IMicroelectronics yinto yokuzonwabisa esefashonini kwiminyaka yakutshanje enkosi kwiArduino yomlingo. Kodwa nantsi ingxaki: ngomdla owaneleyo, unokukhawuleza ukhule DigitalWrite (), kodwa into omawuyenze ngokulandelayo ayicacanga ngokupheleleyo. Abaphuhlisi be-Arduino benze umzamo omkhulu wokunciphisa umqobo wokungena kwi-ecosystem yabo, kodwa ngaphandle kwayo kusekho ihlathi elimnyama le-circuitry elibi elingafikelelekiyo kumntu ofundayo.
Umzekelo, ii-database. Kubonakala ngathi banayo yonke into, yithathe kwaye uyisebenzise. Kodwa ababhali babo ngokucacileyo abazibeki umsebenzi wokwazisa ii-microcontroller; Ngamaxesha athile ingathiukuba baxhaphaza ngamabom amagama angaqondakaliyo kunye nezifinyezo xa bechaza izinto ezilula ukuze badideke abangaziyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Kodwa ayisiyiyo yonke into embi kakhulu; ukuba iyanqweneleka, ibhokisi iyavuleka.
Kweli nqaku ndiza kwabelana ngamava engcali yezobuntu enxibelelana nedatasthets ngeenjongo zokuzilibazisa. Isicatshulwa senzelwe abantu abangafundanga abakhule besuka kwiibhulukhwe zeArduino; ithatha ukuqonda okuthile kwimigaqo yokusebenza kwee-microcontrollers.
Ndizakuqala ngesintu
Ukudanyaza i-LED kwiArduino
Kwaye ngoko nangoko ikhowudi:
void setup() {
DDRB |= (1<<5);
}
void loop() {
PINB = (1<<5);
for (volatile uint32_t k=0; k<100000; k++);
}"Yintoni lento? -Umfundi ophucukileyo uya kubuza. - Kutheni ubhala into kwirejista ye-PINB? Yeyokufunda kuphela!” Ngokwenene, , njengamanqaku amaninzi afundisayo kwi-Intanethi, ithi le rejista ifundwa kuphela. Ndacinga njalo de ndaphinda ndayifunda kuAtmega328p, ulungiselela eli nqaku. Kwaye apho:
Le yinto entsha yokusebenza, ibingekho kwi-Atmega8, ayinguye wonke umntu owaziyo ngayo okanye ayikhankanywanga ngenxa yezizathu zokubuyela umva. Kodwa ifanelekile ukubonisa ingcamango yokuba i-database ifanele ukufundwa ukuze kusetyenziswe bonke ubuchule be-chip, kubandakanywa nabaziwayo abancinci. Kwaye oku akukuphela kwesizathu.
Kutheni enye into yokufunda idatadata?
Ngokuqhelekileyo, iinjineli ze-Arduino, zidlale ngokwaneleyo ngee-LED kunye ne-AnalogWrites, ziqala ukudibanisa zonke iintlobo zeemodyuli kunye ne-chips ebhodini, apho kukho iilayibrari ezibhaliweyo. Kungekudala, ithala leencwadi libonakala lingasebenzi njengoko lifanele lisebenze. Emva koko i-amateur iqala ukuyikhetha ukuyilungisa, kwaye emva koko...
Kwaye kukho into engaqondakaliyo ngokupheleleyo eyenzekayo apho, ngoko kuya kufuneka uye kuGoogle, ufunde izifundo ezininzi, ukhuphe iinxalenye zekhowudi efanelekileyo yomntu kwaye ekugqibeleni ufezekise injongo yakho. Oku kunika imvakalelo enamandla yokufezekiswa, kodwa eneneni le nkqubo ifana nokubuyisela ivili ngokubuyisela umva isithuthuthu. Ngaphezu koko, ukuqonda ukuba le bhayisekile isebenza njani ayinyuki. Ndiyazi, kuba ndiyenze le nto ixesha elide.
Ukuba endaweni yalo msebenzi unika umdla bendichithe iintsuku ezimbalwa ndifunda amaxwebhu e-Atmega328, ngendisindise ixesha elininzi. Ngapha koko, le microcontroller ilula ngokufanelekileyo.
