Umshicileli oFatal

Yoyikani amaDan, abazisa izipho;
- Virgil, "Eneid"

Kwakhona umshicileli omtsha wanyakazisa iphepha.

Kwiyure ngaphambili, uRichard Stallman, umdwebi wenkqubo kwiLebhu yeArtificial
I-MIT Intelligence (AI Labs), ithumele uxwebhu olunamaphepha angama-50
yaprintwa kwiprinta yeofisi, yaza yangena emsebenzini. Kwaye ngoku uRichard
Ndajonga phezulu kwinto endandiyenza, ndaya kumshicileli kwaye ndabona owona mbono ungathandekiyo:
endaweni yamaphepha angama-50 ekudala elindelwe, kwabakho ama-4 kuphela etreyini
amaphepha alungile. Kwaye abo babhekiselele ngokucacileyo kuxwebhu lomnye umntu.
Ifayile kaRichard enamaphepha angama-50 yadityaniswa nefayile yomntu eprintiweyo enesiqingatha
ubucukubhede bothungelwano lweofisi, kunye nomshicileli uye wanikezela kule ngxaki.

Ukulinda umatshini ukuba enze umsebenzi wawo kuyinto eqhelekileyo.
kuba umdwelisi wenkqubo, kwaye uStallman wayelungile ukuthatha le ngxaki
ngokuqhubekayo. Kodwa yinto enye xa unika umatshini umsebenzi kwaye uwenze
eyakho imicimbi, kwaye yahluke ngokupheleleyo xa kufuneka ume ecaleni kwayo
umatshini kwaye uyilawule. Yayingesosihlandlo sokuqala uRichard
yima phambi komshicileli kwaye ubukele amaphepha ephuma nganye nganye
Nye. Njengalo naliphi na igcisa elilungileyo, uStallman wayenembeko kakhulu
ukusebenza kakuhle kwezixhobo kunye neenkqubo. Akumangalisi oku
okunye ukuphazamiseka kwinkqubo yomsebenzi kwavusa umnqweno ovuthayo kaRichard
ngena ngaphakathi kumshicileli kwaye uyibeke ngendlela eyiyo.

Kodwa yeha, uStallman wayengumdwelisi wenkqubo, hayi injineli yoomatshini. Kunjalo ngoba
Ekuphela kwento eyayisele kukubukela amaphepha erhubuluza ngaphandle aze acinge ngawo
ezinye iindlela zokusombulula ingxaki ekruqulayo.

Kodwa abasebenzi baseLabhoratri ye-AI babulisa lo mshicileli ngovuyo kwaye
ngomdla! Yavezwa nguXerox, yayiyimpumelelo yayo
uphuhliso-ukuguqulwa kwefotokopi ekhawulezayo. Umshicileli akenzanga kuphela
iikopi, kodwa kwakhona yajika idatha enenyani ukusuka kwiifayile zenethiwekhi yeofisi ukuya
amaxwebhu ajongeka kakuhle. Esi sixhobo sasiziva sinesibindi
umoya innovative elabhoratri odumileyo Xerox e Palo Alto, waba
isazinge soguqulo kushicilelo lwedesktop oluzakutshintsha ngokupheleleyo
lonke ishishini ekupheleni kweshumi leminyaka.

Ukuvutha ngokuphelelwa ngumonde, abadwelisi beLebhu bavula ngokukhawuleza entsha
umshicileli kwinethiwekhi yeofisi entsonkothileyo. Iziphumo zogqwese kwezona ziphumo bezinomdla
izinto ezilindelweyo. Amaphepha ayebhabha ngaphandle ngesantya se-1 ngomzuzwana, amaxwebhu
waqalisa ukushicilela ngokukhawuleza izihlandlo ezili-10. Ngaphezu koko, imoto yayinzima kakhulu
i-pedantic emsebenzini wakhe: izangqa zazibukeka njengezangqa, hayi ii-oval, kodwa
imigca ethe tye ayisafani ne-low-amplitude sinusoids.

Ngayo yonke indlela, isipho se-Xerox yayisisipho ongenakwala.
yala.

