Ingxaki yokuziphatha ngokupheleleyo

Ngecala emva kwentsimbi yeshumi elinesibini ngobusuku be-27 Septemba 1983, kwavela umyalezo ongaqhelekanga kwiqela le-Usenet net.unix-wizards esayinwe rms@mit-oz. Isihloko somyalezo sasimfutshane kwaye sihenda kakhulu: "Ukuphunyezwa okutsha kweUNIX." Kodwa endaweni yenguqulelo entsha eyenziweyo ye-Unix, umfundi ufumene umnxeba:

Le Thanksgiving, Ndiqala ukubhala entsha, ngokupheleleyo Unix-ehambelanayo inkqubo yokusebenza ebizwa GNU (GNU's Not Unix). Ndiya kuyihambisa ngesisa kumntu wonke. Ndifuna ngokwenene ixesha lakho, imali, ikhowudi, izixhobo - naluphi na uncedo.

Kumphuhlisi onamava we-Unix, umyalezo wawungumxube we-egism kunye ne-ego. Umbhali akavumanga kuphela ukuyila kwakhona ukusuka ekuqaleni yonke inkqubo yokusebenza, ehambele phambili kakhulu kwaye inamandla, kodwa nokuyiphucula. Inkqubo ye-GNU bekufanele iqulathe onke amacandelo ayimfuneko njengomhleli wokubhaliweyo, iqokobhe lomyalelo, umqokeleli, kunye “nenani lezinye izinto.” Baphinde bathembisa ngeempawu ezinomtsalane kakhulu ezazingafumaneki kwiinkqubo ezikhoyo ze-Unix: ujongano lwegraphical kulwimi lwenkqubo ye-Lisp, inkqubo yefayile enokunyamezela iimpazamo, iiprothokholi zenethiwekhi ezisekelwe kwi-MIT network architecture.

"I-GNU iya kukwazi ukuqhuba iinkqubo ze-Unix, kodwa ayiyi kufana nenkqubo ye-Unix," wabhala umbhali, "Siza kwenza zonke iimpucuko ezifunekayo eziye zakhula kwiminyaka yokusebenza kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza."

Elindele impendulo ethandabuzekayo kumyalezo wakhe, umbhali wongezelele nge-autobiographical digression emfutshane phantsi kwesihloko esithi: "Ndingubani?":

NdinguRichard Stallman, umyili womhleli weEMACS wokuqala, enye yeeclones okhe wadibana nazo. Ndisebenza kwi-MIT AI Lab. Ndinamava abanzi ekuphuhliseni abaqulunqi, abahleli, abalungisi, abatoliki bemiyalelo, i-ITS kunye ne-Lisp Machine operating systems. Iphunyeziwe inkxaso yesikrini esizimeleyo kwi-terminal kwi-ITS, kunye nenkqubo yefayile yokunyamezela impazamo kunye neenkqubo ezimbini zefestile zoomatshini beLisp.

