Ndazibuza umbuzo okhoyo obekwe kwisihloko ekuqulunqweni kukaGrebenshchikov emva komnye umjikelo wengxoxo kwelinye labahlali malunga nokuba umqambi we-backend wewebhu wokuqala udinga ulwazi lwe-SQL, okanye ukuba i-ORM iya kwenza yonke into. Ndaye ndagqiba ekubeni ndikhangele impendulo ngokubanzi ngakumbi kunokuba nje malunga ne-ORM kunye ne-SQL, kwaye ngokusisiseko ndizama ukucwangcisa ukuba ngoobani abantu abaya kudliwano-ndlebe kwizikhundla zophuhliso ezincinci kunye neziphakathi, yintoni imbali yabo kwaye yintoni ihlabathi abayenzayo. Hlala e. Ngokubanzi, ndibe noluvo, kodwa lwaqulunqwa ngamava okuqeshwa komntu kwaye luhlengahlengiswe ngokucacileyo kwimarike yendawo. Ngokubanzi, yaba nomdla. Nantsi into esiyifumeneyo.
Inani labaphuhlisi behlabathi
Ukuze ngandlela ithile ndisondele kumbuzo, ndigqibe ekubeni ndiqale ngokukhangela idatha yokuba bangaphi abaphuhlisi abakhoyo emhlabeni namhlanje kunye nendlela elitshintsha ngayo inani labantu ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Uqikelelo kwimithombo eyahlukahlukeneyo lubeka amanani kuluhlu olususela kwi-12 ukuya kwi-30 yezigidi zabantu. Ndagqiba kwelokuba ndiyeke , ngenxa yokuba indlela yabo yokwenza izinto yayibonakala ilungelelene yaye ifanelekile kwiimfuno zam. Ekuvavanyeni kwabo, bathathela ingqalelo inani leeakhawunti kunye neendawo zokugcina kwi-Github, inani le-akhawunti kwi-StackOverflow, i-akhawunti ye-npm kunye nedatha evela kwimithombo esemthethweni malunga nomsebenzi e-US naseYurophu. Baphinde bahlengahlengisa amanani aneziphumo besebenzisa ezabo izifundo ezili-16, ezibandakanya malunga nama-20 abantu kuphando ngalunye.
Ngokutsho kwe-SlashData, bekukho malunga ne-2018 yezigidi zabaphuhlisi kwihlabathi kwikota yesine ye-18.9, i-12.9 yezigidi kubo yayingabaphuhlisi abaqeqeshiweyo, oko kukuthi, benza inkqubo yokuphila. Abo bangengabo abaphuhlisi abaqeqeshiweyo ngoku ngabantu abalumdlalo wabo wokuzonwabisa, kunye nabo bafunda ngoku ubuchwephesha (abafundi abohlukeneyo kunye nokuzifundisa). Ewe, oko kukuthi, nantsi ingcebiso kubungakanani beqela elinomdla kum - abantu abazizigidi ezi-6. Xa ndithetha inyani, oku kungaphezulu kunokuba bendilindele.
Isimanga sesibini kum yayiyisantya sokukhula kwenani labaprogram: ukusuka kwikota yesibini ye-2017 ukuya kwikota yesine ye-2018, inyuke ukusuka kwi-14.7 ukuya kwi-18.9 yezigidi ezikhankanywe, okanye inyuke nge-21% kwi-2018! Ukuba ndiceliwe ukuba ndiqikelele izinga lokukhula kwenani labaprogram, ndiza kuthi malunga ne-5% ngonyaka kunye nokunyuka okuncinci kwinqanaba ngonyaka. Kwaye apha kuvela ukuba ibe malunga ne-20%.
Ukongeza, iSlashData iqikelela ukuba abantu baya kufikelela kwizigidi ezingama-2030 ngo-45. Kulula ukufumanisa ukuba oku kuthetha ukukhula okungaphezulu kancinci kwe-8% ngonyaka, hayi i-20%, kodwa babhekisa kuhlengahlengiso kwiakhawunti yokungena kwi-intanethi (okwangoku malunga ne-57% kwihlabathi liphela). ) kunye neminye imiba emininzi, njengenani labaphuhlisi ngokomntu ngamnye. Ngokwendawo, inani labaphuhlisi likhula ngamandla eIndiya nase China; IIndiya kulindeleke ukuba idlule eUnited States ngenani labaphuhlisi ngo-2023 (oku sele ).
Ngokubanzi, kuya kuba baninzi abaprogram, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ujonge njani, kuba imfuno ikhula. Ngendlela, malunga nemfuno.
Yintoni efunwayo?
