Amandla ekhompyutheni ye-quantum alinganiswa kwii-qubits, iyunithi esisiseko yokulinganisa kwikhompyutheni ye-quantum. .
I facepalm ngalo lonke ixesha ndifunda ibinzana elinje. Oku akuzange kubangele nantoni na, umbono wam waqala ukufiphala; Kuya kufuneka ndijike eMeklon kungekudala.
Ndicinga ukuba lixesha lokucwangcisa iiparamitha ezisisiseko zekhompyuter ye-quantum. Kukho ezininzi zazo:
- Inani lee-qubits
- Ixesha lokubamba ukuhambelana (ixesha lokunganyaniseki)
- Inqanaba lempazamo
- Uyilo lweprosesa
- Ixabiso, ukufumaneka, iimeko zokugcinwa, ixesha lokuhlawula imali, izixhobo zokucwangcisa, njl.
Inani lee-qubits
Yonke into ibonakala apha, kokukhona ingcono. Enyanisweni, kufuneka uhlawule ii-qubits, kwaye ngokufanelekileyo kufuneka uthenge ii-qubits ezininzi njengoko zifunekayo ukugqiba umsebenzi. Kumphuhlisi woomatshini be-slot abakhethekileyo, i-qubit enye kumatshini ngamnye yanele (ukuvelisa i-randomness). Kuba "i-brute force" i-RSA-2048 - ubuncinane i-2048 qubits.
Eyona ndlela ipapashiweyo ye-quantum algorithms ibizwa ngegama likaGrover kunye noShor. I-Grover ikuvumela ukuba "uqhekeze" i-hashes. Ukubetha i-Bitcoin, udinga iikhomputha ezinobuncinci be-256 qubits ebhodini (ungadlala malunga nobunzima beBitcoin, kodwa masibambelele kule nombolo ejikelezayo). I-Shor ikuvumela ukuba wenze amanani emveliso. Ukufaktha inani lobude n amasuntswana okubini, udinga ubuncinane n qubits.
Ubuninzi bangoku: 50 qubits (). Kwaye enyanisweni, 50 qubits ngumda. Umda wokulinganisa ikhompyuter ye-quantum. Kwithiyori, sinokulingisa naliphi na inani leequbhithi kwiikhompyuter zakudala. Ngokwenyani, ukongeza i-qubit enye kumlinganiso kufuna ukuphinda kabini iikhompyuter zeklasiki. Yongeza kule amahemuhemu malunga nokuphindaphinda kabini ngonyaka, kwaye uzibuze umbuzo: indlela yokulungisa i-algorithms ye-25651210242048 qubits? Akukho simulator; awukwazi ukuseta indawo yekhefu kwiprosesa ye-quantum.
Ixesha lokubamba ukuhambelana (ixesha lokunganyaniseki)
Ukuyondelelana nokuhambelana aziyonto inye. Ndiyathanda ukuthelekisa ukuhambelana nokuvuselelwa kwememori yokusebenza. Kukho iibhiliyoni zeeseli kumtya we-RAM, nganye inentlawulo, zero okanye enye. Le ntlawulo inepropati enomdla kakhulu - iyakhupha. Iseli "yeyunithi" ekuqaleni iba yiseli engu-0.99, emva koko ibe yiseli engu-0.98, njalo njalo. Ngokufanelekileyo, i-0.01, i-0.02, i-0.03 iqokelelwe kwi-zero ... Le ntlawulo kufuneka ihlaziywe, "ihlaziywe". Nantoni na engaphantsi kwesiqingatha iphinda imiselwe ku-zero, yonke enye into ityhalelwa kwenye.
Iiprosesa ze-quantum azinakwenziwa ngokutsha. Ngokuhambelanayo, kukho umjikelo omnye kuzo zonke izibalo, de kube yi-qubit yokuqala "evuzayo". Ixesha eliphambi βkokuthontsizaβ kokuqala libizwa ngokuba lixesha lokungangqinelani. Ukuhambelana yimeko xa i-qubits "ingekavuzi." Ungajonga kwiingcaciso ezincinci zabantu abadala.
I-Decoherence inxulumene nenani le-qubits: i-qubits ngakumbi, kunzima kakhulu ukugcina ukuhambelana. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba unenani elikhulu le-qubits, ungasebenzisa ezinye zazo ukulungisa iimpazamo ezinxulumene nokungahambelani. Ukusuka apha iyalandelaukuba inani le-qubits ngokwalo alisombululi nantoni na. Unokuphinda kabini inani le-qubits kwaye uchithe i-90% yazo ukulungisa ukuhambelana.