Kwenzeka kanye ukuba iprojekthi entsonkothileyo kaStallman ayizange iqalise ngoMhla wokuBulela, njengoko wayethembisile. Kwakungekho de kwangoJanuwari 1984 apho uRichard waziphosa entloko kuphuhliso lwesoftware ye-Unix. Ngokwembono yoyilo lweenkqubo ze-ITS, kwakufana nokusuka ekwakhiweni kweebhotwe zamaMoor ukuya ekwakheni udederhu lweevenkile zasedolophini. Nangona kunjalo, uphuhliso lwenkqubo ye-Unix lukwabonelela ngeenzuzo. I-ITS, kuwo onke amandla ayo, yayinendawo ebuthathaka - yayisebenza kuphela kwikhompyutheni ye-PDP-10 esuka kwi-DEC. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-80, iLabhoratri yayishiya i-PDP-10, kunye ne-ITS, abaduni xa kuthelekiswa nesixeko esixakekileyo, yaba yidolophu yesiporho. I-Unix, kwelinye icala, yayiyilwe ekuqaleni ngeliso lokuphatheka ukusuka kwesinye isakhiwo sekhompyuter ukuya kwenye, ngoko ke ezo ngxaki azizange ziyisongele. Iphuhliswe ngabaphandi abancinci kwi-AT&T, i-Unix yatyibilika phantsi kweradar yeshishini kwaye yafumana ikhaya elizolileyo kwilizwe elingenzi nzuzo lamatanki okucinga. Ngezibonelelo ezimbalwa kunabazalwana babo be-hacker e-MIT, abaphuhlisi be-Unix bahlengahlengisa inkqubo yabo ukuba iqhube kwi-zoo ye-hardware ehlukeneyo. Ikakhulu kwi-16-bit ye-PDP-11, apho abahlaseli beLab bacinga ukuba ayifanelekanga kwimisebenzi enzima, kodwa nakwi-32-bit mainframes njenge-VAX 11/780. Ngomnyaka we-1983, iinkampani ezifana ne-Sun Microsystems zenze iikhomputha ze-desktop ezihambelanayo-"iindawo zokusebenza" -ezifaniswa namandla kwi-PDP-10 ye-mainframe endala. I-Unix ekhoyo yonke indawo yahlala kwezi ndawo zokusebenza.

Ukuphatheka kwe-Unix kubonelelwe ngoluhlu olongezelelweyo lokuthabatha phakathi kwezicelo kunye ne-hardware. Esikhundleni sokubhala iinkqubo kwikhowudi yomatshini wekhompyutheni ethile, njengoko abahlaseli beLab benza xa bephuhlisa iinkqubo ze-ITS kwi-PDP-10, abaphuhlisi be-Unix basebenzisa ulwimi oluphezulu lweprogram ye-C, eyayingabotshwanga kwiqonga elithile le-hardware. Kwangaxeshanye, abaphuhlisi bajolise ekumiseleni ujongano apho iinxalenye zenkqubo yokusebenza zidibana. Umphumo waba yinkqubo apho nayiphi na inxalenye inokulungiswa ngokutsha ngaphandle kokuchaphazela zonke ezinye iindawo kwaye ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukusebenza kwazo. Kwaye ukuze udlulise inkqubo ukusuka kwi-architecture enye ye-hardware ukuya kwenye, kwakwanele ukwenza kwakhona inxalenye enye yenkqubo, kwaye ungayibhali kwakhona ngokupheleleyo. Iingcali zilixabisile eli nqanaba lihle lokuguquguquka kunye nokulula, ngoko ke i-Unix yasasazeka kwihlabathi lonke lekhompyuter.

U-Stallman wagqiba ekubeni enze inkqubo ye-GNU ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kwe-ITS, i-brainchild eyintandokazi ye-AI Lab hackers. Ukufa kwe-ITS kwababuhlungu kubo, kuquka noRichard. Ukuba ibali kunye nomshicileli we-laser we-Xerox wavula amehlo akhe kukungabikho kokusesikweni kweelayisenisi zobunini, ngoko ukufa kwe-ITS kwamtyhalela ekuchaseni isoftware evaliweyo kwinkcaso esebenzayo kuyo.

Izizathu zokufa kwe-ITS, njengekhowudi yayo, iya kude kwixesha elidlulileyo. Ngo-1980, uninzi lwabaduni beLab babesele besebenza kumatshini weLisp kunye nenkqubo yokusebenza kuyo.

