Inxalenye yangaphambili yebali lethu ekuqaleni kweminyaka ye-80 kunye ne-90. Ngeli xesha, ootitshala babesele bepholile kwiikhompyutha. Kwakukholelwa ukuba kuphela abadwelisi benkqubo abayifunayo ngokwenene. Olu luvo lwalubangelwa ubukhulu becala kukuba iikhompyutha zobuqu zelo xesha zazingenako ukufikeleleka ngokwaneleyo ngokwamava omsebenzisi, kwaye ootitshala babengasoloko benezakhono ezaneleyo zokuziqhelanisa nokuzisebenzisa kwinkqubo yemfundo.
Xa amandla ePC atyhilwa ngokupheleleyo, kwaye acaca ngakumbi, alungele kwaye anomtsalane kubantu abaqhelekileyo, imeko yaqala ukutshintsha, kubandakanywa necandelo lesoftware yemfundo.
Ifoto: /unsplash.com
"Iron" ukusetyenziswa
Le yayiyimodeli yokuqala ye-Apple enebhasi ye-SCSI (i-Small Computer Systems Interface, ebizwa ngokuthi "skazi"), enkosi apho iintlobo ngeentlobo zezixhobo zinokuqhagamshelwa kwikhompyuter: ukusuka kwii-hard drives kunye ne-drive ukuya kwi-scanners kunye nabashicileli. Ezo zibuko zinokubonwa kuzo zonke iikhompyuter ze-Apple ukuya kuthi ga kwi-iMac, eyakhululwa ngo-1998.
Umbono wokwandisa amava omsebenzisi wawuphambili kwiMacintosh Plus. Emva koko inkampani inikezela ngezaphulelo kumaziko emfundo kwimodeli ekhethekileyo - iMacintosh Plus Ed, kunye noSteve Jobs banikezela ngezixhobo ezikolweni nakwiiyunivesithi, kwaye kwangaxeshanye - iinzuzo zerhafu kwiinkampani ze-IT ezibandakanyeka kwiiprojekthi ezinjalo.
Kunyaka emva kwe-Macintosh Plus, i-Apple yakhulula ikhompyutha yayo yokuqala kunye nomboniso ogcwele umbala, i-Macintosh II. Iinjineli uMichael Dhuey kunye noBrian Berkeley baqala ukusebenza kule modeli ngasese kwiMisebenzi. Wayechasene nombala we-Macintoshes, engafuni ukulahlekelwa ubuhle bomfanekiso we-monochrome. Ke ngoko, iprojekthi yafumana inkxaso epheleleyo kuphela ngotshintsho kulawulo lwenkampani kwaye yashukumisa yonke imarike yePC.
Ayitsalanga kuphela isikrini sombala we-intshi ye-13 kunye nenkxaso yemibala ye-16,7 yezigidi, kodwa kunye noyilo lwemodyuli, uphuculo lwe-SCSI ujongano kunye nebhasi entsha ye-NuBus, eyenze ukuba kube lula ukutshintsha isethi yezixhobo zehardware (ngendlela, uSteve ngokuchasene nale ngongoma).
Ifoto: /PD
Ngaphandle kwethegi yexabiso lamawaka eedola, iikhompyuter ziye zasondela kubathengi minyaka le, ubuncinci kwinqanaba lemisebenzi kunye nobuchule. Ekuphela kwento eyayisele yenziwe kukudala iinkqubo eziya kusebenza kuyo yonke le hardware intle kangaka.
Ootitshala benyani
Iikhompyutha ezintsha ziye zavusa iingxoxo malunga neengxaki kwinkqubo yemfundo xa iyonke. Bambi bathetha ngento engenakwenzeka yokufikelela umfundi ngamnye okwigumbi lokufundela elizeleyo. Abanye babala ukuba kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukwenza nokuhlola iimvavanyo. Ukanti abanye bazigxeka iincwadi zesikhokelo kunye neencwadi, ukuhlaziya oko kubiza imali eninzi kwaye kwathatha iminyaka.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, "utitshala we-elektroniki" unokusebenza namawaka abafundi ngexesha, kwaye ngamnye wabo uya kufumana i-100% yengqwalasela yakhe. Iimvavanyo zinokuveliswa ngokuzenzekelayo, kwaye inkqubo yoqeqesho inokuhlaziywa ngokucofa iqhosha. Ungakhankanyi into yokuba le ndlela iya kuba nako ukuveza izinto ngaphandle kovavanyo oluzimeleyo kunye nezongezo, rhoqo kwifom kunye nomthamo ovunyiweyo luluntu lweengcali.
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Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-90, abafundi besikolo banikwa isoftware yemfundo yesizukulwana esitsha-baqala ukufunda ialgebra kunye. и (PAT), kunye nefiziksi - kunye . Le software ibonelele ngamathuba kungekuphela nje okuvavanya ulwazi, kodwa kunye nokunceda ekulawuleni imathiriyeli evela kwikharityhulam. Kodwa ukulungelelanisa iimveliso ezinjalo kwiinkqubo zemfundo kwakungelula kangako - isoftware entsha yayahlukile kwiinkqubo zangaphambili kwaye yayifuna iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufundisa - abaphuhlisi babefuna ukuba abantwana besikolo bangayigxininisi loo nto, kodwa bayiqonde.