Ke, kuya kufuneka ufunde i-database ubuncinci ukuze ucinge ukuba i-microcontroller isebenza njani kwaye yintoni enokuyenza. Kwaye ngakumbi:
-
ukujonga kunye nokwenza ngcono amathala eencwadi abanye abantu. Zihlala zibhalwa ngaba bafundayo abaphinda baqambe ivili; okanye, ngokuchaseneyo, ababhali babenza ngabom ukuba bangabi nabudenge ngokugqithisileyo. Mayibe nkulu ngokuphindwe kathathu kwaye icothe, kodwa iya kusebenza ngokuqinisekileyo;
-
ukukwazi ukusebenzisa iitshiphusi kwiprojekthi ekungekho mntu uyibhaleleyo ithala leencwadi;
-
ukwenza kubelula kuwe ukufuduka ukusuka kumgca weMK ukuya komnye;
-
ukuze ekugqibeleni ulungise ikhowudi yakho endala, engangenanga kwiArduino;
-
ukufunda indlela yokulawula nayiphi na itshiphu ngokuthe ngqo kwiirejista zayo, ngaphandle kokuzikhathaza ngokufunda isakhiwo samathala eencwadi ayo, ukuba ikhona.
Kutheni ubhalela kwiirejista ngokuthe ngqo xa kukho i-HAL neLL?
Isigama
I-HAL, iNqanaba eliphezulu lokukhupha -ilayibrari yokulawula i-microcontroller enezinga eliphezulu lokukhupha. Ukuba ufuna ukusebenzisa ujongano lweSPI1, uqwalasela ngokulula kwaye wenze iSPI1 ngaphandle kokucinga malunga nokuba zeziphi iirejista ezinoxanduva lwantoni.
LL, iNqanaba eliPhantsi API - ithala leencwadi eliqulethe ii-macros okanye izakhiwo ezineedilesi zerejista, ezikuvumela ukuba ufikelele kuzo ngamagama. I-DDRx, i-PORTx, i-PINx kwi-Atmega zi-LL.
Iingxabano ngesihloko esithi "HAL, LL okanye iirejista" zenzeka rhoqo kwizimvo kuHabré. Ngaphandle kokubanga ukufikelela kulwazi lwe-astral, ndiza kwabelana ngamava am amateur kunye neengcinga.
Ukufumana ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kwe-Atmega kwaye ndifunde amanqaku malunga nokumangalisa kwe-STM32, ndithenge isiqingatha seebhodi ezahlukeneyo-iDiscovery, kunye neePilisi eziBlue, kunye neechips nje zeemveliso zam zasekhaya. Bonke baqokelela uthuli ebhokisini iminyaka emibini. Ngamanye amaxesha ndandisithi kum: "Yiyo loo nto, ndiyayibamba i-STM kule mpelaveki," yasungula iCubeMX, ivelise ukuseta i-SPI, yajonga udonga oluphumayo lwesicatshulwa, olunencasa ngesisa ngamalungelo okushicilela e-STM, kwaye ndagqiba kwelokuba oku kuninzi kakhulu. .
Ewe kunjalo, unokufumanisa ukuba uCubeMX wabhala ntoni apha. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye kucacile ukuba ukukhumbula onke amagama uze uwabhale ngesandla akukho ngqiqweni. Kwaye ukulungisa le ngxaki, ukuba ndilibale ngempazamo ukujonga ibhokisi kwiCube, kulungile.
Iphelile iminyaka emibini, ndisazikhotha imilebe kuzo zonke iintlobo ezimnandi, kodwa ngaphaya kokuqonda kwam, iichips, kwaye ngengozi yeza , nangona malunga ne-STM8. KUNYE ngequbuliso Ndabona ukuba lonke eli xesha ndinkqonkqoza kumnyango ovulekileyo: iirejista ze-STM zicwangciswe ngendlela efanayo neyomnye uMK, kwaye iCube ayifuni ukusebenza nayo. Ngaba kwakunokwenzeka? ..
