalenye ye-W3C consortium, esebenzisa imigangatho yobuchwepheshe kwiWebhu eBanzi yeHlabathi.
Isebenza njani iEPUB
Incwadi ekwifomathi ye-EPUB yindawo yokugcina ye-ZIP. Igcina umbhalo wopapasho ngendlela yeXHTML okanye amaphepha eHTML okanye iifayile zePDF. Uvimba ukwanawo nomxholo wemidiya (umsindo, ividiyo okanye imifanekiso), iifonti kunye nemetadata. Isenokuqulatha iifayile ezongezelelweyo ezinezimbo zeCSS okanye -amaxwebhu anolwazi lweenkonzo zokuvelisa intetho.
Imarkup ye-XML inoxanduva lokubonisa umxholo. Isiqwenga sencwadi enesandi kunye nomfanekiso :
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html
epub_prefix="media: http://idpf.org/epub/vocab/media/#">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../css/shared-culture.css" />
</head>
<body>
<section class="base">
<h1>the entire transcript</h1>
<audio id="bgsound" epub_type="media:soundtrack media:background"
src="../audio/asharedculture_soundtrack.mp3" autoplay="" loop="">
<div class="errmsg">
<p>Your Reading System does not support (this) audio</p>
</div>
</audio>
<p>What does it mean to be human if we don't have a shared culture? What
does a shared culture mean if we can't share it? It's only in the last
100, or 150 years or so, that we started tightly restricting how that
culture gets used.</p>
<img class="left" src="../images/326261902_3fa36f548d.jpg"
alt="child against a wall" />
</section>
</body>
</html>
Ukongeza kwiifayile zomxholo, i-archive iqulethe uxwebhu olukhethekileyo lokukhangela (i-Navigation Document). Ichaza ukulungelelaniswa kwesicatshulwa kunye nemifanekiso encwadini. Usetyenziso lomfundi lufikelela kuyo ukuba umfundi ufuna "ukutsiba" kumaphepha amaninzi.
Enye ifayile efunekayo kwindawo yokugcina yiphakheji. Ibandakanya imethadatha - ulwazi malunga nombhali, umshicileli, ulwimi, isihloko, njalo njalo. Ikwabandakanya noluhlu (umqolo) wamacandelwana ale ncwadi. Umzekelo woxwebhu lwepakethe unokujongwa .
isithunzi
Inzuzo yefomathi kukuguquguquka kwayo. I-EPUB ikuvumela ukuba wenze uyilo loxwebhu oluguqukayo oluqhelanisa nobukhulu besikrini sesixhobo sakho. Esi sesinye sezizathu eziphambili zokuba kutheni ifomathi ixhaswa yinani elikhulu labafundi (kunye nezinye izixhobo zombane). Umzekelo, bonke abafundi be-ONYX BOOX basebenza nge-EPUB ngaphandle kwebhokisi: ukusuka kwisiseko kunye ne-6-intshi ukuya kwi-premium kunye ne-9,7-intshi .
/
Kuba ifomathi isekwe kwimigangatho edumileyo (XML), kulula ukuyiguqula ukuze ifundwe kwi-Intanethi. I-EPUB ikwaxhasa izinto ezisebenzisanayo. Ewe, izinto ezifanayo zikhona kwiPDF, kodwa ungazongeza kuphela kuxwebhu lwePDF usebenzisa isoftware yobunini. Kwimeko ye-EPUB, zongezwa kwincwadi usebenzisa i-markup kunye neethegi ze-XML kunoma yimuphi umhleli wombhalo.
Enye inzuzo ye-EPUB ziimpawu zayo kubantu abanengxaki yombono okanye i-dyslexia. Umgangatho ikuvumela ukuba uguqule umboniso wombhalo kwisikrini - umzekelo, gqamisa imidibaniso ethile yoonobumba.
I-EPUB, njengoko sele siphawulile, inika umshicileli ithuba lokufakela ukukhuselwa kwekopi. Abathengisi be-E-book ukuba bayathanda iindlela zabo ezithintela ukufikelela kuxwebhu. Ukwenza oku, kufuneka ulungise ifayile ye rights.xml kwindawo yokugcina.
Iingxaki
Ukwenza upapasho lweEPUB, kufuneka uqonde i-XML, XHTML, kunye ne-CSS syntax. Kule meko, kufuneka usebenze kunye nenani elikhulu lezazisi. Ukuthelekisa, okufanayo ibandakanya kuphela iseti encinci efunekayo yeethegi - ezaneleyo kuyilo lwefiction. Kwaye ukudala Akukho lwazi lukhethekileyo lufunekayo konke konke - isoftware ekhethekileyo inoxanduva kuyo yonke into.
I-EPUB ikwagxekwa ngokuntsonkotha koyilo lwamabali ahlekisayo kunye nezinye iincwadi ezinemifanekiso emininzi. Kule meko, umshicileli kufuneka enze i-static layout kunye nezilungelelaniso ezisisigxina zomfanekiso ngamnye - oku kunokuthatha umzamo omkhulu kunye nexesha.
Yintoni elandelayo
I-IDPF njengangoku isebenza kwiinkcukacha ezintsha zefomathi. Ngokomzekelo, enye yazo iya kukunceda wenze izifundo ezisebenzisanayo . Incwadi efanayo iya kubonakala ihluke kutitshala kunye nomfundi - kwimeko yesibini, umzekelo, iimpendulo kwiimvavanyo okanye imibuzo yokulawula ziya kufihlwa.
Umfanekiso: / CC BY-SA
Kulindeleke ukuba umsebenzi omtsha uncede ukulungelelanisa inkqubo yemfundo. Namhlanje, i-EPUB isetyenziswa kakhulu ziiyunivesithi ezinkulu, umzekelo iYunivesithi yaseOxford. Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo Inkxaso ye-EPUB 3.0 kwisicelo sakho sethala leencwadi ledijithali.
I-IDPF ikwadala iinkcukacha ezithile zokuphumeza i-Open Annotation imibhalo esemazantsi kwi-EPUB. Lo mgangatho waphuhliswa yi-W3C ngo-2013 - yenza lula ukusebenza kunye neentlobo ezinzima zeenkcazo. Umzekelo, ungayisebenzisa ukongeza inqaku kwicandelo elithile lomfanekiso weJPEG. Umgangatho ozikhethelayo ungqamaniso lotshintsho kwizichasiselo phakathi kweekopi zoxwebhu olufanayo lweEPUB. Vula amaNqaku eFomathi yesiHlomelo kwiifayile ze EPUB nangoku, kodwa ingcaciso esesikweni yazo ayikamkelwa.
Umsebenzi uyaqhubeka kuguqulelo olutsha lomgangatho - EPUB 3.2. Iza kuqulatha iifomati ΠΈ , ezisetyenziselwa ukucinezela iifonti (kwezinye iimeko zinokunciphisa ubukhulu befayile nge-30%). Abaphuhlisi bayakuthatha indawo yeempawu zeHTML eziphelelwe lixesha. Ngokomzekelo, endaweni yento eyahlukileyo yokuqalisa iifayile zeaudio kunye nevidiyo, umgangatho omtsha uya kuba nevidiyo ye-HTML kunye nevidiyo.
Uyilo ΠΈ sele ikhona kwindawo yokugcina iW3C GitHub.
Uphononongo lwe-ONYX-BOOX e-readers:
umthombo: www.habr.com