Ehlabathini lezilwanyana zasendle, abazingeli kunye namaxhoba bahlala bedlala ukubamba, ngokoqobo nangokomfanekiso. Ngokukhawuleza ukuba umzingeli aphuhlise izakhono ezitsha ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo okanye ezinye iindlela, ixhoba liziqhelanisa nabo ukuze lingadliwa. Lo ngumdlalo ongapheliyo wepoker nokubheja okuthe rhoqo, ophumeleleyo ofumana elona bhaso lixabisekileyo - ubomi. Kutshanje siye saqwalasela , esekelwe kwisizukulwana sokuphazamiseka kwe-ultrasonic. Phakathi kwezinambuzane ezilucelomngeni kwii-echolocators ezinamaphiko, ukufihla umqondiso we-ultrasonic bubuchule obubalulekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, amalulwane awafuni ukuhlala elambile, ngoko anobuchule kumkhosi wawo womkhosi obuwavumela ukuba abone ixhoba nangona ezifihle. Adlala njani kanye amalulwane njengeSauron, asebenza kangakanani amaqhinga okuzingela, kwaye amagqabi ezityalo abanceda njani kule nto? Sifunda malunga noku kwingxelo yeqela lophando. Hamba.
Isiseko sophando
Amalulwane ahlala evuselela uluhlu lweemvakalelo ebantwini: ukusuka kumdla kunye nentlonipho ukuya kuloyiko kunye nokuzonya. Kwaye oku kuyaqondakala, kuba kwelinye icala, ezi zilwanyana zizizingeli ezigqwesileyo, zisebenzisa kuphela ukuva kwazo ngexesha lokuzingela, kwaye kwelinye icala, zizilwanyana ezinwabuzelayo ebusuku ezingena ezinweleni kwaye zizame ukuluma wonke umntu (ezi , kakade, ziintsomi eziveliswa luloyiko lwabantu) . Kunzima ukuthanda isilwanyana esinxulunyaniswa nenkcubeko eyaziwayo kunye neDracula kunye neChupacabra.
Hay andoyiki tu.
Kodwa izazinzulu ngabantu abangakhethi buso, azikhathali ukuba ukhangeleka njani okanye utya ntoni na. Nokuba ungumvundla ophaphazelayo okanye ilulwane, baya konwaba ukwenza iimvavanyo ezimbalwa kuwe, kwaye emva koko bachithe ingqondo yakho ukugqiba umfanekiso. Kulungile, masishiye uburharha obumnyama (kunye nengqolowa yenyaniso) ecaleni kwaye sisondele ngakumbi kwinqanaba.
Njengoko sele sisazi, isixhobo esiphambili samalulwane ngexesha lokuzingela kukuva kwabo. Iimpuku ziyasebenza ebusuku ngenxa yabantu abambalwa abakhuphisana nabo / iingozi kunye namaxhoba amaninzi. Ngokukhupha amaza e-ultrasonic, amalulwane athatha zonke iimpawu zokubuya ezitsibela kwizinto eziwangqongileyo, kuquka ixhoba elinokubakho.
Ukukhupha ingxolo ye-mask ye-ultrasonic, ngokuqinisekileyo, ipholile, kodwa ayingabo bonke abafake izicelo kwisithuba sesidlo samalulwane abanetalente enjalo. Kodwa nezinambuzane eziphakathi ziyakwazi ukuyifihla indawo yazo. Ukwenza oku, kufuneka badibanise kunye nokusingqongileyo, kodwa kungekhona njengePredator evela kwifilimu yegama elifanayo, kuba sithetha ngesandi. Ihlathi ebusuku ligcwele izandi ezivela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo, enye ingxolo engasemva. Ukuba inambuzane ihleli, yithi, ingashukumi egqabini, ngoko kukho amathuba aphezulu okulahleka kule ngxolo yangasemva kwaye iphile kude kube sekuseni.
Ngenxa yoko, izazinzulu ezininzi zikholelwa ukuba ixhoba elinjalo lamalulwane lalingenakufumaneka, kodwa oku akunjalo ngokupheleleyo. Ezinye iintlobo zamalulwane zazisakwazi ukucombulula iqhina lezinambuzane "ezingabonakaliyo" kwaye zibambe ngempumelelo. Umbuzo usamile - njani? Ukuphendula lo mbuzo, izazinzulu ezivela kwiSmithsonian Tropical Research Institute zisebenzisa i-sensor ye-biomimetic erekhoda nakuphi na ukuguquguquka kwe-echoes kwizinambuzane ezihleli ngokuzolileyo emagqabini (okt ukufihla). Emva koko, izazinzulu zabala iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokuhlasela, oko kukuthi, iindlela zokuhamba ngenqwelomoya kunye ne-angle yokubamba amaxhoba amalulwane, anokunceda ukudlula ukufihla. Emva koko baye bavavanya izibalo zabo neengcamango zabo ngokujonga amalulwane ehlasela ixhoba elifihlakeleyo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuba amagqabi ezazihleli kuwo ezi zinambuzane ngokungakhathali asebenza njengesixhobo sokuzibamba.