Noko ke, ekuhambeni kwexesha, loo nzondelelo yaqalisa ukuncipha. Ngokukhawuleza ukuba umshicileli waba
umthwalo ukuya phezulu, iingxaki zavela. Eyona nto yayindicaphukisa kakhulu
into yokuba isixhobo sahlafuna iphepha ngokukhawuleza kakhulu. Ukucinga ngobunjineli
abadwelisi badwelise ngokukhawuleza ingcambu yengxaki. Inyaniso kukuba
Iifotokopi ngokwesiko zifuna ubukho rhoqo bomntu okufutshane.
Ukubandakanya ukuze kulungiswe iphepha ukuba kuyimfuneko. KUNYE
xa iXerox iqalisa ukuguqula ifotokopi ibe ngumshicileli, iinjineli
iinkampani azizange zinikele ngqalelo kule ngongoma kwaye zijolise kuyo
ukusombulula ezinye, iingxaki ezicinezela ngakumbi kumshicileli. Ukuthetha ngobunjineli
ulwimi, umshicileli omtsha we-Xerox waba nenxaxheba rhoqo yomntu
yakhiwe ekuqaleni kwindlela.

Ngokuguqula umatshini wokufotokopa ube ngumshicileli, iinjineli zeXerox zazisa into enye
utshintsho oluye lwaba nemiphumo enzulu. Ngaphandle kwe,
ukuze kuthotywe isixhobo kumsebenzisi omnye, yathotyelwa phantsi
kubo bonke abasebenzisi benethiwekhi yeofisi. Umsebenzisi ebengasemi ecaleni
umatshini, olawula ukusebenza kwawo, ngoku udlula kuthungelwano lweofisi oluphitheneyo
ithumele umsebenzi woshicilelo, ngethemba lokuba uxwebhu luya kushicilelwa ngolu hlobo
njengoko kufuneka. Emva koko umsebenzisi uye kumshicileli ukuze athathe okugqityiweyo
uxwebhu lonke, kodwa endaweni yoko lufunyenwe lushicilelwe ngokukhetha
amaphepha.

Akunakwenzeka ukuba uStallman ibe nguye yedwa kwi-AI Lab oye waqaphela
ingxaki, kodwa wacinga nangesisombululo sayo. Kwiminyaka embalwa ngaphambili
URichard waba nethuba lokucombulula ingxaki efanayo nomshicileli wakhe wangaphambili. Kuba
uhlele oku kwikhompyuter yakhe yomsebenzi wePDP-11
udweliso lwenkqubo oluqhutywa kwi-PDP-10 yesakhelo esingundoqo kwaye ilawule umshicileli.
UStallman akazange akwazi ukucombulula ingxaki yokuhlafuna iphepha; endaweni yoko
oku wafaka ikhowudi ukuba kwanyanzeleka PDP-11 amaxesha ngamaxesha
khangela imo yomshicileli. Ukuba umatshini wahlafuna iphepha, inkqubo
Ndisandula ukuthumela isaziso kwi-PDP-11s esebenzayo efana “nomshicileli uyahlafuna
iphepha, lifuna ukulungiswa." Isisombululo siye sasebenza-isaziso
yaya ngqo kubasebenzisi abasebenzisa ngokusebenzayo umshicileli, ngoko
ukuba imigilingwane yakhe enephepha yayidla ngokumiswa ngoko nangoko.

Ngokuqinisekileyo, esi yayisisisombululo se-ad-hoc - yintoni abafowunelwa ababiza ngayo
“Intonga,” kodwa intonga yajika yantle kakhulu. Akalungisanga
bekukho ingxaki kwindlela yomshicileli, kodwa ndenze kangangoko bendinako
ukwenza - kusekwa ingxelo enolwazi phakathi komsebenzisi kunye nomatshini.
Imigca embalwa eyongezelelweyo yekhowudi igcine abasebenzi baseLebhu
I-AI ye-10-15 imizuzu yexesha lokusebenza ngeveki, igcinwe kuyo
kufuneka ubaleke rhoqo ukujonga umshicileli. Ngokwembono
umdwelisi wenkqubo, isigqibo sikaStallman sasisekelwe kubulumko obuhlangeneyo
Iilebhu.

Ekhumbula eli bali, uRichard wathi: “Xa ufumana umyalezo onjalo, awusoze
kuye kwafuneka ixhomekeke komnye umntu ukulungisa umshicileli. Udinga
bekulula ukuvuka ndiye kumshicileli. Umzuzu okanye emibini emva koko
uthe nje ukuba umshicileli aqale ukuhlafuna iphepha, abantu ababini okanye abathathu beza kuye
abasebenzi. Ubuncinane omnye wabo wayesazi kakuhle into ekufuneka yenziwe.”