ILisp lulwimi oluhle kakhulu lwenkqubo olulungele ukusebenza ngedatha enesakhiwo esingaziwayo kwangaphambili. Yenziwe nguvulindlela wophando lwengqondo eyenziweyo kunye nomdali wegama elithi "ingqondo yobugcisa" uJohn McCarthy, owayesebenza kwiMIT kwisiqingatha sesibini se-50s. Igama lolwimi sisishunqulelo se-"LIST Processing" okanye "uluhlu lokuqhubekekisa". Emva kokuba uMcCarthy eshiye iMIT eya eStanford, abahlaseli beLab bayitshintsha i-Lisp ngandlel' ithile, benza i-dialec yasekhaya i-MACLISP, apho oonobumba bokuqala be-3 babemele iprojekthi ye-MAC, ngenxa yokuba, enyanisweni, i-AI Laboratory e-MIT yavela. Ngaphantsi kobunkokheli benkqubo ye-architect uRichard Greenblatt, abahlaseli beLab baphuhlisa umatshini we-Lisp - ikhompyutha ekhethekileyo yokwenza iinkqubo kwi-Lisp, kunye nenkqubo yokusebenza yale khompyutha - nayo, ngokuqinisekileyo, ibhalwe kwi-Lisp.

Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-80, amaqela akhuphisanayo abahlaseli aseke iinkampani ezimbini ezivelisa kunye nokuthengisa oomatshini beLisp. Inkampani kaGreenblatt yayibizwa ngokuba yiLisp Machines Incorporated, okanye ngokulula iLMI. Wayenethemba lokukwenza ngaphandle kotyalo-mali lwangaphandle kwaye enze "inkampani ye-hacker". Kodwa uninzi lwabahlaseli bajoyine iiSymbolics, isiqalo sorhwebo esiqhelekileyo. Ngowe-1982, bayishiya ngokupheleleyo iMIT.

Abo baseleyo babenokubalwa kwiminwe yesandla esinye, ngoko ke iinkqubo kunye noomatshini bathatha ixesha elide nangaphezulu ukulungiswa, okanye abazange balungiswe kwaphela. Yaye eyona nto imbi kakhulu, ngokutsho kukaStallman, “utshintsho kumanani abantu” lwaqala kwiLebhu. Abaduni, ababekade bembalwa, baphantse banyamalala, beshiya iLabhoratri igcwele ootitshala nabafundi, abanesimo sengqondo sabo malunga ne-PDP-10 yayichasa ngokuphandle.

Kwi-1982, iLab ye-AI yafumana indawo ye-PDP-12 eneminyaka eyi-10 - i-DECSYSTEM 20. Izicelo ezibhalelwe i-PDP-10 ziqhube ngaphandle kweengxaki kwikhompyutha entsha, kuba i-DECSYSTEM 20 yayiyi-PDP ehlaziyiweyo. -10, kodwa endala inkqubo yokusebenza yayingafanelekanga kwaphela - ITS kwafuneka ifakwe kwikhompyuter entsha, oku kuthetha ukuba phantse ibhalwe ngokutsha. Kwaye eli lixesha apho phantse bonke abaduni abanokwenza oku beshiye iLabhoratri. Ngoko inkqubo yokusebenza yeTwenex yorhwebo ngokukhawuleza yathatha ikhompyutha entsha. Abahlaseli abambalwa abasele eMIT banokuvuma kuphela oku.

Amalungu kunye nabafundi bathi: “Ngaphandle kokuba abaqweqwedisi benze nokugcina inkqubo yokusebenza, sigwetyiwe.” Sifuna inkqubo yorhwebo exhaswa yinkampani ethile ukuze ikwazi ukucombulula iingxaki ngale nkqubo ngokwayo. UStallman ukhumbula ukuba le ngxabano yajika yaba yimpazamo ekhohlakeleyo, kodwa ngelo xesha yayivakala iseyisela.

Ekuqaleni, abahlaseli babona i-Twenex njengolunye uhlobo lwe-corporatocracy yolawulo ababefuna ukuyiphula. Kwanegama libonise ubutshaba kubaduni - enyanisweni, inkqubo yayibizwa ngokuba yi-TOPS-20, ebonisa ukuqhubeka ne-TOPS-10, kwakhona inkqubo ye-DEC yorhwebo ye-PDP-10. Kodwa ngoyilo, i-TOPS-20 ayinanto idibanisa ne-TOPS-10. Yenziwe ngokusekelwe kwinkqubo yeTenex, apho iBolt, iBeranek neNewman yaphuhliswa kwi-PDP-10. . UStallman waqala ukubiza inkqubo "Twenex" ukunqanda ukuyibiza ngokuba yi-TOPS-20. "Le nkqubo yayikude nezisombululo eziphezulu, ngoko ke andinakukwazi ukuyibiza ngegama layo elisemthethweni," ukhumbula uStallman, "ke ndafaka unobumba 'w' ku-'Tenex' ukuze ndiyenze 'Twenex'." (Eli gama lidlala kwigama elithi “amashumi amabini”, oko kukuthi “amashumi amabini”)

