Bonke abantwana besikolo bayazi ukuba iPlanethi yoMhlaba yahlulahlulwe yangamacandelo amathathu (okanye amane) amakhulu: i-crust, i-mantle kunye nengundoqo. Oku kuyinyani ngokubanzi, nangona le ngqungquthela ayithatheli ngqalelo iileya ezininzi ezongezelelweyo ezichongiweyo zizazinzulu, enye yazo, umzekelo, inguqu yenguqu ngaphakathi kwengubo.
Kuphononongo olupapashwe nge-15 kaFebruwari, 2019, isazi sendalo uJessica Irving kunye nomfundi we-master's Wenbo Wu weYunivesithi yasePrinceton, ngokubambisana noSidao Ni weGeodetic kunye neGeophysical Institute eTshayina, basebenzise idatha efunyenwe kwinyikima enamandla ka-1994 eBolivia ukufumana iintaba. kunye nezinye iimpawu ze-topographic kumphezulu wezowuni yotshintsho nzulu ngaphakathi kwengubo. Olu luhlu, olukwiikhilomitha ezingama-660 ngaphantsi komhlaba, luhlula i-mantle ephezulu nangaphantsi (ngaphandle kwegama elisemthethweni loluhlu, abaphandi bayibiza nje ngokuba "yi-660-kilometer boundary").
Ukuze “zikhangele” nzulu kangako ngaphantsi komhlaba, izazinzulu zasebenzisa awona maza anamandla kwesi sijikelezi-langa, abangelwa ziinyikima ezinamandla. “Udinga inyikima eyomeleleyo, enzulu ukuze ushukumise iplanethi,” utshilo uJessica Irving, unjingalwazi oncedisayo kwi-geoscience.
Iinyikima ezinkulu zinamandla ngakumbi kunezo ziqhelekileyo-amandla azo anda ngokuphindwe kayi-30 ngenyathelo ngalinye elongezelelekileyo kwi-Richter scale. U-Irving ufumana eyona datha yakhe ilungileyo kwiinyikima ezinobukhulu obuyi-7.0 nangaphezulu ngenxa yokuba amaza enyikima athunyelwa ziinyikima ezinkulu kangaka ezisasazeke kumacala ahlukeneyo kwaye zinokuhamba ngombindi ukuya kwelinye icala leplanethi nokubuya. Kolu hlolisiso, inkcazelo ephambili yavela kumaza enyikima awayebhalwe kwinyikima eyayinomlinganiselo osisi-8.3—eyeyesibini kweyona nyikima inzulu kwezakha zabhalwa zizazi ngokuma komhlaba—eyantlitha iBolivia ngowe-1994.
“Iinyikima ezilolu hlobo azenzeki rhoqo. Sinethamsanqa lokuba ngoku kukho ii-seismometers ezininzi ezifakelwe kwihlabathi liphela kunokuba kwakunjalo kwiminyaka engama-20 eyadlulayo. I-Seismology iye yatshintsha kakhulu kwiminyaka eyi-20 edlulileyo, ngenxa yezixhobo ezitsha kunye namandla ekhompyutheni.
Iingcali zeSeismologists kunye nezazinzulu zedatha zisebenzisa iikhompyutha ezinkulu, ezifana nePrinceton's Tiger cluster supercomputer, ukulinganisa indlela yokuziphatha entsonkothileyo yokusasaza amaza enyikima angaphantsi komhlaba.
Itekhnoloji isekelwe kwiimpawu ezisisiseko zamaza: amandla abo okubonakaliswa kunye nokuchithwa. Kanye njengokuba amaza okukhanya ekwazi ukugqabhuka (abonakalise) esipilini okanye egobe (refract) xa edlula kwiprism, amaza enyikima ahamba kumatye axubeneyo kodwa abonakaliswe okanye aqhawuke xa edibana nomhlaba orhabaxa endleleni yawo.
