Isimahla njengeNkululeko ngesiRashiya: Isahluko 1. Umshicileli oFatal
Isimahla njengeNkululeko ngesiRashiya: Isahluko 2. 2001: A Hacker Odyssey
Ikhululekile njengeNkululeko ngesiRashiya: Isahluko 3. Umfanekiso we-hacker ebusheni bakhe
Dumisa uThixo
Ubudlelwane obunzima nomama wakhe abuzange buthintele uRichard ekubeni azuze ilifa ukuthanda kwakhe iimbono zezopolitiko eziqhubekayo. Kodwa oku akuzange kuvele kwangoko. Iminyaka yokuqala yobomi bakhe yayikhululekile ngokupheleleyo kwezopolitiko. Njengoko uStallman esitsho ngokwakhe, wayehlala “kwindawo engenanto kwezopolitiko.” Ngaphantsi kwe-Eisenhower, abaninzi baseMerika abazange bazithwalise iingxaki zehlabathi, kodwa bazama ukubuyela kubomi obuqhelekileyo bomntu emva kweminyaka engama-40, egcwele ubumnyama kunye nenkohlakalo. Intsapho yakwaStallman yayingenjalo.
“Mna notata kaRichard sasingamaDemokhrasi,” ukhumbula oko uLippman ngeminyaka yosapho lwabo eQueens, “kodwa sasiphantse singabandakanyeki kubomi bezopolitiko basekhaya nobelizwe. Sasonwabile yaye sanelisekile lulungelelwano olukhoyo lwezinto.”
Yonke into yaqala ukutshintsha ekupheleni kweminyaka engama-50, emva kokuba u-Alice noDaniel Stallman baqhawule umtshato. Ukubuyela eManhattan kwakungaphezulu kokutshintsha idilesi. Yayikukuvalelisa kubomi obuzolileyo kunye nokuzihlaziya kwakhona ngendlela entsha, ezimeleyo.
ULippman uthi: “Ndicinga ukuba into eyafak’ isandla ekuvukeni kwam kwezobupolitika kuxa ndaya kumzi wogcino-zincwadi kawonke wonke waseQueens ndaza ndafumana incwadi enye kuphela ethetha ngoqhawulo-mtshato,” utsho uLippman, “le mixholo yayilawulwa ngokungqongqo yiCawa yamaKatolika, ubuncinane e-Elmhurst, apho sasihlala khona. . Ndicinga ukuba esi yayisisihlandlo sokuqala ukuba amehlo am avulwe ukuze ndibone amandla alawula ubomi bethu.”
Xa u-Alice wabuyela kwi-Upper West Side yaseManhattan, indawo ahlala kuyo ebuntwaneni, wothuswa yindlela izinto ezitshintshileyo ngayo kule minyaka ili-15 idlulileyo. Imfuno eshushu yezindlu yasemva kwemfazwe yajika le ndawo yaba lidabi elimanyumnyezi lezopolitiko. Kwelinye icala kwakukho abaphuhlisi bezoshishino kunye namagosa axhalabileyo awayefuna phantse ukuyiphuhlisa ngokupheleleyo loo ndawo, iyenze ibe yindawo enkulu yokuhlala yabasebenzi abamhlophe. Bachaswa ngamahlwempu asekuhlaleni aseIreland nasePuerto Rican, awayengafuni ukwahlukana nezindlu zawo ezinexabiso eliphantsi.
Ekuqaleni, uLippman wayengazi ukuba makakhethe liphi icala. Njengomhlali omtsha wale ndawo, wayethanda umbono wezindlu ezintsha ezinamagumbi abanzi. Kodwa ngokwemeko yezoqoqosho, u-Alice wayesondele kakhulu kumahlwempu asekuhlaleni-umvuzo omncinci womama ongatshatanga wawungenakumvumela ukuba ahlale kufuphi nabasebenzi kunye nabasebenzi. Zonke izicwangciso zophuhliso lobumelwane zazijoliswe kubahlali abazizityebi, kwaye oku kwamcaphukisa uLippman. Waqala ukukhangela iindlela zokulwa noomatshini bezopolitiko ababefuna ukuguqula indawo yakhe ibe liwele lase-Upper East Side.
Kodwa kwafuneka siqale sifunele uRichard isikolo sabantwana abancinane. Ekufikeni kwakhe kwisikolo sabantwana abancinane sasekuhlaleni seentsapho ezihlwempuzekileyo, uAlice wothuswa ziimeko ababekuzo abantwana. “Ndakhumbula ivumba lobisi olumuncu, iipaseji ezimnyama kunye nezixhobo ezincinci kakhulu. Kodwa ndafumana ithuba lokusebenza njengomfundisi-ntsapho kwizikolo zabucala zabucala. Lizulu nomhlaba nje. Kwandicaphukisa kwaye kwandishukumisela esenzweni.”