Ukuqikelela imfuno, ndisebenzise idatha yeHackerRank и ngonyaka.
Ngokubhekiselele kwiilwimi zokucwangcisa, eyona mfuno inkulu yeJavaScript, iPython kunye neJava phantse kuwo onke amashishini, ngaphandle kweComputer Hardware. Ekugqibeleni, eyona mfuno inkulu yeyeC/C++, eqondakalayo; iiprojekthi zehardware ziseneemfuno zokuqina kobutyebi kunye nokusebenza kwesoftware ehambelanayo.
Ngokwezikhokelo, i-AngularJS, i-Node.js kunye ne-React zifunwa kakhulu, kwaye zine-gap enkulu phakathi konikezelo kunye nemfuno, ebonakala ichazwa ngesantya apho i-ecosystem ye-Javascript itshintsha, kuba umzekelo, kwi-ExpressJS. , unikezelo sele lugqithile kwimfuno.
Ngokwezakhono, abaqeshi balindele izakhono zokuSombulula iiNgxaki kubagqatswa. Malunga ne-95% yabaqeshi bazikhankanya ezi zakhono njengezibalulekileyo. Ubuchule bokuCwangciswa koLwimi bukwindawo yesibini nge-56%. Ngendlela, akukho mgca konke konke ngolwazi olusisiseko lwe-algorithms, izakhiwo zedatha kunye nezinye iNzululwazi yeKhompyutha, mhlawumbi yayingekho kwi-questionnaire, okanye ulwazi lwezemfundo alusekho kwizinga elikhulu.
I-Database Design ifunwa yi-23.2% yeenkampani ezingaphantsi kwe-100 yabantu, kunye ne-18.8% yeenkampani ezingaphezu kwe-1000 yabantu. Ewe, kubonakala ngathi imalunga neORM kunye neSQL! Ingqiqo, i-IMHO, inkcazo kukuba kwiinkampani ezinkulu kukho indima ezinikeleyo ye-DBA, ngubani ojongene nalo mba, kwaye ngoko ke kunokwenzeka ukuthambisa iimfuno zabaphuhlisi kunye nokuqesha ngokukhawuleza. Kodwa ngoYilo lweNkqubo yenye indlela ejikeleze: i-37.0% kwiincinci ezincinci, i-44.1% kwezinkulu. Kubonakala ngathi ezinkulu kufuneka zibe nabakhi abazinikeleyo, kodwa mhlawumbi abanako ukugubungela inani leenkqubo ezenziwayo. Okanye i-algorithms efanayo esisiseko kunye nezakhiwo zedatha zibekwe kuYilo lweNkqubo, emva koko icace kancinci.
Iinkampani ezincinci zidinga uBuchule beNkqubo-sikhokelo ngakumbi nangaphantsi koYilo lweNkqubo ekhankanywe ngasentla, apho sinokuthatha khona isigqibo somphathi ukuba kubalulekile ukuba abaqalisi baqalise imveliso esebenzayo ngandlela thile ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ngomso kuya kuba ngomso.
Bafunda ntoni abafundi?
Apha bendithembele kwidata kwenye .
Kubalulekile ukuqwalasela ukuba nangona iprogram ngendlela enye okanye enye ifundiswa kwiiyunivesithi (ndithetha i-Computer Science majors), ngaphezu kwesiqingatha salabo baphandwayo bathi nabo bazibandakanya ekuzifundiseni.
Abafundi bale mihla bakhetha ukufunda kuYouTube, ngelixa abaphuhlisi abadala bexhomekeke kwiimfundiso kunye neencwadi. Bobabini basebenzisa ngokusebenzayo i-StackOverflow. Ndibalula oku kwinto yokuba ividiyo lijelo leendaba eliqhelekileyo kwisizukulwana u-Z, ngelixa abameli besizukulwana sika-Y basekwixesha elingenazo iiblogi.
Bafundisa oko kufunwa ngabaqeshi: iJavaScript, iJava, iPython. Babonisa ukuba bayayazi iC/C++, kodwa oku mhlawumbi kungenxa yokuba ezi lwimi zisetyenziselwa ukufundisa kwiiyunivesithi. Bafundisa izikhokelo ze-JS, kodwa imfuno iphezulu kakhulu kunokubonelela, ngoko ke ngokubonakalayo bafunda ngenkuthalo emva kokufumana umsebenzi wabo wokuqala.
Ngokubanzi, njengoko kulindelwe, bafundisa oko kufunwayo.
Abafundi balindele ukukhula kobuchule kumsebenzi wabo wokuqala, ibhalansi yobomi bomsebenzi iza kwindawo yesibini (kwamanye amazwe kuqala), kwaye imisebenzi enomdla iza isithathu.
