Kwilixa elidlulile , indlela imizamo yokwenza ngokuzenzekelayo inkqubo yokufunda yakhokelela ekuveleni kwi-60 yenkqubo ye-PLATO, eyayiqhubele phambili kakhulu ngelo xesha. Izifundo ezininzi zoqeqesho zilungiselelwe yena kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, i-PLATO yayine-drawback - ngabafundi baseyunivesithi kuphela abaneetheminali ezikhethekileyo abanokufikelela kwizixhobo zoqeqesho.
Imeko yatshintsha ngokufika kweekhompyutha zobuqu. Ke, isoftware yezemfundo ifikile kuzo zonke iiyunivesithi, izikolo kunye namakhaya. Siqhubeka nebali phantsi kokusikwa.
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Inguqu kwikhompyuter
Isixhobo esakhokelela ekuguqukeni kwekhompyutha yomntu yaba ngokusekelwe kwi-microprocessor ye-Intel 8080. Ibhasi eyenzelwe le khompyutha yaba ngumgangatho we-de facto kwiikhomputha ezilandelayo. IAltair yaphuhliswa yinjineli uHenry Edward Roberts ngo-1975 kwi-MITS. Ngaphandle kwenani leentsilelo - umatshini wawungenalo ikhibhodi okanye umboniso - inkampani ithengise izixhobo ezingamawaka amaninzi kwinyanga yokuqala. Impumelelo yeAltair 8800 yavula indlela yezinye iiPC.
Ngowe-1977, uCommodore wangena emarikeni kunye neCommodore PET 2001. Le khompyutha ekwi-sheet metal case enobunzima obuziikhilogram ezili-11 yayisele inemonitha enesisombululo seempawu ezingama-40x25 kunye nesixhobo sokufaka. Ngaloo nyaka, i-Apple Computer yazisa i-Apple II yayo. Yayinomboniso wombala, itoliki yolwimi ye-BASIC eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi, kwaye inokuvelisa kwakhona isandi. I-Apple II yaba yi-PC yabasebenzisi abaqhelekileyo, ngoko ayizizo iingcali ze-tech-savvy kuphela kwiiyunivesithi, kodwa nootitshala ezikolweni basebenze nayo. Oku kukhuthaze uphuhliso lwesoftware yemfundo efikelelekayo.
Ngaxa lithile, umfundisi-ntsapho waseUnited States, uAnn McCormick, waxhalatyiswa kukuba abanye abakwishumi elivisayo bafunda ngokungaqinisekanga nangokucothayo. Ngoko ke, wagqiba ekubeni enze indlela entsha yokufundisa abantwana. Ngo-1979, uMcCormick waphumelela isibonelelo kwaye wafumana i-Apple II evela kwi-Apple Education Foundation. Ukudibanisa imikhosi kunye nodokotela wengqondo waseStanford uTeri Perl kunye no-Atari umdwebi wenkqubo uJoseph Warren, waseka inkampani . Bekunye baqalisa ukwenza isoftware yokufundisa yabantwana besikolo.
Ngo-1984, iNkampani yokuFunda yayipapashe imidlalo elishumi elinesihlanu yemfundo yabantwana. Ngokomzekelo, i-Rocky's Boots, apho abantwana besikolo basombulula iingxaki ezahlukeneyo zokuqiqa. Iphumelele indawo yokuqala kwi-Software Publishers yombutho wokurhweba amanqanaba. Kwakukho noMvundla oMfundi, owayefundisa ukufunda nokubhala. Kwiminyaka elishumi yathengisa iikopi ezizizigidi ezili-14.
Ngo-1995, ingeniso yenkampani yafikelela kwi-53,2 yezigidi zeedola. INkampani yokuFunda "iGrail eNgcwele yokuFunda." Ngokutsho kwakhe, yayingumsebenzi weqela lika-Anne McCormick owanceda ootitshala baqonde ukuba zinamandla kangakanani na iikhompyutha zesixhobo sokufundisa.
Ngubani omnye owenze le nto?
Kwisiqingatha sokuqala se-80s, iNkampani yokuFunda yayingenguye kuphela umqambi wesoftware yemfundo. Imidlalo yokufundisa I-Optimum Resource, i-Daystar Learning Corporation, iSierra On-Line kunye nezinye iinkampani ezincinci. Kodwa impumelelo yeThe Learning Company yaphindwa kuphela nguBrøderbund - yasekwa ngabazalwana uDoug noGary Carlston.