Ayingobuhle?
Izifundo kolu phononongo yayingamadoda angama-4 ohlobo lweMicronycteris microtis (ilulwane elineendlebe ezinkulu eziqhelekileyo) ezithinjwe kwindawo yazo yendalo kwiSiqithi saseBarro Colorado (ePanama). Ngethuba lovavanyo, i-cage ekhethekileyo (1.40 Γ 1.00 Γ 0.80 m) ehlala ehlathini kwisiqithi yayisetyenziswa. Izazinzulu zirekhode idatha kwiinqwelomoya zabantu ababekwe kule kheji. Ngobusuku obulandelayo emva kokubanjwa, iimvavanyo zangempela zaqala. Omnye umntu wafakwa ehokweni kwaza kwafuneka akhangele aze abambe βixhoba elifihlakeleyo.β Akukho ngaphezu kweeyure ze-1 zovavanyo ezenziwe ngumntu omnye (ubusuku be-16 kwiiyure ze-2 nganye) ukwenzela ukunciphisa umphumo wememori yendawo kunye noxinzelelo kwisilwanyana. Emva kovavanyo, onke amalulwane akhululwa kwindawo enye apho ayebanjwe khona.
Abaphandi banethiyori ezimbini eziphambili zokuchaza indlela amalulwane azingela ngayo ixhoba elifihliweyo: ithiyori ye-acoustic shadow kunye nethiyori yesipili esivakalayo.
Isiphumo "somthunzi we-acoustic" senzeka xa into ephezu kwephepha ichitha amandla e-echo, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa amandla e-echo ukusuka kumphezulu wephepha. Ukwandisa isithunzi se-acoustic yento, ilulwane kufuneka lisondele ngqo ukusuka ngaphambili kwicala elithe ngqo kumphezulu ongasemva (1A).
Umfanekiso #1
Kwimeko yesibuko se-acoustic, amalulwane asehlathini asebenza njengezihlobo zabo ze-trawl, ezibamba ixhoba phezu kwendawo yokugcina amanzi. Iimpawu ze-echolocation ezikhutshwa kwi-angle ephantsi kumphezulu wamanzi zibonakaliswa kwilulwane lokuzingela. Kodwa i-echo evela kwixhoba elinokwenzeka ibonakaliswa kwilulwane (1B).
Abaphandi bacetyisa ukuba amaqabunga asebenze njengamanzi, okt. yenza njengesibonisi somqondiso (1C). Kodwa ngenxa yesiphumo esipheleleyo sesibuko, i-angle ethile yokuhlaselwa iyadingeka.
Ngokutsho kwethiyori ye-acoustic shadowing, amalulwane kufuneka ahlasele amaxhoba ukusuka kwicala langaphambili, ngoko kuthetha, intloko, kuba kulo mzekelo isithunzi siya kuba sinamandla. Ukuba isibuko se-acoustic sisetyenzisiweyo, ngoko ukuhlaselwa kufuneka kwenzeke kwi-angle ephezulu. Ukuze kubonwe ukuba yeyiphi i-engile yohlaselo enokuba yeyona ilungileyo, izazinzulu zenze imilinganiselo ye-acoustic kwii-engile ezahlukeneyo ngokumalunga neshiti.
Emva kokugqiba izibalo kunye nokuvavanya iithiyori, iimvavanyo zokuziphatha zenziwa kusetyenziswa amalulwane aphilayo kwaye iziphumo zokujonga zifaniswa neziphumo zemodeli yethiyori.
Iziphumo zezibalo kunye nemigqaliselo
Umfanekiso #2
Okokuqala, imodeli ye-acoustic (idome) yeqabunga kunye nangaphandle kwexhoba lenziwe ngokudibanisa zonke ii-echoes kwii-angles ezahlukeneyo zokuhlaselwa kumfanekiso omnye. Ngenxa yoko, izithuba ezingama-541 zafunyanwa kwiitrajectories eziyi-9 zesemicircular kufutshane nephepha (2A).