I-Dynamics yomphuhlisi wabemi ngokucwangcisa iilwimi kunye neentlobo zesoftware
Usetyenziso lwewebhu lukwindawo yokuqala kunye nabaphuhlisi abaqikelelwa kwi-16.9 yezigidi. Le yiSlashData kwakhona. Okulandelayo ziiNkonzo zokuBuyisa (i-13.6 yezigidi), izicelo zeselula (i-13.1 yezigidi) kunye ne-desktop (i-12.3 yezigidi). Amacandelo e-AR / VR kunye ne-IoT ngokuthe ngcembe afumana ukuthandwa, i-AI / ML / iSayensi yeDatha ikhule kakhulu kule minyaka mibini idlulileyo.
IJavascript ikhula ngokukhawuleza; Uluntu lwayo sele lulukhulu, lukhula nge-2018 yezigidi kwi-2.5 kuphela. Bazama nokubhala kuyo kumacandelo e-IoT kunye ne-ML.
I-Python ikhule nge-2018 yezigidi ngo-2.2 ngenxa yokuthandwa okukhulayo kwe-ML, apho yomelele ngokwesiko, kunye nangenxa yokulula kokufunda kunye nokulula kolwimi.
I-Java, i-C/C++ kunye ne-C# zikhula ngesantya esicothayo kunomphuhlisi wabemi bebonke. Ngoku abafane babe lulwimi lwenkqubo abantu abakhetha ukuqala ngalo. Imfuno yabaphuhlisi apha ingaphezulu okanye ilingana nonikezelo. Ndicinga ukuba iJava ibiya kukhula kancinci ukuba ibingekho kwi-Android.
I-PHP yolona lwimi lwesibini oludumileyo lwenkqubo yesicelo kwaye ikhula kakhulu (nge-32% ngo-2018). Uluntu lwayo luqikelelwa kwi-5.9 yezigidi zabaphuhlisi. Ngaphandle kodumo lwe-PHP, kulula kakhulu ukuyifunda kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi.
Bafunda njani abantu abatsha namhlanje xa kuthelekiswa nezizukulwana zangaphambili?
idatha yeHackerRank kwakhona. Abo ngoku phakathi 38 yaye 53 uluhlu imidlalo njengoko iiprojekthi zabo zokuqala.
Ngendlela, ndiqinisekisa ukuba iprojekthi yam yokuqala engaphezulu okanye engaphantsi yokusebenza yayiyi "tic-tac-toe" ukuya kwintlanu ngokulandelelana kunye nentsimi engenamkhawulo, okwesibini yayingumdlalo we-15. Ndabhala konke oku. , kwakukho , aka BASIC-86 kwaye igxile. Eh.
Abacwangcisi benkqubo banamhlanje (ukuya kwiminyaka engama-21 ubudala) babhala iikhatyhuleyitha kunye neewebhusayithi njengeeprojekthi zabo zokuqala.
Phakathi kwabameli besizukulwana X, phantse isiqingatha saqala ukubhala ikhowudi ngaphambi kweminyaka eyi-16, abaninzi benza njalo ukusuka kwi-5 ukuya kwi-10 iminyaka (ingakumbi abo baphakathi kwe-35 kunye ne-45 yeminyaka ubudala). Kucace ngakumbi okanye kuncinci ukuba kutheni: bekukho imithombo embalwa yolwazi, kwaye ukuze ube ngumdwelisi wenkqubo bekufuneka uyifune kakubi, kwaye abo babeyifuna ngenene baqale ukucwangcisa kwangoko. Abo bebengayifuni kakhulu ngoku banomsebenzi owahlukileyo, ngoko ke umfanekiso wentlalontle unje kanye.
Abaviwa abancinci banamhlanje kuphela ngama-20% exesha abaqala inkqubo phambi kokuba babe neminyaka eyi-16, uninzi lwabo luphakathi kwe-16 ne-20. Kodwa kulula kakhulu kubo ukufunda; ngoku ifikeleleka ngakumbi.
ezifunyanisiweyo
Andikafumani mpendulo ebambekayo kumbuzo wokuba ingaba umqambi we-web backend ufuna i-SQL namhlanje, kodwa ndilulungisile umbono wam wabantu bale mihla babadwelisi benkqubo.