Izisombululo ezikrelekrele ezinje zibe luphawu lwe-AI Lab kunye nayo
abadwelisi benkqubo. Ngokubanzi, abona badwelisi benkqubo beLabhoratri baliqela
waliphatha ngendelelo igama elithi “umdwelisi wenkqubo”, bekhetha lona
slang for "hacker". Le nkcazo ibonise ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi undoqo womsebenzi, owathi
ibandakanya imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, ukusuka kulonwabo oluntsonkothileyo lwengqondo ukuya
uphuculo olunzima kwiinkqubo kunye neekhompyuter. Kwakhona waziva
inkolelo yakudala malunga nobuchule baseMelika. I-Hacker
Akwanelanga ukubhala nje inkqubo esebenzayo. I-Hacker iyazama
bonisa amandla engqondo yakho kuwe nakwabanye abahlaseli ngokubeka
thatha imisebenzi enzima kakhulu kwaye enzima - umzekelo, yenza
inkqubo ngaxeshanye ngokukhawuleza, compact, enamandla kunye
entle.

Iinkampani ezifana neXerox zanikezela ngeemveliso zazo ngabom kuluntu olukhulu
abahlaseli. Yayilubalo lokuba abahlaseli baya kuqala ukuyisebenzisa,
Baza kunamathela kuye baze basebenzele inkampani. Kwi-60s kunye
ekuqaleni kweminyaka ye-70s, abahlaseli bahlala bebhala umgangatho ophezulu kwaye uluncedo
iinkqubo abathe abavelisi bazisasaza ngokuzithandela phakathi kwabo
abathengi.

Ke, ujongene nomshicileli omtsha weXerox ohlafuna iphepha,
UStallman kwangoko wacinga ukwenza iqhinga lakhe lakudala kunye naye - "inkohliso"
inkqubo yokulawula isixhobo. Noko ke, wayelindelwe yinto engathandekiyo.
– umshicileli akazange eze nayo nayiphi na isoftware, ubuncinci hayi kule
ifomu ukuze uStallman okanye omnye umdwelisi wenkqubo akwazi ukuyifunda kwaye
hlela. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iinkampani ezininzi bezicinga ukuba zilungile
nika iifayile ezinekhowudi yemvelaphi kwithoni efundeka ngabantu,
eyanikezela ngolwazi olupheleleyo malunga nemiyalelo yenkqubo kunye nehambelanayo
imisebenzi yomatshini. Kodwa iXerox ngeli xesha ibonelele ngenkqubo kuphela
ihlanganiswe, ifom yokubini. Ukuba umdwelisi wazama ukufunda
ezi fayile, wayeza kubona kuphela imijelo engapheliyo yeero kunye nezinye,
iyaqondakala kumatshini, kodwa hayi emntwini.

Kukho iinkqubo ezibizwa ngokuba yi "disassemblers" eziguqulelayo
enye kunye no-zero kwimiyalelo yomatshini ophantsi, kodwa ucinga ukuba yintoni
le miyalelo yenza - inkqubo ende kwaye inzima kakhulu ebizwa
"reverse engineering". Ukubuyisela umva ubunjineli inkqubo yomshicileli ilula
ngekuthathe ixesha elingaphezulu kunolungiso lulonke lokuhlafunwayo
iphepha kule minyaka mihlanu izayo. URichard akazange aphelelwe lithemba ngokwaneleyo
ukwenza isigqibo sokuthabatha inyathelo elinjalo, yaye ke ngoko wayibekela ecaleni ingxaki leyo
ibhokisi elide.

Umgaqo-nkqubo ochasayo kaXerox wawuchasene kakhulu nesiqhelo
uluntu hacker. Umzekelo, ukuphuhlisa umntu
computer PDP-11 iinkqubo zokulawula umshicileli endala kunye
iitheminali, iLabhu ye-AI idinga umdibanisi odibanayo
iinkqubo zePDP-11 kwi-PDP-10 engundoqo. Abahlaseli baseLebhu banako
bhala umnqamlezo ngokwakho, kodwa uStallman, engumfundi eHarvard,
Ndafumana inkqubo efanayo kwilebhu yekhompyutha yaseyunivesithi. Yena
yabhalelwa i-mainframe efanayo, i-PDP-10, kodwa enye eyahlukileyo
inkqubo yokwenza. URichard wayengazi ukuba ngubani obhale le nkqubo,
kuba ikhowudi yomthombo ayizange ithethe nto ngayo. Wayizisa nje
ikopi yekhowudi yemvelaphi eya kwiLabhoratri, yahlelwa, kwaye yaqalisa
PDP-10. Ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okungeyomfuneko kunye namaxhala, iLabhoratri yafumana inkqubo,
ebiyimfuneko ekusebenzeni kweziseko ezingundoqo zeofisi. Stallman nokuba
yenza inkqubo ibe namandla ngakumbi ngokongeza imisebenzi emininzi ebingekho
yayikwiyokuqala. "Besisebenzisa le nkqubo iminyaka,"
– uthi hayi ngaphandle kwekratshi.