Kwinqaku ngalinye silibalile Ubuninzi bembonakalo yamandla* ΠΈ ubungakanani beacoustic* (TS - amandla ekujoliswe kuwo) iithagethi (okt echo intensity) kwii-5 ezahlukeneyo zefrikhwensi ezihambelana ngokumalunga nezixhobo ze-harmonic zesignali yelulwane ephumayo (2B).
Ubuninzi bembonakalo yamandla* β umsebenzi wokuhambisa amandla ophawu ngokuxhomekeke kumaza.
Ubungakanani beAcoustic* (okanye ekujoliswe kuko amandla e-acoustic) ngumlinganiselo wendawo yento ngokwempendulo yesiginali ye-acoustic.
Kumfanekiso 2C iziphumo zee-angles ezifunyenweyo zokuhlaselwa zibonisiwe, ziyi-angles phakathi kwesihlobo esiqhelekileyo ukuya kumphezulu wephepha kwindawo yokukhutshwa kunye nendawo yomthombo wesignali, oko kukuthi. ilulwane.
Umfanekiso #3
Uqwalaselo lubonise ukuba zombini iindidi zamaphepha (kunye nangaphandle kwemveliso) kuzo zonke iifrikhwensi zokubonisa ubukhulu be-acoustic bukhulu kwii-engile <30Β° (iindawo ezisembindini wegrafu. 3A ΠΈ 3B) kunye nesayizi encinci ye-acoustic kwii-engile β₯ 30 Β° (inxalenye engaphandle yegrafu ivuliwe 3A ΠΈ 3B).
Umfanekiso 3A iqinisekisa ukuba iphepha lisebenza ngokwenene njengesibuko se-acoustic, oko kukuthi, kwii-angles <30 Β° i-echo enamandla ye-specular yenziwe, kwaye kwi-β₯ 30 Β° i-echo ibonakala kumthombo wesandi.
Ukuthelekiswa kwegqabi kunye nokuphangwa kulo (3A) kwaye ngaphandle kwemveliso (3B) ibonise ukuba ubukho bexhoba kwandisa ubungakanani be-acoustic ekujoliswe kuyo kwii-angles β₯ 30 Β°. Kule meko, i-echo-acoustic effect yexhoba kwiqabunga ibonakala kakuhle xa iceba i-TS eyenziwe ngamaxhoba, oko kukuthi. Umahluko kwi-TS phakathi kwegqabi elinalo nangaphandle kwexhoba (3C).
Kwakhona kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukwanda kobukhulu be-acoustic yethagethi kwii-angles β₯ 30 Β° ibonwa kuphela kwimeko ye-frequencies ephezulu; kwi-frequencies ephantsi akukho siphumo esongezelelweyo konke konke.
Izibalo ezingentla zenze ukuba kube lula ukugqiba uluhlu lwethiyori yee-angles zokuhlaselwa kwimeko yokuphumeza i-theory of mirror reflection - 42 Β° ... 78 Β°. Kolu luhlu, ukunyuka okufanayo kobungakanani bethagethi ye-acoustic ukusuka kwi-6 ukuya kwi-10 dB kubonwe kwiifrikhwensi eziphezulu (> 87 kHz), ezihambelana nedatha ye-acoustic ye-M. microtis bats.
Le ndlela yokuzingela (kwi-engile, ngoko kuthetha) ivumela ixhoba ukuba libone ngokukhawuleza ubukho / ukungabikho kwexhoba egqabeni: i-echo ebuthathaka kunye ne-low-frequency echo - igqabi lingenanto, i-echo eyomeleleyo kunye ne-broadband - kukho into emnandi egqabi.
Ukuba siqwalasela i-theory ye-acoustic shadow, ngoko i-angle yokuhlaselwa kufuneka ibe ngaphantsi kwama-30. Kule meko, ngokwezibalo, ukuphazamiseka phakathi kweempawu ze-echo zeqabunga kunye nexhoba liphezulu, elikhokelela ekunciphiseni kwe-TS xa kuthelekiswa. kwi-echo yegqabi ngaphandle kwexhoba, i.e. oku kubangela i-acoustic shadowing.
Sigqibile ngokubala, masiqhubele phambili kwi-observations.
Ngethuba lokuqwalaselwa, izinambuzane ezahlukahlukeneyo ezivela ekudleni kwamalulwane, ezibekwe kwiqabunga lokwenziwa, zisetyenziswe njengexhoba. Kusetyenziswa iikhamera ezimbini ezinesantya esiphezulu kunye ne-microphone ye-ultrasonic, kwenziwa ukurekhoda ngokuziphatha kwamalulwane xa esondela kwixhoba. Ukususela kwiirekhodi ezifunyenweyo, iindlela zokubhabha ezingama-33 zamalulwane ezisondelayo kunye nokumisa kwixhoba zaphinda zakhiwa.