Ikhompyuter eyayiqhuba i-Twenex/TOPS-20 yayibizwa ngokuba yi-"Oz." Inyani kukuba i-DECSYSTEM 20 yayifuna umatshini omncinci wePDP-11 ukuze usebenze i-terminal. Enye i-hacker, xa eqala ukubona i-PDP-11 eqhagamshelwe kule khompyutha, wayithelekisa kunye nokusebenza okuzenzisayo kweWizard ye-Oz. “NdiyiOz enkulu neyoyikekayo! – wacengceleza. "Sukujonga nje intlanzi encinci endisebenza kuyo."

Kodwa kwakungekho nto ihlekisayo kwinkqubo yokusebenza yekhompyuter entsha. Ukhuseleko kunye nolawulo lofikelelo lwakhiwe kwi-Twenex kwinqanaba elisisiseko, kunye nezixhobo zayo zesicelo nazo zenziwe ngokhuseleko engqondweni. Amahlaya athobayo malunga neenkqubo zokhuseleko zeLab zijike zaba ngumlo onzima wolawulo lwekhompyuter. Abalawuli baxoxile ukuba ngaphandle kweenkqubo zokhuseleko, i-Twenex yayingayi kuzinza kwaye ithande ukuba neempazamo. Abahlaseli baqinisekisile ukuba uzinzo kunye nokuthembeka kunokufezekiswa ngokukhawuleza ngokuhlela ikhowudi yomthombo wenkqubo. Kodwa babesele bembalwa eLebhu kangangokuba akukho mntu wabaphulaphulayo.

Abahlaseli bacinga ukuba banokudlula kwizithintelo zokhuseleko ngokunika bonke abasebenzisi "amalungelo okulawula" - amalungelo aphezulu anika amandla okwenza izinto ezininzi umsebenzisi oqhelekileyo angavunyelwanga ukuba azenze. Kodwa kule meko, nawuphi na umsebenzisi unokuthatha "amalungelo okulawula" kuye nawuphi na omnye umsebenzisi, kwaye akakwazi ukuwabuyisela kuye ngenxa yokungabikho kwamalungelo okufikelela. Ngoko ke, abahlaseli bagqiba ekubeni bafumane ulawulo lwenkqubo ngokususa "amalungelo okulawula" kuwo wonke umntu ngaphandle kwabo.

Ukuthelekelela amagama agqithisiweyo kunye nokusebenzisa i-debugger ngelixa inkqubo yayiqala ukwenza nto. Usilele kwi"icoup d'etat", Stallman uthumele umyalezo kubo bonke abasebenzi Laboratory.

Wabhala wathi: “Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku izihandiba zoyisiwe, kodwa ngoku ziye zaphumelela, yaye iinzame zokuhlutha igunya aziphumelelanga. URichard watyikitya lo myalezo: “Irediyo yasimahla yeOZ” ukuze kungabikho mntu uqikelela ukuba nguye. Ukuzifihla okugqwesileyo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba wonke umntu okwiLebhu wayesazi malunga nesimo sengqondo sikaStallman kwiinkqubo zokhuseleko kunye nokugculela kwakhe amagama ayimfihlo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuchaswa kukaRichard kwiiphasiwedi kwakwaziwa kude ngaphaya kweMIT. Phantse yonke i-ARPAnet, iprototype ye-Intanethi yaloo maxesha, ifikelele kwiikhomputha zeLebhu phantsi kweakhawunti kaStallman. "Umkhenkethi" onjalo, umzekelo, uDon Hopkins, umdwebi wenkqubo waseCalifornia, owathi ngomlomo we-hacker wafunda ukuba ungangena kwi-IT edumileyo kwi-MIT ngokufaka nje iileta ezi-3 ze-initials zikaStallman njengegama lokungena kunye negama lokugqitha.