Emehlweni womdwelisi we-70s, le modeli yokusabalalisa
ikhowudi yenkqubo yayingahlukanga kubudlelwane obuhle nommelwane xa
omnye wabela ikomityi yeswekile nomnye okanye uboleka i-drill. Kodwa ukuba wena
xa uboleka i-drill, uvalela umnini ithuba lokuyisebenzisa, ngoko
Kwimeko yokukopa iinkqubo, akukho nto efana nale yenzekayo. Nakanye
umbhali wenkqubo, okanye abanye abasebenzisi bayo, balahlekelwa nantoni na ukusuka
ukukopa. Kodwa abanye abantu bayazuza kule nto, njengakwimeko ye
hackers of the Laboratory owafumana inkqubo kunye nemisebenzi emitsha, leyo
yayingekho ngaphambili. Kwaye le misebenzi mitsha ingaba mininzi nje
ufuna ukukopa kwaye usasaze kwabanye abantu. Stallman
ukhumbula omnye umdwelisi wenkqubo osuka kwinkampani yabucala iBolt, Beranek &
UNewman, owafumana inkqubo kwaye wayihlela ukuba iqhube
phantsi kweTwenex - enye inkqubo yokusebenza yePDP-10. Naye
wongeze inani leempawu ezintle kwinkqubo, kwaye uStallman wazikopa
kuguqulelo lwakho lwenkqubo kwiLabhoratri. Emva koku bagqiba kunye
phuhlisa inkqubo esele ikhule ngokungazi yaba yimveliso enamandla,
isebenza kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza.

Ekhumbula isiseko sesoftware ye-AI yeLab, uStallman uthi:
“Iinkqubo zavela njengesixeko. Ezinye iindawo zitshintshile
kancinci kancinci, abanye - kwangoko kwaye ngokupheleleyo. Iindawo ezintsha zavela. Kwaye wena
ingahlala ijonge ikhowudi kwaye ithi, ngokugweba ngesimbo, le ndawo
ibhalwe ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-60s, kwaye le iphakathi kwiminyaka yama-70s.”

Ngombulelo kule ntsebenziswano yengqondo elula, abahlaseli baye benza ezininzi
iinkqubo ezinamandla nezithembekileyo kwiLebhu nangaphandle kwayo. Ayiyiyo yonke inkqubo
owabelana ngale nkcubeko uya kuzibiza ngokuba yi-hacker, kodwa uninzi lwabo
wabelane ngokupheleleyo ngeemvakalelo zikaRichard Stallman. Ukuba inkqubo okanye
ikhowudi elungisiweyo isombulula ingxaki yakho kakuhle, baya kuyisombulula ngokunjalo
le ngxaki nakubani na. Kutheni ungabelani ngoku?
isigqibo, ubuncinane ngenxa yezizathu zokuziphatha?

Le ngcamango yentsebenziswano ekhululekileyo yajongelwa phantsi yintlanganisela yokubawa
kunye neemfihlo zorhwebo, ukuvelisa indibaniselwano engaqhelekanga yokufihla kunye
intsebenziswano. Umzekelo omhle bubomi bokuqala be-BSD. Inamandla
inkqubo yokusebenza eyenziwe zizazinzulu kunye neenjineli kwi-Californian
IYunivesithi yaseBerkeley esekwe kwi-Unix, ethengwe kwi-AT&T. Ixabiso
ukukopa i-BSD yayilingana neendleko zefilimu, kodwa kwimeko enye -
izikolo zinokufumana kuphela ifilimu enekopi ye-BSD ukuba zinelayisensi ye-AT&T,
exabisa i-$50,000. Kwavela ukuba abahlaseli baseBerkeley babebelana
iinkqubo kuphela ukuba inkampani ibavumele ukuba benze njalo
AT&T. Kwaye abazange babone nto ingaqhelekanga kuyo.