I-HAL kwaye ngokukodwa i-STM32CubeMX sisixhobo seenjineli zobuchwephesha ezisebenza ngokusondeleyo neetshiphusi ze-STM32. Olona phawu luphambili linqanaba eliphezulu lokutsalwa, ukukwazi ukufuduka ngokukhawuleza ukusuka kwi-MCU ukuya kwenye kwaye ukusuka kumbindi ukuya kwenye, ngelixa uhlala ngaphakathi komgca we-STM32. Ii-Hobbyists azifane zidibane neengxaki ezinjalo-ukhetho lwethu lwe-microcontrollers, njengomthetho, lulinganiselwe kwi-AliExpress assortment, kwaye sihlala sifuduka phakathi kwee-chips ezahlukeneyo kakhulu-sisuka e-Atmega ukuya kwi-STM, ukusuka kwi-STM ukuya kwi-ESP, okanye nantoni na entsha abahlobo bethu baseTshayina. siphose kuthi. I-HAL ayizukunceda apha, kwaye ukuyifundela kuya kutya ixesha elininzi.
I-LL ihlala - kodwa ukusuka kuyo ukuya kwiirejista kukho isiqingatha senyathelo. Ngokomntu, ndifumanisa ukuba ukubhala ii-macros zam kunye needilesi zerejista ziluncedo: Ndifunda i-database ngononophelo ngakumbi, ndicinga ukuba yintoni endiza kuyidinga kwixesha elizayo kunye nento endingayi kuyenza ngokuqinisekileyo, ndicwangcisa iinkqubo zam ngcono, kwaye ngokubanzi, ukoyisa kunceda ukukhumbula.
Ukongeza, kukho i-nuance kunye ne-STM32F103 eyaziwayo - kukho iinguqulelo ezimbini ze-LL ezingahambelaniyo kuyo, igosa elinye elivela kwi-STM, elesibini kwiLeaf Labs, elisetyenziswe kwiprojekthi ye-STM32duino. Ukuba ubhala ithala leencwadi elivulekileyo (kwaye bendinayo kanye ), kufuneka wenze iinguqulelo ezimbini, okanye ufikelele kwiirejista ngokuthe ngqo.
Ekugqibeleni, ukuphelisa i-LL, ngokombono wam, kwenza ukufuduka kube lula, ngakumbi ukuba uceba kuyo ukususela ekuqaleni kweprojekthi. Umzekelo obabaxiweyo: masibhale iArduino blink kwiAtmel Studio ngaphandle kweLL:
#include <stdint.h>
#define _REG(addr) (*(volatile uint8_t*)(addr))
#define DDR_B 0x24
#define OUT_B 0x25
int main(void)
{
volatile uint32_t k;
_REG(DDR_B) |= (1<<5);
while(1)
{
_REG(OUT_B) |= (1<<5);
for (k=0; k<50000; k++);
_REG(OUT_B) &= ~(1<<5);
for (k=0; k<50000; k++);
}
}Ukuze le khowudi iqhwanyaze i-LED kwibhodi yaseTshayina nge-STM8 (ukusuka kwi-ST Visual Desktop), kwanele ukutshintsha iidilesi ezimbini kuyo:
#define DDR_B 0x5007
#define OUT_B 0x5005Ewe, ndisebenzisa isici sokudibanisa i-LED kwibhodi ethile, iya kubetha ngokukhawuleza, kodwa kuya kwenzeka!
Zeziphi iintlobo zedatadata ezikhoyo?
Kumanqaku kunye nakwiiforamu, zombini isiRashiya kunye nesiNgesi, "iidathashethi" zithetha nawaphi na amaxwebhu obugcisa beechips, kwaye ndenza okufanayo kulo mbhalo. Ngokusesikweni, luhlobo nje olunye lwamaxwebhu anjalo:
Ishiti yedatha -Iimpawu zokusebenza, ubuchule kunye neempawu zobugcisa. Isinyanzelo kulo naliphi na icandelo lombane. Ulwazi olungasemva luluncedo ukuhlala ukho, kodwa akukho nto ingako yokufunda kuyo ngokucingisisayo. Nangona kunjalo, ii-chips ezilula zihlala zikhawulelwe kwi-database ukuze zingavelisi amaxwebhu angeyomfuneko; kule meko Incwadana yesikhokelo ifakiwe apha.