Kwakungowe-1958. U-Alice wabhekisa amabombo kwikomkhulu leqela leDemocratic Party, ezimisele ukutsalela ingqwalasela kwiimeko ezimanyumnyezi zokuhlala kwabahluphekayo. Noko ke, olu tyelelo lwazisa nto ngaphandle kokuphoxeka. Kwigumbi apho umsi unokuxhoma izembe, uLippman waqala ukukrokrela ukuba ubutshaba kubantu abahluphekayo bunokubangelwa ngabezopolitiko abonakeleyo. Yiyo loo nto engazange aphinde aye apho. U-Alice uthathe isigqibo sokujoyina enye yeentshukumo ezininzi zezopolitiko ezijolise kuhlaziyo olumandla kwiDemocratic Party. Ekunye nabanye kumbutho obizwa ngokuba yiWoodrow Wilson Democratic Reform Alliance, uLippman waqala ukuya kwiintlanganiso zedolophu kunye neendibano zovakaliso-zimvo kunye nokunyanzelisa ukuba kuthathwe inxaxheba enkulu kwezopolitiko.
“Sabona eyona njongo yethu iphambili njengokulwa neTammany Hall, iqela elinempembelelo kwiDemocratic Party yaseNew York, ngelo xesha eyayiquka uCarmine de Sapio namahlakani akhe. Ndibe ngummeli woluntu kwibhunga ledolophu, ndaye ndathatha inxaxheba ekudaleni isicwangciso esinokwenyani sokuguqula le ndawo, engayi kuncitshiswa nje ukuyiphuhlisa ngezindlu zodidi,” utshilo uLippman.
Kwiminyaka ye-60, lo msebenzi wakhula waba ngumsebenzi onzima wezopolitiko. Ngo-1965, u-Alice wayengumxhasi ongafihliyo nothethela phezulu wezopolitiko onjengoWilliam Fitz Ryan, i-Democratic congressman owanyulwa ngamandla enkxaso yakhe emandla kwiintshukumo zohlaziyo zeqela kwaye owayengomnye wabokuqala ukuthetha ngokuchasene neMfazwe yaseVietnam.
Kungekudala, u-Alice waba ngumchasi ovuthayo wemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente waseMelika e-Indochina. Uthi: “Ndandichasene neMfazwe yaseVietnam ukususela oko uKennedy wathumela umkhosi, ndafunda iingxelo neengxelo ngoko kwakusenzeka apho. Kwaye ndandiqinisekile ukuba olu hlaselo luya kusitsalela kumgxobhozo owoyikekayo.”
Le nkcaso kurhulumente waseMerika nayo yangena phakathi kwentsapho. Ngowe-1967, uAlice waphinda watshata, yaye umyeni wakhe omtsha, uMaurice Lippman, umphathi woMkhosi woMoya, warhoxa ukuze abonise iimbono zakhe ngemfazwe. Unyana wakhe u-Andrew Lippman wafunda eMIT kwaye wakhululwa kuyilo de wagqiba izifundo zakhe. Kodwa ukuba ingxabano iye yanda, ukuhlehliswa kunokurhoxiswa, nto leyo eyenzeka ekugqibeleni. Ekugqibeleni, kwabakho isisongelo kuRichard, owathi, nangona wayesemncinane kakhulu ukuba angangenela inkonzo, wayenokuphelela apho kwixesha elizayo.
UAlice ukhumbula oku: “IVietnam yayiyeyona ncoko iphambili endlwini yethu, sasisoloko sithetha ngoko kwakuya kwenzeka ukuba imfazwe iqhubela phambili, oko thina nabantwana kwakuza kufuneka sikwenze ukuba bebeya emkhosini. Sonke sasiyichasile imfazwe nokubhalisela ukuya emkhosini. Besiqinisekile ukuba kubi kakhulu. "
KuRichard ngokwakhe, imfazwe yaseVietnam yabangela isaqhwithi seemvakalelo, apho iimvakalelo eziphambili zaziyisiphithiphithi, uloyiko kunye nokuqonda kokungabi namandla kwakhe phambi kwenkqubo yezopolitiko. UStallman wayengenakukwazi ukujongana nolawulo oluthambileyo nolulinganiselweyo lwesikolo sabucala, kwaye ingcinga yoqeqesho lomkhosi yamenza wangcangcazela. Wayeqinisekile ukuba akanakuyihamba le nto kwaye ahlale ebhadlile.
“Uloyiko lwandikhathaza ngokwenene, kodwa ndandingenalo noluncinci uluvo lokuba mandenze ntoni, ndandisoyika nokuya kuqhanqalazo,” ukhumbula oko uStallman ngolo suku lokuzalwa nge-16 kaMatshi, xa wayenikwa itikiti elibi lokuba ngumntu omdala. ndiye eCanada okanye eSweden, kodwa ayizange ingene entlokweni yam. Ndingagqiba njani ukwenza oku? Ndandingazi nto ngokuziphilela. Ngokuphathelele oku, ndandingazithembi ngokupheleleyo.” Kakade ke, wanikwa deferment ukufunda eyunivesithi - enye yokugqibela, ke urhulumente waseMelika wayeka ukubanika - kodwa le minyaka imbalwa iya kudlula ngokukhawuleza, kwaye yintoni enokuyenza ke?
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umthombo: linux.org.ru