UStallman akazange abe nomsindo nakuXerox, nangona wayedanile. Akazange
Khange ndicinge ngokucela inkampani ikopi yekhowudi yomthombo. "Bona kunye
ngoko basinika iprinta yelaser,” watsho, “ndandingakwazi ukuthetha
ukuba basanetyala kuthi. Ukongezelela, imithombo yayingekho ngokucacileyo
ayisiyonto nje into yokuba esi yayisisigqibo sangaphakathi senkampani, kwaye icela ukuyitshintsha
bekungamampunge.

Ekugqibeleni, iindaba ezilungileyo zafika: kwavela ukuba ikopi yomthombo
Umphandi weYunivesithi uneenkqubo zomshicileli weXerox
UCarnegie Mellon.

Unxibelelwano noCarnegie Mellon aluzange luhambe kakuhle. Ngowe-1979
umfundi owenza izifundo zobuGqirha uBrian Reed wothuse uluntu ngokusala ukwabelana naye
inkqubo yokufomatha okubhaliweyo efana noMbhali. Wayengowokuqala
udweliso lwenkqubo yolu hlobo olusebenzise imiyalelo yesemantic
njengokuthi “phawula eli gama” okanye “lo mhlathi ucatshulweyo” endaweni yoko
umgangatho ophantsi “bhala eli gama ngookekeleyo” okanye “ukwandisa uhlekiso lwe
lo mhlathi." UReed wathengisa uMbhali kwinkampani esekwe ePittsburgh
Unilogic. NgokukaReed, ekupheleni kwezifundo zakhe zobugqirha wayekhangela nje iqela
abaphuhlisi, ekunokuthi kube lula ukutshintshela emagxeni abo uxanduva
ukuze ikhowudi yemvelaphi yenkqubo ingaweli kusetyenziso loluntu (kude kube ngoku
akucaci ukuba kutheni uReed ethatha le nto ingamkelekanga). Ukwenza sweet ipilisi
Reed wavuma ukongeza iseti yexesha-based imisebenzi kwikhowudi, ngoko
ebizwa ngokuba "iibhombu zexesha" - bajika ikopi yasimahla yenkqubo
ukungasebenzi emva kwexesha lovavanyo lweentsuku ezingama-90. Ukwenza
inkqubo ukusebenza kwakhona, abasebenzisi kufuneka ukuhlawula inkampani kunye
fumana "khubaza" ibhombu yexesha.

KuStallman, oku yayikukungcatsha okumsulwa nokucacileyo.
inqobo zokuziphatha komdwelisi. Endaweni yokulandela umgaqo “wokwabelana kunye
zinike,” uReed uthathe indlela yokuhlawulisa abadwelisi benkqubo ukufikelela kuyo
ulwazi. Kodwa akazange acinge kakhulu ngaloo nto kuba wayengasoloko esenza
Ndasebenzisa uMbhali.

I-Unilogic yanika i-AI Lab ikopi yasimahla yoMbhali, kodwa ayizange iyisuse
ixesha ibhombu kwaye akazange ayikhankanye. Okwangoku inkqubo
Yasebenza, kodwa ngenye imini yema. Inkqubo hacker Howard Cannon
uchithe iiyure ezininzi elungisa inkqubo yokubini ifayile, kude kube ekugqibeleni
khange ibone ibhombu yexesha kwaye ayiyicima. Yamcaphukisa nyhani le nto
ibali, kwaye akazange athandabuze ukuxelela abanye abahlaseli malunga nalo, kwaye adlulisele
zonke iingcamango zam kunye neemvakalelo malunga "nempazamo" ye-Unilogic ngabom.

Ngenxa yezizathu ezinxulumene nomsebenzi wakhe kwiLebhu, uStallman waya
Ikhampasi yaseCarnegie Mellon kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva. Wazama ukufumana indoda
owathi, ngokweendaba azivayo, wayenekhowudi yomthombo wenkqubo
umshicileli. Ngethamsanqa, le ndoda yayikwiofisi yayo.

Incoko yajika yacaca kwaye ibukhali, ngendlela eqhelekileyo yeenjineli.
Emva kokuzazisa, uStallman wacela ikopi yekhowudi yomthombo wenkqubo
ulawulo lomshicileli welaser Xerox. Ukumangaliswa kwakhe okukhulu kwaye
Ngelishwa, umphandi wala.

Uthi: “Uthe uthembise umenzi ukuba angandiniki kopi,” utsho
URichard.

