Kukho imibuzo esiyibuzayo okanye esizama ukuyiphendula: kutheni isibhakabhaka siluhlaza, zingaphi iinkwenkwezi ezisesibhakabhakeni, ngubani onamandla - i-shark emhlophe okanye i-whale ebulalayo, njl. Kwaye kukho imibuzo esingazange siyibuze, kodwa loo nto ayenzi impendulo ibe mnandi kangako. Imibuzo enjalo iquka oku kulandelayo: yintoni ebaluleke kangaka izazinzulu zaseLund (eSweden), eWitwatersrand (eMzantsi Afrika), eStockholm (eSweden) naseWürzburg (eJamani) zidityanisiwe? Le yeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu, intsonkothe kakhulu kwaye iluncedo kakhulu. Ewe, kunzima ukuthetha ngokuqinisekileyo malunga noku, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo kunomdla kakhulu, oko kukuthi, indlela iinkuba-bulongwe zihamba ngayo esithubeni. Ekuboneni kokuqala, yonke into elapha iyinto encinci, kodwa ihlabathi lethu lizele zizinto ezingekho lula njengoko zibonakala zibonakala, kwaye iinkubabulongo zibubungqina boku. Ngoko ke, yintoni ekhethekileyo kwindlela yokukhangela inkuba-bulongo, izazinzulu ziye zayivavanya njani, yaye ludibana ngantoni ukhuphiswano kuyo? Siza kufumana iimpendulo kule mibuzo neminye kwingxelo yeqela lophando. Hamba.
Protagonist
Okokuqala, kufanelekile ukwazi umlinganiswa ophambili wesi sifundo. Womelele, uyasebenza, uyazingisa, mhle kwaye unenkathalo. Libhungane lobulongwe eliphuma kusapho olukhulu lweScarabaeidae.
Iinkuba-bulongo zinegama elingathandekiyo ngenxa yokhetho lwazo lwe-gastronomic. Kwelinye icala, oku kuyingozi kancinane, kodwa kwinkuba-bulongo ngumthombo obalaseleyo wezondlo, kungoko inkoliso yeentlobo zale ntsapho ingadingi ezinye iindawo zokutya okanye amanzi. Ukuphela kokuphela kohlobo lwe-Deltochilum valgum, abameli babo abathanda ukutya kwi-centipedes.
Ukuxhaphaka kweenkuba-bulongo ngumona wezinye izidalwa eziphilayo, ekubeni zihlala kuwo onke amazwekazi ngaphandle kweAntarctica. Indawo yokuhlala iqala kumahlathi apholileyo ukuya kwiintlango ezishushu. Ngokucacileyo, kulula ukufumana ubuninzi beenkuba-bulongo kwiindawo ezihlala izilwanyana "eziyimizi-mveliso" yokuvelisa ukutya kwazo. Iinkuba-bulongo zikhetha ukugcina ukutya ukwenzela ixesha elizayo.
Ividiyo emfutshane malunga neenkuba-bulongo kunye nobunzima bendlela yabo yokuphila (BBC, David Attenborough).
Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zooqongqothwane zineempawu zazo zokuziqhelanisa nokuziphatha. Ezinye iibhola zomgquba, eziqengqwa ukusuka kwindawo yokuqokelela kwaye zingcwatywe emngxunyeni. Abanye bemba amatonela ngaphantsi komhlaba, bewazalisa ngokutya. Kwaye abanye, abayaziyo intetho engoMohammed kunye nentlungu, bahlala nje kwiimfumba zobulongwe.
Izibonelelo zokutya zibalulekile kwi-beetle, kodwa kungekhona ngenxa yezizathu zokuzigcina, kodwa ngenxa yezizathu zokunyamekela inzala ezayo. Inyaniso yeyokuba imibungu yeenkuba-bulongo ihlala kwinto umzali wayo ebeyiqokelele ngaphambili. Kwaye okukhona umgquba, oko kukuthi, ukutya kwemibungu, kokukhona iphila.
Ndifumene olu qulunqo kwinkqubo yokuqokelela ulwazi, kwaye ayivakali ilungile kakhulu, ngakumbi inxalenye yokugqibela:... Amadoda alwela amabhinqa, aphumlisa iinyawo zawo kwiindonga zetonela, kwaye atyhale umchasi wawo ngamagqabantshintshi afana nophondo ... Ezinye iinkunzi azinazo iimpondo kwaye ngenxa yoko azibandakanyeki ekulweni, kodwa zine-gonads ezinkulu kunye nokugada. imazi kwitonela elilandelayo ...