Ilulwane lihlasela ixhoba lalo.
Iindlela zokubhabha zazisekwe kwindawo ezimi ngayo iimpumlo zamalulwane ngexesha lesakhelo ngasinye njengoko esasaza umqondiso wawo.
Njengoko bekulindelekile, uqwalaselo lwabonisa ukuba amalulwane asondela kwixhoba nge-engile.
Umfanekiso #4
Kumfanekiso 4A ibonisa imephu ye-3D yeendlela zokuhlaselwa kwexhoba. Kwaye kwafunyaniswa ukuba ukusasazwa kwee-engile zohlaselo kulandela ubungakanani be-acoustic curves kwi-frequencies ephezulu (4B).
Zonke izifundo zihlasele iithagethi kwii-engile <30 Β° kwaye ziphephe ngokucacileyo izikhokelo ezingaphezulu. Kuzo zonke ii-angles zokuhlaselwa eziqatshelwe ngexesha lovavanyo, i-79,9% yayikuluhlu oluqikelelweyo lwe-42 Β° ... 78 Β°. Ukuchaneka ngakumbi, i-44,5% yazo zonke ii-angles zazikuluhlu lwe-60 Β° ... 72 Β°.
Ukuhlaselwa kwexhoba kwi-engile kunye neespectrograms zesignali ye-acoustic ekhutshwayo.
Olunye uqwalaselo yinto yokuba amalulwane akazange alihlasele ixhoba lawo ukusuka phezulu, njengoko abanye abaphandi bebecebisile.
Ukujonga ngakumbi kwii-nuances zophononongo, ndincoma ukuba ujonge ΠΈ kuye.
Ipilo
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-echolocation njengeyona nto iphambili, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kuphela, isixhobo sokuzingela sele siyinto ekhethekileyo kwaye iyamangalisa. Nangona kunjalo, amalulwane akaze ayeke ukumangaliswa, ebonisa amaqhinga okuhlasela antsonkothileyo kunokuba bekucingelwa ngaphambili. Ukufumana kunye nokubamba ixhoba elingafihliyo akunzima, kodwa ukufumana kunye nokubamba inambuzane ezama ukufihla kwingxolo yangasemva ye-acoustic ifuna indlela eyahlukileyo. Kumalulwane, le ndlela ibizwa ngokuba yi-acoustic shadow kunye ne-acoustic mirror. Ngokusondela kwigqabi kwi-engile ethile, ilulwane ngoko nangoko limisela ubukho okanye ukungabikho kwexhoba elinokubakho. Kwaye ukuba kukho enye, ke isidlo sakusihlwa siqinisekisiwe.
Olu pho nonongo, ngokutsho kwababhali balo, lunokukhokelela uluntu lwesayensi kwizinto ezintsha ezifunyenweyo kwi-acoustics kunye ne-echo indawo, ngokubanzi kunye naphakathi kwezilwanyana. Kwimeko nayiphi na into, ukufunda into entsha ngehlabathi elikungqongileyo kunye nezidalwa ezihlala kulo akuzange kube yinto embi.
NgoLwesihlanu ukusuka phezulu:
Ukuze uphile, ngamanye amaxesha akwanelanga ukuba ngumzingeli obalaseleyo. Xa kukho ingqele engakholelekiyo yonke indawo, kwaye kungekho kutya konke konke, ekuphela kwento eseleyo kukulala.
Off-top 2.0:
Abanye basebenzisa isantya, abanye basebenzisa amandla, kwaye abanye bafuna nje ukuzola njengesithunzi.
Enkosi ngokufunda, hlala unomdla kwaye ube nempelaveki emnandi bafana! π
Enkosi ngokuhlala nathi. Ngaba uyawathanda amanqaku ethu? Ngaba ufuna ukubona umxholo onomdla ngakumbi? Sixhase ngokufaka iodolo okanye ngokucebisa abahlobo, I-30% isaphulelo kubasebenzisi beHabr kwi-analogue ekhethekileyo yeeseva zomgangatho wokungena, eyenzelwe wena: (ifumaneka nge-RAID1 kunye ne-RAID10, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-24 cores kunye ne-40GB DDR4).
I-Dell R730xd 2 amaxesha aphantsi? Kuphela apha eNetherlands! Dell R420 - 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB - ukusuka $99! Funda malunga
umthombo: www.habr.com