“Siyazi ukuba phantse zonke izinto zinendawo engalinganiyo kwaye ke zinokusasaza ukukhanya,” utshilo uWenbo Wu, umbhali ophambili kolu phando, osandula ukufumana isidanga sobugqirha kwi-geonomy kwaye ngoku uqhuba ubudlelwane basemva kobugqirha kwiZiko leTekhnoloji laseCalifornia. Enkosi kule nyaniso, siyakwazi "ukubona" ezi zinto - amaza asasazayo athwala ulwazi malunga noburhabaxa bemigangatho abadibana nayo endleleni yabo. Kolu phononongo, sijonge ukusasazwa kwamaza enyikima ahamba nzulu ngaphakathi eMhlabeni ukumisela "uburhabaxa" bomda weekhilomitha ezingama-660 ofunyenweyo.
Abaphandi bamangaliswa yindlela "urhabaxa" ngayo lo mda - nangaphezulu kunomaleko womphezulu esihlala kuwo. "Ngamanye amazwi, lo mgangatho ongaphantsi komhlaba unomhlaba onzima ngakumbi kuneeNtaba zeRocky okanye inkqubo yeentaba ze-Appalachian," kusho uWu. Imodeli yabo yezibalo ayizange ikwazi ukumisela ubude obuchanekileyo bezi ntaba ziphantsi komhlaba, kodwa kukho ithuba elihle lokuba ziphakame kakhulu kunayo nayiphi na into esemhlabeni. Oosonzululwazi baphinde baqaphela ukuba umda weekhilomitha ezingama-660 nawo usasazwa ngokulinganayo. Ngendlela efanayo ukuba umaleko womhlaba unemiphezulu yolwandle egudileyo kwezinye iindawo kunye neentaba ezinkulu kwezinye, umda weekhilomitha ezingama-660 nawo unemimandla erhabaxa kunye noluhlu olugudileyo kumphezulu wawo. Abaphandi baphinde bajonga iileyile ezingaphantsi komhlaba kubunzulu beekhilomitha ezingama-410 kunye nangaphezulu kwengubo ephakathi, kodwa abakwazanga ukufumana uburhabaxa obufanayo kule ndawo.
"Baye bafumanisa ukuba umda weekhilomitha ezingama-660 unzima njengomgangatho ongaphezulu," satsho isazi se-seismologist uChristina Hauser, unjingalwazi oncedisayo kwiZiko leTekhnoloji laseTokyo owayengabandakanyekanga kolu phando. “Ukusebenzisa amaza enyikima adalwe ziinyikima ezinamandla ukufumana umahluko weekhilomitha ezi-3 ekuphakameni komhlaba oziikhilomitha ezingama-660 ubunzulu obuphantsi komhlaba yinto engenakucingeleka... Ukufumanisa kwabo kuthetha ukuba kwixesha elizayo, sisebenzisa izixhobo ezintsonkothileyo zenyikima, siya kuba nakho. ukubona iimpawu ezazingaziwa ngaphambili, ezifihlakeleyo, eziya kusityhilela iimpawu ezintsha zomaleko ongaphakathi wesi sijikelezi-langa sethu.”
Isazi ngenyikima uJessica Irving, usekela-njingalwazi we-geophysics, uphethe iimeteorites ezimbini ezivela kwingqokelela yeYunivesithi yasePrinceton equlethe intsimbi ekukholelwa ukuba iyinxalenye yeplanethi yomhlaba.
Ifoto ithathwe nguDenis Appelwhite.
Ithetha ntoni le nto?
Ubukho beendawo ezirhabaxa ecaleni komda oziikhilomitha ezingama-660 zibalulekile ekuqondeni indlela iplanethi yethu ebumba ngayo kunye nokusebenza kwayo. Lo maleko wahlula isambatho, esenza malunga nama-84 ekhulwini umthamo wesijikelezi-langa sethu, ube ngamacandelo aphezulu nasezantsi. Kangangeminyaka, izazi ngokuma komhlaba ziye zaxoxa ngendlela obaluleke ngayo lo mda. Ngokukodwa, bafunda indlela ubushushu obuthuthwa ngayo ngengubo - nokuba amatye ashushu asuka kumda weGutenberg (umaleko owahlula ingubo kumbindi kubunzulu beekhilomitha ezingama-2900) ukuya phezulu kwengubo, okanye nokuba le ntshukumo. iphazamisekile kumda oziikhilomitha ezingama-660. Obunye ubungqina be-geochemical kunye ne-mineralogical bubonisa ukuba iileya eziphezulu kunye nezantsi zengubo zinemichiza eyahlukeneyo yeekhemikhali, ezixhasa ingcamango yokuba iileyile ezimbini zi-thermal okanye zingabonakali ngokwasemzimbeni. Olunye uqwalaselo lubonisa ukuba iileyile ezingaphezulu kunye nezisezantsi zengubo azikho umahluko wekhemikhali, obangela ingxoxo malunga nento ebizwa ngokuba "yingubo exutywe kakuhle," apho zombini iileyile zengubo zithatha inxaxheba kumjikelo wokutshintsha ubushushu obusondeleyo.