Ewe, masiqhubele phambili ukusuka kumazwi ngokuthe ngqo kuphando ngokwalo.
Njengoko ndikhankanyile ngaphambili, ezinye iintlobo zeenkuba-bulongwe zenza iibhola kwaye ziziqengqe ngendlela echanekileyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba umgangatho okanye ubunzima bendlela ekhethiweyo, ukuya kumngxuma wokugcina. Yile ndlela yokuziphatha kwaba qongqothwane esiqhelene nayo kakhulu ngenxa yeengxelo ezininzi. Siyazi kwakhona ukuba ukongeza kumandla (ezinye iintlobo zinokuphakamisa amaxesha angama-1000 ubunzima bazo), izinto ezikhethwa yi-gastronomic kunye nokukhathalela inzala yazo, iinkubabulongo zinendawo entle kakhulu yokuqhelaniswa nendawo. Ngaphezu koko, zizo kuphela izinambuzane ezikwaziyo ukuhamba ebusuku zisebenzisa iinkwenkwezi.
EMzantsi Afrika (indawo yokuqwalaselwa), ibhungane lobulongwe, xa lifumene “ixhoba”, lenza ibhola lize liqalise ukuyiqengqeleka ngendlela ethe tye kwicala elingakhethiyo, okona kubaluleke kakhulu kude nabakhuphisana nabo abangayi kuthandabuza ukuyisusa. ukutya ekufumeneyo. Ke ngoko, ukuze ukubaleka kusebenze, kufuneka uhambe kwicala elinye ngalo lonke ixesha, ngaphandle kokuhamba endleleni.
Ilanga yeyona nto iphambili ekubhekiselwa kuyo, njengoko sele sisazi, kodwa ayisiyiyo eyona nto inokuthenjwa. Ukuphakama kwelanga kutshintsha yonke imini, okunciphisa ukuchaneka kokuqhelaniswa. Kutheni ooqongqothwane bengaqali ukubaleka kwizangqa, bebhideka kwicala kwaye bejonga imephu rhoqo ngemizuzu emi-2? Kusengqiqweni ukucinga ukuba ilanga asikuphela komthombo wenkcazelo esibhakabhakeni. Kwaye emva koko izazinzulu zacebisa ukuba indawo yesibini ekubhekiselwa kuyo ooqongqothwane ngumoya, okanye endaweni yalo. Le asiyonto yodwa, njengoko iimbovane kunye namaphela ekwazi ukusebenzisa umoya ukufumana indlela yawo.
Kumsebenzi wabo, izazinzulu zagqiba kwelokuba zivavanye indlela iinkuba-bulongo eziyisebenzisa ngayo le nkcazelo ye-multimodal sensory, xa zithanda ukuhamba ngelanga naxa zisiya kwicala lomoya, nokuba zisebenzisa zombini ezi ndlela ngaxeshanye. Uqwalaselo kunye nemilinganiselo yenziwe kwimeko yendalo yezifundo, ngokunjalo nakwimeko ezilinganisiweyo, ezilawulwayo zelebhu.
Iziphumo zophando
Kule sifundo, indima yesifundo esiphambili idlalwe yi-beetle yeentlobo Scarabaeus lamarcki, kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwimeko yendalo yendalo eyenziwa kwintsimi yefama ye-Stonehenge, kufuphi ne-Johannesburg (eMzantsi Afrika).
Umfanekiso 1: utshintsho kwisantya somoya emini (А), utshintsho kwicala lomoya emini (В).
Imilinganiselo yokuqala yesantya somoya kunye nendlela eya ngayo iye yenziwa. Ebusuku, isantya sasiphantsi (<0,5 m / s), kodwa sanyuka ngokusondela ekuntweleni kokusa, ukufikelela kwincopho yemihla ngemihla (3 m / s) phakathi kwe-11: 00 kunye ne-13: 00 (ukuphakama kwelanga ~ 70 °).