Inkumbulo yinto ehlekisayo. Kwiminyaka engama-20 emva kwesi siganeko, inkumbulo
UStallman uzele ziindawo ezingenanto. Akazange alibale nje isizathu sokuba kutheni
weza Carnegie Mellon, kodwa malunga nokuba ngubani iqabane lakhe kule
incoko engathandekiyo. Ngokutsho kukaReed, lo mntu wayenamathuba amaninzi
URobert Sroll, owayesakuba ngumsebenzi weZiko loPhando kunye noPhuhliso lweXerox
UPalo Alto, owathi kamva waba ngumlawuli wophando
Izahlulo zeSun Microsystems. Ngeminyaka yee-70s iSroll yaba ngumamkeli
umphuhlisi weenkqubo zeXerox abashicileli belaser. Ngaxa lithile ngowe-1980
U-Sroll wamkela isikhundla njengophando eCarnegie Mellon, apho
waqhubeka nokusebenza kwiiprinta zelaser.

Kodwa xa uSprall ebuzwa imibuzo ngale ncoko, uyakhohlisa kuphela
izandla. Nantsi into ayiphendulayo nge-imeyile: “Andikwazi ukuthetha
akukho nto iqinisekileyo, andikhumbuli kwanto malunga nesi sehlo. "

"Ikhowudi uStallman awayeyifuna yayinzima,
umfuziselo wokwenene wobugcisa. USroll wayibhala kunyaka ongaphambili
beza eCarnegie Mellon okanye into enjalo,” utshilo uReed. Ukuba oku
eneneni kunjalo, kukho ukungaqondi kakuhle: kufuneka uStallman
inkqubo esetyenziswa yiMIT ixesha elide, hayi enye entsha
inguqulelo yakhe. Kodwa kuloo ncoko imfutshane akuzange kuthethwe nto ngayo
naziphi na iinguqulelo.

Xa enxibelelana nabaphulaphuli, uStallman uhlala ekhumbula isiganeko
UCarnegie Mellon ugxininisa ukuba ukungafuni
umntu ukwabelana ngeekhowudi zemvelaphi sisiphumo nje sesivumelwano
ukungaxeli, okwakubonelelwe kwisivumelwano phakathi kwakhe kunye
nguXerox. Namhlanje kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba iinkampani zifune
gcina imfihlo kutshintshiselwano lokufikelela kuphuhliso lwamva nje, kodwa kwangaxeshanye
I-NDA yayiyinto entsha ngelo xesha. Ibonise ukubaluleka kweXerox yazo zombini
izishicileli zelaser, kunye nolwazi olwalufuneka ekusebenzeni kwazo.
"UXerox uzame ukwenza iiprinta zelaser zibe yimveliso yorhwebo,"
ukhumbula uReed, “ibiya kuba yimpambano kubo ukuba banike wonke umntu ikhowudi yomthombo
isivumelwano".

UStallman wayibona i-NDA ngokwahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Kuye kwaba kukwala
UCarnegie Mellon uthatha inxaxheba kubomi bokudala boluntu, ngokuchaseneyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku
bakhuthazwa ukuba bajonge iinkqubo njengemithombo yoluntu. Ngokungathi
Ngaba umlimi angafumanisa ngequbuliso loo mijelo yokunkcenkceshela yeenkulungwane zakudala
womile, kwaye kwiinzame zokufumana unobangela wengxaki wayeya kufikelela ekukhanyeni
into entsha yomzi-mveliso wamandla osebenza ngamanzi anelogo yeXerox.

Kuthathe ixesha uStallman ukuqonda esona sizathu sokwala -
ifomati entsha yentsebenziswano phakathi komdwelisi wenkqubo kunye
iinkampani. Ekuqaleni, wabona kuphela ukwala kwakhe. "Kunjalo kum
Ndandinomsindo wokuba ndingafumani nto yokuthetha. Ndivele ndajika nda
URichard uthi: “Ndaphuma ndithe cwaka, mhlawumbi ndade ndambakraza ucango.
Ndiyazi. Ndikhumbula kuphela umnqweno ovuthayo wokuphuma apho ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Phofu bendihamba
kubo, ndilindele intsebenziswano, kwaye andizange nokucinga ukuba ndiya kwenza ntoni ukuba
baya kwala. Kwaye xa oku kusenzeka, ndaphelelwa ngamazwi -
Yandimangalisa kwaye yandicaphukisa kakhulu. "