UHopkins uthi: “Ndihlala ndinombulelo kuba iMIT indinike mna kunye nabanye abantu abaninzi inkululeko yokusebenzisa iikhompyuter zabo, kwakuthetha lukhulu kuthi sonke.

Lo mgaqo-nkqubo "wokhenketho" wahlala iminyaka emininzi ngelixa inkqubo ye-ITS ihlala, kwaye abaphathi be-MIT bawujonge ngokuzithoba. . Kodwa xa umatshini we-Oz waba yibhulorho ephambili esuka kwiLabhoratri ukuya kwi-ARPAnet, yonke into yatshintsha. UStallman usabonelele ngokungena kwiakhawunti yakhe esebenzisa igama lokungena negama eliyimfihlo elaziwayo, kodwa abalawuli bafuna ukuba atshintshe igama eliyimfihlo kwaye anganikeli komnye umntu. URichard, ecaphula imigaqo yakhe yokuziphatha, wala ukusebenza kumatshini ka-Oz kwaphela.

"Xa amagama agqithisiweyo aqala ukubonakala kwiikhompyutheni ze-AI Lab, ndaye ndagqiba ekubeni ndilandele inkolelo yam yokuba akufuneki kubekho iiphasiwedi," utshilo uStallman kamva, "kwaye ekubeni ndandikholelwa ukuba iikhomputha azidingi iinkqubo zokhuseleko, andifanelanga ukuba ndixhase le miqathango yokuphumeza. nabo."

Ukwala kukaStallman ukuguqa phambi komatshini omkhulu nowoyikekayo we-Oz wabonisa ukuba uxinzelelo lwalukhula phakathi kwabaduni kunye nabaphathi beLab. Kodwa le ngxwabangxwaba yayisisithunzi nje esiluthuthu songquzulwano olwaqhubeka phakathi koluntu lwehacker ngokwalo, olwahlulwa lwaba ziinkampu ezi-2: LMI (Lisp Machines Incorporated) kunye neSimboli.

Iimpawu zifumene utyalo-mali oluninzi oluvela ngaphandle, olutsale uninzi lwabaduni beLab. Basebenza kwinkqubo yomatshini weLisp zombini kwiMIT nangaphandle kwayo. Ekupheleni kuka-1980, inkampani yaqesha abasebenzi beLabhoratri abali-14 njengabacebisi ukuba baphuhlise inguqulelo yabo yomatshini weLisp. Abanye abaduni, singabali uStallman, basebenzela iLMI. URichard wagqiba ekubeni angathathi cala, yaye, ngenxa yomkhwa, wayeyedwa.

Ekuqaleni, abahlaseli abaqeshwe yi-Symbolics baqhubeka besebenza kwi-MIT, bephucula inkqubo yomatshini we-Lisp. Bona, njengabaduni be-LMI, basebenzise ilayisenisi ye-MIT kwikhowudi yabo. Kwakufuneka ukuba utshintsho lubuyiselwe kwi-MIT, kodwa aluzange lufune ukuba i-MIT isasaze utshintsho. Nangona kunjalo, ngo-1981, abahlaseli babambelela kwisivumelwano somntu ohloniphekileyo apho zonke izinto zabo zokuphucula zabhalwa kumatshini we-MIT's Lisp kwaye zisasazwe kubo bonke abasebenzisi baloo matshini. Le meko yemicimbi isagcina uzinzo lweqela le-hacker.