Amaxabiso esantya aphawuleka kuba angaphezulu komda we-0,15 m/s efunekayo kuqhelaniso lwe-menotactic yeenkuba-bulongo. Kule meko, isantya esiphezulu somoya sihambelana ngexesha lemini kunye nomsebenzi ophezulu weebhungane Scarabaeus lamarcki.
Ooqongqothwane baqengqa amaxhoba abo ngomgca othe tye ukusuka kwindawo ekuqokelelwa kuyo ukuya kumgama omkhulu. Ngokomyinge, yonke indlela ithatha 6.1 ± 3.8 imizuzu. Ngoko ke, ngeli xesha lexesha kufuneka balandele indlela ngokuchanekileyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
Ukuba sithetha malunga nolwalathiso lomoya, ngoko ngexesha lomsebenzi omkhulu webhungane (ukusuka kwi-06: 30 ukuya kwi-18: 30), umyinge wokutshintsha kwindlela yomoya ngexesha lemizuzu emi-6 ayikho ngaphezu kwe-27.0 °.
Ngokudibanisa idatha malunga nesantya somoya kunye nendlela eya ngayo imini yonke, izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba iimeko ezinjalo zemozulu zanele ukuhamba ngeendlela ezininzi zebhungane.
Umfanekiso #2
Lixesha lokujonga. Ukuvavanya impembelelo enokubakho yomoya kwiimpawu zokuqhelaniswa kwendawo yeenkuba-bulongwe, "i-arena" ejikelezayo yenziwa ngokutya phakathi. Amabhungane ayekhululekile ukuqengqeleka iibhola ezakha kuyo nayiphi na indlela ukusuka kwiziko phambi kokulawulwa, ukuhamba komoya okuzinzileyo kwisantya se-3 m / s. Ezi mvavanyo zenziwa ngeentsuku ezicacileyo xa ukuphakama kwelanga kwahluka yonke imini ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ≥75 ° (phezulu), 45-60 ° (phakathi), kunye ne-15-30 ° (ephantsi).
Ukutshintsha kokuhamba komoya kunye nendawo yelanga kunokutshintsha ukuya kuthi ga kwi-180 ° phakathi kotyelelo lwebhungane kabini (2A). Kwakhona kuyafaneleka ukuqwalasela into yokuba iibhungane azikhathazwa yi-sclerosis, ngoko ke emva kokutyelela okokuqala zikhumbula indlela abayikhethileyo. Ukwazi oku, izazinzulu ziqwalasela utshintsho kwi-angle yokuphuma kwibala ngexesha lokungena okulandelayo kwe-beetle njengenye yezibonakaliso zempumelelo yokuqhelaniswa.
Xa ukuphakama kwelanga ≥75 ° (phezulu), utshintsho kwi-azimuth ekuphenduleni utshintsho lwe-180 ° kwindlela yomoya phakathi kweesethi zokuqala nezesibini zahlanganiswa malunga ne-180 ° (P <0,001, uvavanyo lwe-V) kunye noshintsho oluqhelekileyo lwe-166.9 ± 79.3 ° (2B). Kule meko, utshintsho kwindawo yelanga (isibuko sisetyenziswe) ngu-180 ° kubangele ukusabela okufihlakeleyo kwe-13,7 ± 89,1 ° (isangqa esisezantsi 2B).
Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zelanga nezisezantsi, ooqongqothwane banamathela kwiindlela zabo nangona kukho utshintsho kwicala lomoya - umndilili wokuphakama: -15,9 ± 40,2 °; P <0,001; ubude obuphantsi: 7,1 ± 37,6 °, P <0,001 (2C и 2D). Kodwa ukutshintsha isalathiso semitha yelanga nge-180 ° kwakunempendulo echaseneyo, oko kukuthi, utshintsho olukhulu kwindlela ye-beetle - ubude obuphakathi: 153,9 ± 83,3 °; umphakamo ophantsi: −162 ± 69,4°; P <0,001 (izangqa ezisezantsi ngaphakathi 2A, 2C и 2D).
Mhlawumbi i-orientation ayiphenjelelwa ngumoya ngokwawo, kodwa ngamavumba. Ukuvavanya oku, iqela lesibini leebhungane zokuvavanya zineenxalenye zabo ze-antenna ezikude, ezijongene nemvakalelo yokuvumba, zisuswe. Utshintsho lwendlela ekuphenduleni kutshintsho lwe-180 ° kwicala lomoya olubonakaliswe ngaba qongqothwane bekusadityaniswe ngokuphawulekayo malunga ne-180 °. Ngamanye amazwi, akukho mahluko kwiqondo lokuqhelaniswa nooqongqothwane abanevamvo yokujoja nangaphandle kwabo.