Ngaxa lithile inkampani yaphuhlisa imidlalo, mhlawumbi eyona projekthi idumileyo yiNkosana yasePersi. Kodwa kungekudala abazalwana baphethulela ingqalelo yabo kwiimveliso zemfundo. Ipotfoliyo yabo iquka uJames Ufumana iMathematika kunye neMathematika Workshop yokufundisa imathematika esisiseko, uMshini wokuBhala oMangalisayo wokufundisa ukufunda kunye negrama, kunye neMieko: Ibali leNkcubeko yaseJapan, ikhosi ngembali yaseJapan ngendlela yamabali okonwabisa abantwana.
Ootitshala bathathe inxaxheba kuphuhliso lwezicelo, kwaye benze nezicwangciso zezifundo besebenzisa le software. Le nkampani yayisoloko ibamba iisemina ezikolweni zokukhuthaza imfundo yekhompyutha, ipapashe iincwadi ezilungiselelwe abasebenzisi bamaphepha, neenkqubo ezithotyiweyo zamaziko emfundo. Ngokomzekelo, ngexabiso eliqhelekileyo leMieko: Ibali leNkcubeko yaseJapan kwii-$179,95, inguqulelo yesikolo ixabisa phantse isiqingatha seedola ezingama-89,95.
Ngo-1991, iBrøderbund yabamba ikota yemarike yesoftware yemfundo yaseMelika. Impumelelo yale nkampani itsale umdla kwiNkampani yokuFunda, eyathenga inkampani ekhuphisana nayo ngeedola ezingama-420 ezigidi.
Isoftware yabafundi
Imfundo yaseYunivesithi ayishiywanga ngaphandle kwenguqu yekhompyutha. Ngo-1982, iMIT yathenga iiPC ezininzi ukuze zisetyenziswe eklasini ngabafundi bobunjineli. Emva konyaka, ngesiseko seyunivesithi ngenkxaso ye-IBM, baqalisa . Iqumrhu libonelele iyunivesiti ngeekhompyutha ezixabisa izigidi zeerandi zizonke kunye nabaqulunqi benkqubo bayo ukuphuhlisa isoftware yezemfundo. Abafundi bazo zonke ii-majors bafumana ukufikelela kwitekhnoloji entsha, kwaye uthungelwano lwekhompyuter lwasungulwa ekhampasini.
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-80s, isiseko semfundo esekwe kwi-UNIX savela eMIT, kwaye iingcali zaseyunivesithi zaphuhlisa iinkqubo zezinye iiyunivesithi. Inkqubo ebanzi yokufundisa amacandelo enzululwazi yendalo yamkelwa njengenye yezona zinto ziphumeleleyo - abasebenzi baseyunivesithi abazange babhale ikhosi yeentetho zekhompyutha kuphela, kodwa baphinde basungula inkqubo yokuvavanya ulwazi lwabafundi.
I-Athena yayiyeyokuqala ukusetyenziswa kweekhomputha kunye nesoftware kwiyunivesiti kunye nemodeli yeeprojekthi ezifanayo kwamanye amaziko emfundo.
Uphuhliso lwe-ecosystem yezemfundo
Oosomashishini nabo baqala ukubonisa umdla kwisoftware yezemfundo ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-80. Emva kokushiya iMicrosoft kwi-1983 ngenxa yokungavumelani noBill Gates, uPaul Allen wasungula i-Asymetrix Learning Systems. Apho waphuhlisa imeko yomxholo wemfundo ye-ToolBook. Inkqubo yenza ukuba kwenzeke iimveliso ezahlukeneyo zemultimedia: izifundo, izicelo zokuvavanya ulwazi kunye nezakhono, iintetho kunye nezixhobo zokubhekisela. Ngo-2001, i-ToolBook yaqatshelwa njengesona sixhobo sisebenzayo sokufunda nge-imeyile.
Inkqubo yokufunda emgama nayo sele iqalile ukukhula. Uvulindlela wayeyinkqubo ye-FirstClass, eyaphuhliswa ngabantu abavela kwi-Bell Northern Research - uSteve Asbury, uJon Asbury kunye noScott Welch. Iphakheji yayiquka izixhobo zokusebenza nge-imeyile, ukwabelana ngefayile, iingxoxo, iinkomfa zootitshala, abafundi kunye nabazali. Le nkqubo isasetyenziswa kwaye ihlaziywa (iyinxalenye yepotfoliyo ye-OpenTex) - amawaka amathathu amaziko emfundo kunye nabasebenzisi abazizigidi ezilithoba kwihlabathi jikelele baqhagamshelwe kuyo.
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Ukusasazeka kwe-Intanethi kwiminyaka yoo-90s kwabangela inguqu elandelayo kwezemfundo. Uphuhliso lwesoftware yezemfundo luqhubekile kwaye lwafumana uphuhliso olutsha: ngo-1997, ingqikelelo “yendawo yokufunda esebenzisanayo” (Interactive Learning Network) yazalwa.
Siza kuthetha ngale nto kwixesha elizayo.
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umthombo: www.habr.com