Apha kulapho ingqikelelo ye-qubit enengqondo ingena khona. Ukuthetha ngokucokisekileyo, ukuba uneprosesa ene-100 qubits, kodwa i-40 yazo ijolise ekulungiseni i-decoherence, ushiywe ngama-qubits anengqiqo angama-60. Ezo apho wenza i-algorithm yakho. Ingqikelelo yee-logical qubits ngoku iyithiyori; Mna ngokwam khange ndive malunga nokuphunyezwa okusebenzayo.
Iimpazamo kunye nokulungiswa kwazo
Esinye isibetho se-quantum processors. Ukuba uguqula i-qubit, kukho ithuba le-2% lokuba umsebenzi uya kusilela. Ukuba ubhijela ii-qubits ezi-2, izinga lempazamo liya kuthi ga kwi-8%. Thatha inombolo ye-256-bit, hashi ku-SHA-256, ubale inani lemisebenzi, ubale ukuba nokwenzeka kokwenza YONKE le misebenzi ngaphandle kweempazamo.
Iingcali zezibalo zibonelela ngesisombululo: ukulungisa iimpazamo. Kukho algorithms. Ukuphumeza enye entanglement 2 logical qubits kufuna 100.000 ngokomzimba qubits. Akuyi kuba kudala ngaphambi kokuba isiphelo sifike.
Uyilo lweprosesa
Ukuthetha ngokuthe ngqo, azikho iikhompyuter ze-quantum. Kukho iiprosesa zequantum kuphela. Kutheni ufuna i-RAM xa ixesha lokusebenza lilinganiselwe kwii-millisecond? Ndiprogram kwiQ#, kodwa lulwimi olukwinqanaba eliphezulu. Zabele i-15 qubits, kwaye wenze nantoni na oyifunayo ngayo. Wayefuna, ethandela iqubit yokuqala kunye neyeshumi. Unqweneleka - wabhidanisa isithandathu sokuqala.
Kwiprosesa yokwenyani akukho nkululeko enjalo. Ndicele ukubandakanya i-qubit yokuqala kunye ne-15 - umqambi uya kuvelisa imisebenzi eyongezelelweyo ye-26. Ukuba unethamsanqa. Ukuba unelishwa, iyakuvelisa ikhulu. Inyani yeyokuba iqubit inokubanjiswa kuphela nabamelwane bayo. Andizange ndibone abamelwane abangaphezu kwe-6 kwi-qubit nganye. Ngokomgaqo, kukho abaqulunqi abalungiselela iinkqubo zequantum, kodwa ziseyithiyori.
Iprosesa nganye ineseti eyahlukileyo yemiyalelo, kwaye unxibelelwano phakathi kwequbits luhlukile. Kwilizwe elilungileyo, sine-Rx, iRy, iRz, kunye nendibaniselwano yazo, kunye nokubanjwa kwasimahla okusekwe kwizinto ezilishumi elinambini, kunye noTshintsho: jonga abasebenzi . Ngokwenyani, sinezibini ezininzi ze-qubits, kwaye ukubanjiswa kwe-CNOT (q[0], q[1]) kubiza umsebenzi omnye, kwaye i-CNOT(q[1], q[0]) ithatha 7. Kwaye ukuhambelana kuyanyibilika .. .
Ixabiso, ukufumaneka, iimeko zokugcinwa, ixesha lokuhlawula, izixhobo zokucwangcisa...
Amaxabiso awapapashwa, ukufumaneka kommi oqhelekileyo kusondele kwi-zero, ixesha lokuhla kwexabiso alizange libalwe ekusebenzeni, izixhobo zeprogram zisebuntwaneni babo. Amaxwebhu kwi-arxiv.org.
Ke loluphi ulwazi olufunayo kwiingcali xa ukhupha ikhompyuter entsha ye-quantum?
Ngaphandle koluhlu olungentla, ndiyathanda iinketho ukusuka ΠΈ :
Ukuba kuphela inqaku malunga nekhompyuter entsha ye-quantum yaqala ngeempawu ezimbini - ubuninzi ngaxeshanye iqubits ebambeneyo, kunye nexesha lokugcinwa kwe-qubit.
Okanye nangcono - ukusuka kwixesha elithathayo ukuqhuba ibhentshimakhi elula, umzekelo, ukufumana izinto eziphambili zenani lama-91.
umthombo: www.habr.com