"Uphononongo lwethu lubonelela ngeembono ezintsha kule ngxoxo," utshilo uWenbo Wu. Idata efunyenwe kolu phononongo icebisa ukuba omabini amacala anokuba ngasekunene. I-strata egudileyo yomda weekhilomitha ezingama-660 inokuba yenziwe ngenxa yokuxutywa ngokucokisekileyo, okuthe nkqo, apho iindawo ezirhabaxa, iintaba zinokuthi zenzekile apho ukuxutywa kwengubo ephezulu nasezantsi kungakhange kuqhubeleke ngokutyibilikayo.
Ukongezelela, "uburhabaxa" bomaleko kumda ofunyenweyo kwafunyanwa kumlinganiselo omkhulu, ophakathi kunye omncinci ngoososayensi bophando, ekunokuthiwa kubangelwa yi-anomalies ye-thermal okanye i-heterogeneity yeekhemikhali. Kodwa ngenxa yendlela ubushushu obuthuthwa ngayo kwingubo, uWu uyacacisa, nayiphi na i-anomaly encinci ye-thermal iya kulungiswa kwizigidi ezimbalwa zeminyaka. Ngaloo ndlela, i-heterogeneity yeekhemikhali kuphela inokuchaza uburhabaxa bolu maleko.
Yintoni enokubangela ukungafani kwemichiza ebaluleke kangaka? Umzekelo, ukubonakala kwamatye kumaleko wengubo eyayiyeyomhlaba kwaye yafudukela apho kwizigidi ezininzi zeminyaka. Oosonzululwazi kudala bexoxa ngekamva leepleyiti ezikumgangatho wolwandle athi atyhalelwe kwingubo yokwaleka ngeendawo ezingqubana kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki nakwezinye iindawo zehlabathi. U-Weibo Wu kunye noJessica Irving bacebisa ukuba iintsalela zezi pleyiti ngoku zinokuba ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi komda oziikhilomitha ezingama-660.
“Abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba kunzima kakhulu ukufunda ubume bangaphakathi besijikelezi-langa kunye notshintsho lwayo kule minyaka i-4.5 yeebhiliyoni edlulileyo kusetyenziswa idatha yamaza enyikima kuphela. U-Irving uthe: “Kodwa oku akuyonyani!” “Olu phando luye lwasinika ulwazi olutsha malunga nekamva lee-tectonic plates zamandulo ezehla kwi-mantle kwiibhiliyoni ezininzi zeminyaka.”
Ekugqibeleni, u-Irving wongezelela, "Ndicinga ukuba i-seismology inomdla kakhulu xa isinceda siqonde isakhiwo sangaphakathi seplanethi yethu kwindawo kunye nexesha."
Ukusuka kumbhali wenguqulelo: Bendihlala ndifuna ukuzama isandla sam ukuguqulela inqaku lesayensi elidumileyo ukusuka kwisiNgesi ukuya kwisiRashiya, kodwa andizange ndiyilindele. ukufikelela inzulu. Intlonipho enkulu kwabo bawaguqulela rhoqo nangokufanelekileyo amanqaku angoHabré. Ukuguqulela isicatshulwa ngobuchwephesha, akufuneki wazi isiNgesi kuphela, kodwa nokuqonda isihloko ngokwaso ngokufunda imithombo yomntu wesithathu. Yongeza "i-gag" encinci ukwenza isandi sendalo, kodwa kwakhona ungayigqithisi, ukuze ungonakalisi inqaku. Enkosi kakhulu ngokufunda :)
umthombo: www.habr.com