Incwadana yesikhokelo -imiyalelo ngokwayo, incwadi enempilo enamaphepha angama-1000+. Umsebenzi wayo yonke into egxininiswe kwi-chip ichazwe ngokweenkcukacha. Uxwebhu oluphambili lokulawula umlawuli omncinci. Ngokungafaniyo ishiti yedatha, imiyalelo ibhalelwe uluhlu olubanzi lwee MKs, iqulathe ulwazi oluninzi malunga neeperipherals ezingafumanekiyo kumzekelo wakho othile.
Incwadana yemigaqo okanye Iseti yencwadana yemiyalelo -Imiyalelo yemiyalelo ye-microcontroller eyodwa. Yenzelwe abo baqhuba ucwangciso ngolwimi lweNdibano. Ababhali abaqokeleli bayisebenzisa ngenkuthalo ukukhulisa ikhowudi, ke kwimeko eqhelekileyo asiyi kuyidinga. Kodwa ukujonga apha kuluncedo ekuqondeni ngokubanzi, kweminye imiyalelo ethile efana nokuphuma kophazamiseko, kunye nokusebenzisa ngokusebenzayo idebugger.
Inqaku lesicelo - iingcebiso eziluncedo zokusombulula iingxaki ezithile, rhoqo kunye nemizekelo yekhowudi.
Iphepha le-Errata - inkcazo yeemeko zokuziphatha kwe-chip engekho-standard kunye neendlela zokusebenza, ukuba zikhona.
Yintoni ekwiinkcukacha zedatha
Ngqo ukuya Ishiti yedatha sinokufuna la macandelo alandelayo:
IsiShwankathelo sesiXhobo – Iphepha lokuqala ledatha lichaza ngokufutshane isixhobo. Iluncedo kakhulu kwiimeko xa ufumene i-chip kwindawo ethile (wayibona evenkileni, wayithengisa, yadibana nokukhankanywa) kwaye ufuna ukuqonda ukuba yintoni na.
Inkcazelo ngokubanzi -inkcazo ecacileyo yezakhono zeechips ukusuka kumgca.
Iipinouts – pinout imizobo yazo zonke iipakethe zetshiphu ezinokwenzeka (yeyiphi iphini ekuwuphi umlenze).
Inkcazo yePin – inkcazo yenjongo kunye nobuchule bephini ngalinye.
Imephu yeMemori -akunakwenzeka ukuba sifune imephu yedilesi kwimemori, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ikwabandakanya itafile yeedilesi zebhloko yerejista.
Bhalisa imephu -Itheyibhile yeedilesi zeebhloko zerejista, njengomthetho, ifumaneka kwi-database, kwaye ngaphakathi Incwadi yeRef - iinguqu kuphela (idilesi offsets).
Impawu zoMbane – kweli candelo sinomdla kakhulu Amanqaku aphezulu apheleleyo, idwelisa imithwalo ephezulu ngetshiphu nganye. Ngokungafaniyo ne-Atmega328p engonakaliyo, uninzi lwee-MK azikuvumeli ukuba uqhagamshele imithwalo enzima kwizikhonkwane, nto leyo eba yinto eyothusayo kwiArduinists.
Ulwazi lwepakeji - imizobo yamatyala akhoyo, aluncedo xa uyila iibhodi zakho.
Incwadana yesikhokelo ngokwesakhiwo iqulathe amacandelo anikezelwe kwiiperipherals ezithile ezibonakaliswe kwisihloko sazo. Isahluko ngasinye sinokwahlulwa sibe ngamacandelo amathathu:
isishwankathelo, intshayelelo, Iimbonakalo - amagqabantshintshi ezakhono zeperipheral;
Inkcazo yokusebenza, Isikhokelo sokuSebenzisa okanye nje ibhloko ephambili yecandelo - inkcazo yesicatshulwa eneenkcukacha zemigaqo yesixhobo se-peripheral kunye nendlela yokuyisebenzisa;
Iirejista – inkcazo yeerejista zolawulo. Kwiimeko ezilula ezifana ne-GPIO okanye i-SPI, oku kunokwanela ukuqalisa ukusebenzisa iiperipherals, kodwa rhoqo kusafuneka ufunde iindawo ezidlulileyo.
Ufundwa njani amaphepha edatha
Iidatasheets, ngaphandle komkhwa, zikoyikisa ngomthamo wazo kunye nobuninzi bamagama angenakuqondwa. Ngapha koko, yonke into ayoyiki kangako ukuba uyazi ii-hacks ezimbalwa zobomi.