Isigqibo esiphakathi sesokuba iinkuba-bulongo zisebenzisa ilanga nomoya xa zijolisa. Kule meko, phantsi kweemeko zebhubhoratri ezilawulwayo, kwafunyaniswa ukuba ikhampasi yomoya ilawula phezu kwekhampasi yelanga kwindawo ephakamileyo yelanga, kodwa imeko iqala ukutshintsha xa ilanga lisondela ekupheleni.
Olu qwalaselo lubonisa ukuba kukho inkqubo yekhampasi ye-multimodal eguquguqukayo, apho intsebenziswano phakathi kweendlela ezimbini zitshintsha ngokweenkcukacha zoluvo. Oko kukuthi, ibhungane lihamba ngalo naliphi na ixesha lemini, lixhomekeke kumthombo othembekileyo wolwazi ngaloo mzuzu (ilanga liphantsi - ilanga libhekisela; ilanga liphezulu - umoya uyisithenjwa).
Emva koko, izazinzulu zagqiba kwelokuba zihlole enoba umoya uyanceda kusini na ekuqondiseni ooqongqothwane okanye akunjalo. Ngenxa yale njongo, i-arena enobubanzi be-1 m yalungiswa ngokutya phakathi. Lilonke, ooqongqothwane benza ukutshona kwelanga okungama-20 kwindawo ephezulu yelanga: 10 ngomoya kunye ne-10 ngaphandle komoya (2F).
Njengoko bekulindelekile, ubukho bomoya buye babangela ukuba ooqongqothwane bahambe ngendlela echanekileyo. Kuphawulwe ukuba ekubonweni kwangaphambili kokuchaneka kwekhampasi yelanga, utshintsho kwi-azimuth phakathi kweesethi ezimbini ezilandelelanayo ziphindwe kabini kwindawo ephezulu yelanga (> 75 °) xa kuthelekiswa nendawo ephantsi (<60 °).
Ngoko ke, siye saqonda ukuba umoya udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqhelaniseni iinkuba-bulongo, uhlawulela ukungachaneki kwekhampasi yelanga. Kodwa uqongqothwane uyiqokelela njani inkcazelo ngesantya nomoya oya ngakuwo? Kakade ke, eyona nto icacileyo kukuba oku kwenzeka ngeempondo. Ukuqinisekisa oku, izazinzulu zenza iimvavanyo ngaphakathi kwindlu ngokuqhubekayo komoya (3 m/s) ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwamaqela amabini ebhungane - kunye nangaphandle kwee-eriyali (3A).
Umfanekiso #3
Umgaqo oyintloko wokuchaneka kokuchaneka kwaba yinguqu kwi-azimuth phakathi kweendlela ezimbini xa ulwalathiso lokuhamba komoya lutshintshile nge-180 °.
Utshintsho kwindlela yokuhamba kweebhungane ezineempondo zahlanganiswa malunga ne-180 °, ngokungafaniyo nebhungane ngaphandle kwee-antennae. Ukongeza, utshintsho olupheleleyo kwi-azimuth yebhungane ngaphandle kwe-eriyali yayiyi-104,4 ± 36,0 °, eyahluke kakhulu kutshintsho olupheleleyo lweebhungane ezineempondo - 141,0 ± 45,0 ° (igrafu kwi 3B). Oko kukuthi, ooqongqothwane abangenaempondo babengakwazi ukuhamba ngokuqhelekileyo emoyeni. Noko ke, zazisajongwe kakuhle lilanga.
Kumfanekiso 3A ibonisa ukuseta uvavanyo lokuvavanya ukukwazi kooqongqothwane ukudibanisa ulwazi oluvela kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zoluvo ukulungisa indlela yabo. Ukwenza oku, uvavanyo lubandakanya zombini iimpawu zomhlaba (umoya + ilanga) ngexesha lokuqala indlela, okanye enye kuphela indawo (ilanga okanye umoya) ngexesha lesibini. Ngale ndlela, i-multimodality kunye ne-unimodality yathelekiswa.