Nasemva kweminyaka engama-20, usaziva isandi saloo msindo kwaye
ukuphoxeka. Isiganeko saseCarnegie Mellon sasiyinguqu ebomini
Richard, ejongene naye nengxaki entsha yokuziphatha. IN
kwiinyanga ezilandelayo malunga noStallman kunye nabanye abahlaseli be-AI Lab
ezininzi iziganeko ziya kwenzeka, xa kuthelekiswa apho loo 30 imizuzwana yomsindo kunye
ukuphoxeka eCarnegie Mellon kuya kubonakala ngathi akukho nto. Nangona kunjalo,
UStallman unikela ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kwesi siganeko. Wayengowokuqala kwaye
eyona ngongoma ibalulekileyo kuthotho lweziganeko ezajika uRichard
ihacker eyedwa, umchasi onengqondo wamandla aphakathi, kwi
umvangeli omkhulu wenkululeko, ukulingana kunye nobuzalwana kwi
inkqubo.

“Oku ibikukudibana kwam okokuqala nesivumelwano sokungaxeli, kwaye mna
Ngokukhawuleza ndaqonda ukuba abantu baba ngamaxhoba ezivumelwano ezinjalo, - ngokuzithemba
Stallman uthi, “Mna noogxa bam sasingamaxhoba anjalo.
IiLebhu."

Kamva uRichard wathi: “Ukuba wayendalile ngenxa yezizathu zobuqu, ngewayengazange avume
kuya kuba nzima ukuyibiza ngokuba yingxaki. Bendinokuyibala ngokubuyisela
impundu, kwaye kuphelele apho. Kodwa ukwala kwakhe kwakungeyobuntu, wandenza ndaqonda
ukuba akayi kusebenzisana nam kuphela, kodwa nabani na konke konke
yaba. Kwaye oku akuzange kudale ingxaki kuphela, kodwa kuyenze ngokwenene
enkulu."

Nangona bekukho iingxaki kwiminyaka edlulileyo ezamcaphukisa uStallman,
Ngokutsho kwakhe, kuphela emva kwesiganeko eCarnegie Mellon ukuba waqonda ukuba
inkcubeko yokucwangcisa wayeyigqala njengengcwele iqala
utshintsho. “Bendisele ndiqinisekile ukuba iinkqubo kufuneka zifumaneke esidlangalaleni
wonke umntu, kodwa akakwazanga ukuyiqulunqa ngokucacileyo. Iingcinga zam ngalo mba
zazingacacanga kwaye zazinesiphithiphithi ukuba singazichaza zonke
kwihlabathi. Emva kwesiganeko, ndaqala ukuqonda ukuba ingxaki sele ikhona, kwaye
ukuba kufuneka kulungiswe ngoku.”

Ukuba ngumdwelisi wenkqubo ephezulu kwelinye lamaziko anamandla
uxolo, uRichard akazange anikele ingqalelo kakhulu kwizivumelwano kunye neentengiselwano zabanye
abadwelisi benkqubo - okoko nje bengaphazamisi umsebenzi wakhe ophambili. Ngelixa ungaphakathi
Umshicileli weXerox laser akafikanga elabhoratri, uStallman wayenayo yonke into
amathuba okujongela phantsi oomatshini kunye neenkqubo ababandezeleke kuzo
abanye abasebenzisi. Ngapha koko, wayenokuzitshintsha ezi nkqubo njengoko wayecinga
kuyimfuneko.

Kodwa ukufika komshicileli omtsha kwayisongela le nkululeko. Izixhobo
wasebenza kakuhle, nangona wayehlafuna iphepha, kodwa kwakungekho
amathuba okutshintsha indlela aziphatha ngayo ukuze ihambelane neemfuno zeqela. Ngokwembono
ushishino lwesoftware, ukuvala inkqubo yomshicileli kwaba
inyathelo eliyimfuneko kwishishini. Iinkqubo ziye zaba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu ukuba
iinkampani azikwazanga ukupapasha iikhowudi zomthombo,
ngakumbi xa iinkqubo ziqulathe itekhnoloji yempumelelo. Emveni kwakho konke
emva koko abo bakhuphisana nabo banokukhuphela ezi simahla
itekhnoloji yeemveliso zabo. Kodwa ngokwembono kaStallman, umshicileli wayenjalo
Trojan Horse. Emva kweminyaka elishumi yokusilela kwamalinge okusasaza
iinkqubo "zobunini" apho usasazo lwasimahla luthintelwe kwaye
ukuguqulwa kwekhowudi, le yinkqubo kanye engene kwindawo yokuhlala yabahlaseli
ngeyona ndlela ifihlakeleyo - phantsi kwengubo yesipho.