Isizukulwana esilandelayo sabaphuhlisi ngabantu abaqhelekileyo, ngeendlela ezithile bafana nezangaphambili; ingxaki yezindlu yonakalise kuphela. Bayanelisa imfuno eyenziwa ngabaqeshi. Umda wokungena kulo msebenzi uye waba phantsi ngenxa yezixhobo ezifanelekileyo kunye nezicwangciso ezikuvumela ukuba ufikelele ngokukhawuleza iziphumo. Abantu abaninzi ngoku baba ngabacwangcisi benkqubo; isizukulwana sedijithali (iGeneration Z) sihlala kubuchwephesha ukusukela ekuzalweni; kubo ngumsebenzi oqhelekileyo, akukho mbi ngakumbi kunabanye.
Abo baziyo ukuba i-L1 cache latency yi ~4 imijikelo, kwaye kungcono ukungaphahli imigca ye-cache ngokungeyomfuneko, iba ncinci njengepesenti yobungakanani bebonke bebonke. Nangona kunjalo, akufanele bazikhathaze ngokufumana umsebenzi; umntu, emva koko, kufuneka abhale izinto ezikumgangatho ophantsi apho usafuneka khona. Ngokukwanjalo, abo banolwazi olunzulu olusisiseko kuyilo lwenkqubo kwaye balufumana kumadabi anegazi elinegazi, kwaye bangalandeli nje inkolo yempahla, akufuneki bakhathazeke. Ngenxa yokuba kuya kubakho abantu abaninzi kumaqela abanokuthi "babhale nje ikhowudi" kunye "nobulungisa" basebenzise izikhokelo, kwaye "ukuze baphephe intlungu ebuhlungu yeminyaka echithwa ngokungenanjongo" (c) kuya kufuneka balungelelaniswe ngabantu abanjalo. .
Izakhono ezithambileyo zihamba ngokuthe ngcembe ukusuka kwinqanaba elinqwenelekayo ukuya kwisinyanzelo (andinayo idatha yenjongo yokuqinisekisa oku, ukujonga nje okwenzekayo). Inani labadwelisi beprogram liyakhula, kwaye bonke kufuneka baqondiswe ukuze bafezekise iziphumo, mhlawumbi ngolawulo oluthe ngqo okanye olungathanga ngqo, kwaye yiloo nto kanye izakhono ezithambileyo ezifunekayo.
"Faka i-IT" kum ibonakala ngathi libali lengingqi, eliqhelekileyo kwezo ndawo apho ingeniso yomdwebi wenkqubo yahluke kakhulu kumvuzo wengcali "engeyo-IT" enokuthelekiseka. E-Minsk, apho ndihlala khona, oku ngokuqhelekileyo kukunyakaza okukhulu, yonke imihla ndibona iintengiso zezifundo ezintsha malunga nendlela yokungena kwi-IT enqwenelekayo, kwaye iinkampani zokucoca zijolise kwiiprogram ezinomyalezo "Ngaba uyayiqonda ikhowudi kulo mfanekiso? Oku kuthetha ukuba awunakukwazi ukucoca indlu yakho, siya kukwenzela yonke into. ” Kwenzeka into efanayo nakwamanye amaIndiya. Nam andinayo idatha yokungqina oku.
Ngokubanzi, ngokombono wam, akukho nto isongela abemi beprogram. Akukho sizathu sokubhibhidla ngento yokuba awukwazi ukufumana abacwangcisi bokwenyani ngexesha lasemini, kwaye abaviwa bahlala "bengazi nto." Bakrelekrele kwaye bayakwazi, mhlawumbi bakrelekrele kwaye banobuchule obungaphezulu “kubacwangcisi benkqubo bokwenyani”; bafumana nje ulwazi olufunwa yimarike ekhula ngokukhawuleza kubo kwaye babekele bucala oko bangekakudingi kwaye abayi kuzisa nzuzo ngokufanelekileyo. ngoku. Baya kufunda xa befuna, kuba basafuna ukufunda. Mhlawumbi, ayinguye wonke umntu oya kukwazi oku, kodwa ayinguye wonke umntu oya kuyidinga; kwikamva elibonakalayo, imarike iya kwamkela ngokulula abantu abanokukhawuleza badibanise enye ingqikelelo yesicelo besebenzisa isakhelo esithile.
Ngabasebenzisi ababhalisiweyo kuphela abanokuthatha inxaxheba kuphando. , ndiyacela.
Ngaba udliwano-ndlebe lwe-web backender lufuna ulwazi lwe-SQL?
-
Ewe, ndiyayifuna kuba ndiyifunela umsebenzi
-
Ewe, ndiyayenza, nangona kunqabile ukuba kufuneke emsebenzini.
-
Hayi, andiyifuni, sineNoSQL
-
Hayi, andiyifuni, i-ORM iya kwenza yonke into
Bali-320 abasebenzisi abavotileyo. Abasebenzisi abasi-230 abakhange.
umthombo: www.habr.com