Uqwalaselo lubonise ukuba utshintsho kwicala lokuhamba kweebhungane emva kotshintsho ukusuka kwindawo eninzi ukuya kwi-unimodal landmark yayigxininiswe malunga ne-0 °: umoya kuphela: -8,2 ± 64,3 °; ilanga kuphela: 16,5 ± 51,6 ° (iigrafu embindini nasekunene ukuya phambili 3C).
Olu phawu lokuqhelanisa aluzange lwahluke kuleyo yafunyanwa kubukho bendawo ezimbini (ilanga + umoya) iimpawu zomhlaba (igrafu esekhohlo 3C).
Oku kuphakamisa ukuba, phantsi kweemeko ezilawulwayo, i-beetle ingasebenzisa i-landmark enye ukuba okwesibini ayinikezeli ulwazi olwaneleyo, oko kukuthi, ukuhlawulela ukungachaneki kwendawo enye kunye neyesibini.
Ukuba ucinga ukuba izazinzulu zayeka apho, oku akunjalo. Emva koko, kwakuyimfuneko ukujonga ukuba ii-beetles zigcina njani ulwazi malunga nenye yeendawo eziphawulekayo, nokuba ngaba ziyisebenzisa kwixesha elizayo njengesongezelelo. Ngenxa yale njongo, iindlela ezi-4 zenziwa: okokuqala kwakukho indawo eyi-1 (ilanga), okwesibini kunye neyesithathu ukuhamba komoya kwongezwa, kwaye ngexesha lesine kwakukho ukuhamba komoya kuphela. Uvavanyo lwenziwe kwakhona apho iindawo eziphawulweyo zazilungelelaniswe umva: umoya, ilanga + umoya, ilanga + umoya, ilanga.
Ithiyori ethembekileyo kukuba ukuba iibhungane zikwazi ukugcina ulwazi malunga neendawo zombini kwindawo efanayo yememori yendawo ebuchosheni, ngoko kufuneka zigcine ulwalathiso olufanayo kutyelelo lokuqala nolwesine, oko kukuthi. utshintsho kwicala lentshukumo kufuneka ludibane malunga no-0 °.
Umfanekiso #4
Idatha eqokelelweyo malunga nokuguqulwa kwe-azimuth ngexesha lokuqala kunye nesine iqhubela phambili ingqinisiso engentla (4A), eyaqinisekiswa ngakumbi ngomzekelo, iziphumo zazo zichazwe kwigrafu 4C (ngasekhohlo).
Njengesheke esongezelelweyo, iimvavanyo zenziwa apho ukuhamba komoya kwatshintshwa yindawo ye-ultraviolet (4B kunye ne-4C ngakwesokudla). Iziphumo zaziphantse zafana novavanyo lwelanga nomoya.
Ukuze ufumane ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga nee-nuances zophononongo, ndincoma ukujonga и kuye.
Ipilo
Ukuhlanganiswa kweziphumo ezivela kwiimvavanyo kwiindawo zombini zendalo kunye nezilawulwayo zibonise ukuba kwimibhobho yobulongwe, ulwazi olubonakalayo kunye ne-mechanosensory ludibanisa kwinethiwekhi ye-neural eqhelekileyo kwaye igcinwe njenge-snapshot ye-multimodal compass. Xa kuthelekiswa indlela elisebenza ngayo ilanga okanye umoya, ooqongqothwane babedla ngokuyisebenzisa ukuze bafumane inkcazelo engakumbi. Eyesibini isetyenziswa njenge-spare okanye encedisayo.
Oku kunokubonakala kuyinto eqhelekileyo kuthi, kodwa ungalibali ukuba ingqondo yethu inkulu kakhulu kunobo bentsholongwane encinci. Kodwa, njengoko siye safunda, kwanezona zidalwa zincinane ziyakwazi ukwenza iinkqubo zengqondo ezintsonkothileyo, kuba endle ukusinda kwakho kuxhomekeke kumandla okanye kubukrelekrele, yaye ngokufuthi ngokudityaniswa kwazo zombini.
NgoLwesihlanu ukusuka phezulu:
Kwanooqongqothwane balwela amaxhoba. Kwaye akunamsebenzi ukuba ixhoba yibhola yobulongwe.
(I-BBC Earth, uDavid Attenborough)
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