Faka ifayile umfundi olungileyo wePDF. I-datasheets ibhalwe kwisithethe esizukileyo semiyalelo yephepha; zilungile ukuprinta, zifake kunye neebhukhimakhi zeplastiki kunye nokuthunga. I-Hypertext kuzo ijongwa ngobuninzi bokulandelela. Ngethamsanqa, ubuncinci ubume boxwebhu lwenziwe ngamanqaku eencwadi, ngoko ke umfundi ofanelekileyo onokuhamba ngokulula uyimfuneko kakhulu.
I-database ayisiyiyo incwadi kaStroustrup; iqulethe akukho mfuneko yokufunda yonke into. Ukuba usebenzise ingcebiso yangaphambili, fumana nje icandelo elifunekayo kwibha yeebhukhimakhi.
Amaxwebhu edatha, ngakumbi Iincwadana zeNgcaciso, inokuchaza ubunakho bengeyiyo itshiphu ethile, kodwa umgca wonke. Oku kuthetha ukuba isiqingatha, okanye isibini kwisithathu solwazi aluhambelani ne-chip yakho. Phambi kokufunda iirejista ze-TIM7, ngena Inkcazelo ngokubanzi, unayo?
Yazi isiNgesi ngokwaneleyo ukuba inqanaba elisisiseko. I-datasheets iqulethe isiqingatha samagama angaqhelekanga kwisithethi esiqhelekileyo somthonyama, kunye nesiqingatha sezakhiwo ezilula zokudibanisa. Kukwakho needatabase ezigqwesileyo zesiTshayina kwisiNgesi saseTshayina, apho isiqingatha sikwakhona namagama, kwaye isiqingatha sesibini siseti yamagama angaqhelekanga.
Ukuba udibana igama elingaqhelekanga, ungazami ukuyiguqulela usebenzisa isichazi-magama sesiNgesi nesiRashiya. Ukuba ubhidekile i-hysteresis, ke inguqulelo ethi "hysteresis" ayiyi kukwenza ukufudumala. Sebenzisa iGoogle, i-Stack Overflow, i-Wikipedia, iiforamu, apho ingcamango efunekayo iya kuba khona .
Eyona ndlela yokuqonda into oyifundayo khangela kwisenzo. Ke ngoko, gcina isandla sakho kwibhodi yokulungisa ingxaki oqhelene nayo, okanye ngcono nakabini, ukuba kukho into ongayiqondi kakuhle kwaye ubone umsi womlingo.
Ngumkhwa olungileyo ukugcina idata yakho ilungile xa ukhoyo ukufunda isifundo somntu okanye ukufunda ithala leencwadi lomnye umntu. Kuyenzeka ukuba ufumane isisombululo esisiso kwingxaki yakho kuyo. Kwaye ngokuchaseneyo - ukuba awukwazi ukuqonda kwi-database ukuba irejista isebenza njani ngokwenene, google: mhlawumbi, umntu sele echaze yonke into ngamagama alula okanye ashiye ikhowudi ecacileyo kwiGitHub.
Isigama
Amanye amagama aluncedo kunye neesimboli zokukunceda ukuba uqhelane ngokukhawuleza nedatha yedatha. Into endiyikhumbulayo kwezi ntsuku zidlulileyo, izongezo kunye nezilungiso zamkelekile.
Umbane
VDC, Kuyinyani – “plus”, ukutya
Vss, Vee – “thabatha”, umhlaba
yangoku – yangoku
I-Voltage - I-Voltage
ukutshona okwangoku - sebenza "njengomhlaba" womthwalo wangaphandle
ukukhupha okwangoku - amandla umthwalo wangaphandle
isinki ephezulu / isikhonkwane somthombo - iphini kunye "nokunyamezela" okwandisiweyo ukulayisha
IO
H, Phezulu – kwiphini yeVcc
L,Phantsi – kwiphini yeVss
I-Impedans ephezulu, Hi-Z, ukuntywila - akukho nto kwipini, "ukuchasana okuphezulu", kubonakala kungabonakali kwihlabathi langaphandle.