Kodwa ngomhla weshumi elinesithandathu kweyoKwindla ngo-16 – uStallman ulukhumbula kakuhle olu suku kuba yayilusuku lwakhe lokuzalwa – isivumelwano senene safikelela esiphelweni. Oku kwenzeke ngokomyalelo wabaphathi beSimboli; ke bafuna ukukrwitsha umntu okhuphisana nabo, inkampani ye-LMI, eyayinabahlaseli abambalwa kakhulu abayisebenzelayo. Iinkokeli zeSimboli zaqiqa ngolu hlobo: ukuba i-LMI inabasebenzi abaninzi abancinci, ngoko kuvela ukuba umsebenzi jikelele kumatshini we-Lisp unenzuzo kuwo, kwaye ukuba olu tshintsho lwentuthuko lumisiwe, ngoko i-LMI iya kutshatyalaliswa. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, bagqibe kwelokuba bayisebenzise kakubi ileta yelayisensi. Esikhundleni sokwenza utshintsho kwi-MIT version yenkqubo, enokuthi i-LMI isebenzise, baqala ukubonelela nge-MIT ngenguqulelo yeSimboli yenkqubo, abanokuyihlela nangona befuna. Kuye kwavela ukuba naluphi na uvavanyo kunye nokuhlelwa kwekhowudi yomatshini we-Lisp e-MIT yahamba kuphela ngokuthanda iiMpawu.

Njengendoda enoxanduva lokugcina umatshini weLisp welabhoratri (ngoncedo lukaGreenblatt kwiinyanga ezimbalwa zokuqala), uStallman waba nomsindo. Abahlaseli beSimboli banikeze ikhowudi kunye namakhulu otshintsho olubangele iimpazamo. Ukuthathela ingqalelo esi sigqitho, uStallman waqhawula unxibelelwano lweLebhu kunye neeMpawu, wafunga ukuba akasayi kuphinda asebenze koomatshini baloo nkampani, kwaye wabhengeza ukuba uya kujoyina umsebenzi kumatshini we-MIT Lisp ukuxhasa i-LMI. UStallman uthi: “Emehlweni am, iLebhu yayililizwe elingoondilele, njengeBelgium kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II, yaye ukuba iJamani yahlasela iBelgium, iBelgium yabhengeza imfazwe neJamani yaza yazimanya neBritani neFransi.”

Xa abaphathi be-Symbolics baqaphela ukuba izinto ezintsha zabo zamva nje zisabonakala kwi-MIT inguqulo yomatshini we-Lisp, baba nomsindo kwaye baqala ukutyhola abahlaseli beLebhu yekhowudi yokweba. Kodwa uStallman akazange aphule umthetho welungelo lokushicilela konke konke. Wafunda ikhowudi ebonelelwe yi-Symbolics kwaye wenza uqikelelo olunengqiqo malunga nokulungiswa kwexesha elizayo kunye nokuphucula, awaqala ukuphumeza ukusuka ekuqaleni kumatshini we-Lisp we-MIT. Abaphathi bemiqondiso abazange bakholelwe. Bafake ispyware kwitheminali kaStallman, erekhoda yonke into eyenziwa nguRichard. Ngoko babenethemba lokuqokelela ubungqina bobusela bekhowudi kwaye babonise kulawulo lwe-MIT, kodwa nasekuqaleni kwe-1983 kwakungekho nto ingabonisa. Yonke into ababenayo yayilishumi elinesibini okanye iindawo apho ikhowudi yeenkqubo ezimbini ibonakala ifana kancinane.

Xa abalawuli beLebhu babonisa ubungqina beSimboli kuStallman, wabuphikisa, esithi ikhowudi iyafana, kodwa ayifani. Kwaye wajika ingqiqo yolawulo lweSimboli ngokuchasene naye: ukuba ezi nkozo zekhowudi efanayo zizo zonke ezinokuthi zimbe kuye, ke oku kubonisa kuphela ukuba uStallman akazange ayibe ikhowudi. Oku kwanele ukuba abaphathi beLabhoratri bawuvume umsebenzi kaStallman, waza waqhubeka nawo de kwasekupheleni kowe-1983. .