Loo Xerox inike abanye abadwelisi benkqubo ukufikelela kwikhowudi ngokutshintshiselana
ukugcina imfihlo kwakungacaphukisi kangako, kodwa uStallman wayebuhlungu
wavuma ukuba esemncinane, kusenokwenzeka ukuba wayekuvumile oko
Xerox umnikelo. Isiganeko saseCarnegie Mellon someleza ukuziphatha kwakhe
isikhundla, kungekuphela nje ukumtyhola ngokurhanela nomsindo ngakuye
iziphakamiso ezifanayo kwixesha elizayo, kodwa nangokubuza umbuzo: yintoni,
ukuba ngenye imini i-hacker iza nesicelo esifanayo, kwaye ngoku kuye,
Kuya kufuneka uRichard ale ukukopa imithombo yolwazi, elandela iimfuno
umqeshi?

“Xa ndicelwa ukuba ndingcatshe oogxa bam ngendlela efanayo,
Ndikhumbula umsindo kunye nokuphoxeka kwam xa benza okufanayo kum kwaye
amanye amalungu eLebhu, utsho uStallman, ngoko
enkosi kakhulu, intle inkqubo yakho, kodwa andivumi
ngokwemigaqo yokusetyenziswa kwayo, ndiya kwenza ngaphandle kwayo. ”

URichard uya ngokuqinileyo ukugcina inkumbulo yesi sifundo kwi-80s enesiphithiphithi, xa
Uninzi lwabalingane bakhe baseLebhu baya kusebenza kwezinye iinkampani,
ibotshelelwe zizivumelwano zokungabhengezi. Mhlawumbi bazixelele
ukuba oku bububi obuyimfuneko kwindlela yokusebenza kwezona zinto zinomdla kwaye
iiprojekthi ezilingayo. Nangona kunjalo, kuStallman, ubukho be-NDA
iyabuza imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yeprojekthi. Yintoni enokuba kuhle
kwiprojekthi, nokuba inika umdla ngokobuchwephesha, ukuba ayisebenzi ngokubanzi
usukelo?

Kungekudala uStallman waqonda ukuba akavumelani nezi ziphakamiso
unexabiso eliphezulu kakhulu kunemidla yobuqu yobungcali. Enjalo
isimo sakhe esingaguqukiyo siyamahlula kwabanye abahlaseli abathi, nangona
zithiyile iimfihlo, kodwa zilungele ukuya kubude bokuziphatha
ukuvumelana. Uluvo lukaRichard lucacile: ukwala ukwabelana ngekhowudi yomthombo
oku kukungcatsha kungekuphela nje indima yophando
udweliso lwenkqubo, kodwa kwakhona uMthetho weGolide wokuziphatha, ochaza ukuba yakho
isimo sakho sengqondo kwabanye kufuneka sibe njengokuba ufuna ukubona
isimo sengqondo ngakuwe.

Oku kukubaluleka kwebali lomshicileli we-laser kunye nesiganeko kwi
UCarnegie Mellon. Ngaphandle kwayo yonke le nto, njengoko uStallman evuma, ikamva lakhe lahamba
bekuya kuthabatha ikhondo elahluke ngokupheleleyo, ukulungelelana phakathi kobutyebi bezinto eziphathekayo
umcwangcisi wezorhwebo kunye nokuphoxeka kokugqibela ebomini,
ikhowudi yenkqubo echithiweyo engabonakali nakubani na. Khange ndibenayo
bekungayi kuba yimfuneko ukucinga ngale ngxaki, apho abanye nkqu
khange ndiyibone ingxaki. Kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, bekungayi kubakho eso sabelo sinika ubomi
umsindo, owanika uRichard amandla kunye nokuzithemba ukuba aqhubele phambili.

“Ngaloo mini ndagqiba kwelokuba andisoze ndivume ukuba nenxaxheba
oku, ”utshilo uStallman, ebhekisa kwiiNDA kunye nenkcubeko ngokubanzi,
ekhuthaza ukutshintshiselana ngenkululeko yobuqu kwezinye iinzuzo kunye
Iingenelo.

“Ndagqiba kwelokuba andisoze ndenze omnye umntu abe lixhoba endaba lilo
ngenye imini nam."

umthombo: linux.org.ru