ubuthathaka tsala phezulu, buthathaka ukutsalela phantsi – isakheko sokutsalela phezulu/sokutsalela phantsi, malunga nokulingana ne-50 kOhm (jonga i-database). Isetyenziswe, umzekelo, ukukhusela i-pin yokufaka i-input in dangling emoyeni, ibangela imiphumo yobuxoki. buthathaka - kuba kulula "ukumphazamisa".
tyhala tsala – imowudi yemveliso yepin, apho itshintsha phakathi phezulu и low – UKUPHUMA rhoqo ukusuka Arduino.
idreyini evulekileyo – ukuchongwa kwemowudi yemveliso apho iphini inokuba khona low, okanye I-Impedans ephezulu / ukudada. Ngapha koko, phantse akusoloko "yinyani" idreyini evulekileyo; kukho iidiode ezikhuselayo, izixhasi, kunye nantoni na. Olu luphawu nje lwendlela yomhlaba/akukho nanye.
idreyini yenyani evulekileyo - kodwa oku kuvula i-drain yangempela: i-pin ikhokelela ngokuthe ngqo emhlabeni ukuba ivulekile, okanye ihlala i-limbo ukuba ivaliwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba, ukuba kuyimfuneko, i-voltage enkulu kune-Vcc inokugqithiswa kuyo, kodwa ubuninzi zisachazwa kwidatha yedatha kwicandelo. IiReyithingi eziphezulu ezipheleleyo/iVoltage.
Interfaces
kuthotho – edityaniswe kuthotho
kwikhonkco - hlanganisa iichips kwikhonkco usebenzisa uxhulumaniso lwe-serial, ukwandisa inani leziphumo.
shift - shift, ngokuqhelekileyo ibonisa utshintsho kancinci. Ngokulandelelana, ukungena и ukuphuma – fumana kwaye ugqithise idatha kancinci kancinci.
iqhina -Ilatshi egquma isithinteli ngelixa amasuntswana eshenxiswa kuyo. Xa ukuhanjiswa kugqityiwe, i-valve ivula kwaye amasuntswana aqala ukusebenza.
ukungena -Yenza utshintshiselwano kancinci-kancinci, shenxisa onke amasuntswana kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo.
isithinteli kabini, irejista yesithunzi, irejista yokulayisha kwangaphambili - ukutyunjwa kwembali, xa irejista kufuneka ikwazi ukwamkela idatha entsha, kodwa ibambe kude kube yinto ethile. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba i-PWM isebenze ngokuchanekileyo, iiparameters zayo (umjikelezo womsebenzi, i-frequency) akufanele itshintshe de kube umjikelezo wangoku uphelile, kodwa iiparitha ezintsha ziyakwazi ukudluliselwa. Ngokufanelekileyo, ezi zangoku zigcinwa irejista yesithunzi, kwaye ezintsha ziwela irejista yokulayisha kwangaphambili, ukubhalwa kwirejista ye-chip ehambelanayo.
Zonke iintlobo zezinto
prescaler – frequency prescaler
ukuseta kancinci -seta kancinci ku-1
ukucima/ukusetha kwakhona kancinane -seta kwakhona kancinci ukuya ku-0 (Ukusetha kwakhona -Inqaku ledatha ye-STM)
Yintoni elandelayo
Ngokubanzi, inxalenye ebonakalayo yacwangciswa apha ngomboniso weeprojekthi ezintathu kwi-STM32 kunye ne-STM8, ezenzelwe ngokukodwa eli nqaku kusetyenziswa idatadata, ezinebhalbhu zokukhanya, iSPI, izibali-xesha, iPWM kunye neziphazamiso:
Kodwa kukho itekisi eninzi, ngoko ke iiprojekthi zithunyelwa kwicandelo lesibini.
Ubuchule bokufunda i-database buya kukunceda kwizinto ozonwabisa ngazo, kodwa akunakufane kwenzeke ukuba uthathe indawo yonxibelelwano oluphilayo kunye nabanye abantu abazonwabisa ngokuzonwabisa kwiiforum kunye neencoko. Ngale njongo, kusafuneka uphucule isiNgesi sakho kuqala. Ke, abo bagqibileyo ukufunda baya kufumana ibhaso elikhethekileyo: izifundo ezibini zasimahla eSkyeng kunye nentlawulo yokuqala usebenzisa ikhowudi. HABR2.
umthombo: www.habr.com