Kodwa uStallman wayitshintsha indlela yakhe yokwenza izinto. Ukuze azikhusele kunye neprojekthi kangangoko kunokwenzeka kumabango eSimboli, wayeka ngokupheleleyo ukujonga iikhowudi zabo zomthombo. Waqala ukubhala ikhowudi esekelwe kuphela kumaxwebhu. URichard akazange alindele olona tshintsho lukhulu luvela kwiSimboli, kodwa waluphumeza ngokwakhe, emva koko wongeza ujongano lokuhambelana nokuphunyezwa kweSimboli, ngokuxhomekeke kuxwebhu lwabo. Kwakhona wafunda ikhowudi ye-Symbolics changelog ukuze abone ukuba zeziphi iziphene ababezilungisa, kwaye wazilungisa ngokwakhe ezo bugs ngezinye iindlela.

Okwenzekayo kwasomeleza isigqibo sikaStallman. Emva kokudala i-analogues yemisebenzi emitsha yeSimboli, wancenga abasebenzi baseLabhoratri ukuba basebenzise i-MIT version yomatshini we-Lisp, owaqinisekisa umgangatho omhle wokuvavanya kunye nokufumanisa iimpazamo. Kwaye inguqulo ye-MIT yayivulekele ngokupheleleyo kwi-LMI. “Bendifuna ukohlwaya iiSymbolics nangaliphi na ixabiso,” utshilo uStallman. Le nkcazo ayibonisi kuphela ukuba umlingiswa kaRichard ukude kwi-pacifistic, kodwa nokuba ingxabano phezu komatshini we-Lisp wamchukumisa ngokukhawuleza.

Ukuzimisela kukaStallman kunokuqondwa xa ucinga ukuba kwakubukeka njani kuye - "ukutshatyalaliswa" kwe "khaya" lakhe, oko kukuthi, uluntu lwe-hacker kunye nenkcubeko ye-AI Lab. U-Levy kamva wenza udliwano-ndlebe no-Stallman nge-imeyile, kwaye u-Richard wazithelekisa no-Ishi, ilungu lokugqibela elaziwayo labantu base-Yahi Indian, abatshatyalaliswa kwiiMfazwe zase-Indiya ze-1860s kunye ne-1870s. Lo mzekeliso unika iziganeko ezichazwe kwi-epic, phantse i-mythological scope. Abahlaseli ababesebenzela iiSimboli bakubona oku ngendlela eyahlukileyo: inkampani yabo ayizange itshabalalise okanye itshabalalise, kodwa yenza kuphela into ebekumele ukuba yenziwe kudala. Emva kokuhambisa umatshini we-Lisp kwintsimi yorhwebo, i-Symbolics yatshintsha indlela yayo yokuyila inkqubo - endaweni yokuyinqumla ngokuhambelana neepatheni ezifayo zabaduni, baqala ukusebenzisa imigangatho ethambileyo kunye neyobuntu yabaphathi. Kwaye abazange bamgqale uStallman njengotshaba olukhuselayo ngesizathu esifanelekileyo, kodwa njengomphathi wengcinga ephelelwe lixesha.

Iingxabano zobuqu nazo zongeza umlilo. Kwanangaphambi kokufika kweSimboli, abahlaseli abaninzi bamphepha uStallman, kwaye ngoku imeko iye yaba mandundu amaxesha amaninzi. URichard ukhumbula oku: “Ndandingasamenywa ukuba ndiye kuhambo oluya eChinatown, “uGreenblatt waqalisa isiko: xa ufuna isidlo sasemini, ujikeleza abantu osebenza nabo uze ubameme kunye nawe, okanye ubathumelele umyalezo. Ndaweni ithile ngo-1980-1981 baye bayeka ukundifowunela. Abazange bandimeme nje kuphela, kodwa, njengoko omnye wavumayo kamva kum, bacinezela abanye ukuze kungabikho bani undixelelayo ngoololiwe ababecetywa isidlo sasemini.”

umthombo: linux.org.ru

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