“Bonke abafundi bezikolo eziphakamileyo basebenzisa imathematika kubomi bemihla ngemihla, kodwa bambalwa abanxulumanisa amava abo nezibalo “zesikolo”,” baqiqa ngelokuba abaqulunqi bePAT. “Kwiiklasi zethu [eziqhelekileyo], basebenza kumaphulo amancinane, ngokomzekelo, bethelekisa amazinga okukhula kwamahlathi ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Lo msebenzi ubanyanzela ukuba benze uqikelelo ngokusekelwe kwidatha ekhoyo, ubafundisa ukuhlalutya unxulumano phakathi kweesethi, baze bachaze zonke iziganeko kulwimi lwemathematika.”
Abaphuhlisi be-software babhekisele kwizindululo zeBhunga leSizwe looTitshala beMathematika, elathi ngo-1989 lacebisa ukuba lingathuthunjiswa abafundi abaneengxaki ezicingelwayo, kodwa benze indlela ephathekayo yokufunda isifundo. Iingcali zemveli kwezemfundo zazigxeka ezo nguqulelo, kodwa ngo-1995 izifundo zothelekiso ziye zangqina impumelelo yokudibanisa imisebenzi eyenziwayo - iiklasi ezinesoftware entsha zonyuse umgangatho wabafundi kuvavanyo lokugqibela nge-15%.
Kodwa eyona ngxaki iphambili yayingahambelani nento yokufundisa, kodwa kwindlela abadwelisi benkqubo beminyaka engama-90 ababekwazi ngayo ukuseka incoko phakathi kootitshala be-elektroniki kunye nabafundi babo?
Incoko yabantu
Oku kwenzeka xa izifundiswa zayichitha ngokoqobo inkqubo yengxoxo yabantu kwizixhobo. Kwimisebenzi yabo, abaphuhlisi bakhankanya (UJim Minstrell), owakha indlela yokufundisa, impumelelo kwinkalo yengqondo yengqondo kunye nokufunda kwengqondo. Ezi ziphumo zabavumela ukuba bayile iinkqubo ezithi, amashumi eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba i-smart chatbots, ikwazi ukuxhasa "incoko" -ukunika impendulo njengenxalenye yenkqubo yokufunda.
Ewe, ngaphakathi I-e-teacher yefiziksi ye-AutoTutor ithi "inokubonelela ngengxelo entle, engalunganga kwaye ingathathi hlangothi, ityhale umfundi ukuba afumane impendulo epheleleyo, incede ngokukhumbula igama elichanekileyo, inike iingcebiso kunye nezongezelelo, ilungile, iphendule imibuzo kwaye ishwankathele isihloko."
"I-AutoTutor inikezela ngoluhlu lwemibuzo enokuthi iphendulwe kumabinzana amahlanu ukuya kwasixhenxe," batsho abadali benye yeenkqubo zokufundisa i-physics. — Abasebenzisi baqala baphendule ngegama elinye okanye izivakalisi ezimbalwa. Inkqubo , ukulungisa ingxelo yengxaki. Ngenxa yoko, kukho imigca engama-50-200 yencoko yababini ngombuzo ngamnye. ”
Ifoto: /unsplash.com
Abaphuhlisi bezisombululo zemfundo abazange bavele babanike ulwazi lwemathiriyeli yesikolo - njengootitshala “bokwenene”, ezi nkqubo zifane zimele inqanaba lolwazi lwabafundi. “Babeqonda” xa lowo uyisebenzisayo ecinga kwicala elingelilo okanye inyathelo elinye kude nempendulo echanekileyo.
"Ootitshala bayayazi indlela yokukhetha isantya esifanelekileyo kubaphulaphuli babo kwaye bafumane ingcaciso efanelekileyo ukuba babona ukuba abaphulaphuli bafikelele ekupheleni," DIAGNOSER abaphuhlisi. “Sisakhono esi sisisiseko sendlela yenkalo ye-Minstrel (umyalelo osekwe kwinkalo). Kucingelwa ukuba iimpendulo zabafundi zisekelwe kulwazi lwabo olunzulu lwesifundo esithile. Utitshala makavuselele ingcamango echanekileyo okanye aphelise engalunganga ngokuphikisa okanye abonise ukuchasana. "
Uninzi lwezi nkqubo (DIAGNOSER, Atlas, AutoTutor) zisasebenza, sele zidlule kwizizukulwana ezininzi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Abanye bazalwa ngokutsha phantsi kwamagama amatsha - umzekelo, ukusuka kwi-PAT ngokupheleleyo iimveliso zemfundo kwizikolo eziphakathi neziphakamileyo, iikholeji kunye namaziko emfundo ephakamileyo. Umbuzo uphakama: kutheni ezi zisombululo zingakathathi indawo yootitshala okwangoku?
Esona sizathu siphambili kukuba, imali kunye nobunzima besicwangciso sexesha elide malunga nokudibanisa isoftware enjalo kwinkqubo yemfundo (kuthathela ingqalelo umjikelo wobomi beenkqubo ngokwazo). Ke ngoko, ootitshala be-elektroniki kunye nootitshala namhlanje bahlala belulongezelelo olunomdla kakhulu olunokuthi isikolo ngasinye kunye neeyunivesithi zibonise. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uphuhliso lwe-90s emva kwexesha kunye ne-2000 yokuqala ayinakukwazi ukunyamalala. Ngesiseko esinjalo sobuchwepheshe kunye nethemba lokuba i-Intanethi yavuleka, iinkqubo zemfundo zinokukhula kuphela.
Kwiminyaka eyalandelayo, iindonga zesikolo zaphulukana neendonga, yaye abantwana besikolo nabafundi (phantse) bazilahla iintetho ezikruqulayo. Siza kukuxelela indlela oku kwenzeka ngayo kwi-habratopic entsha.
SinoHabré:
umthombo: www.habr.com