Unokufunda njani "ukufunda". Icandelo 2 - iinkqubo zemetacognitive kunye ne-doodling

В Inxalenye yokuqala Kuphononongo lwethu lweehacks zobomi eziluncedo zabafundi, sathetha ngophando lwezenzululwazi ngasemva kwengcebiso ecacileyo- "sela amanzi amaninzi," "ukwenza umthambo," "cwangcisa inkqubo yakho yemihla ngemihla." Kule nxalenye, siza kujonga "i-hacks" engabonakaliyo, kunye neendawo eziqwalaselwa namhlanje njengenye yezona zinto zithembisayo kuqeqesho. Makhe sizame ukufumanisa ukuba "ii-doodles kwimida ye-notebook" ingaba luncedo njani, kwaye kweziphi iimeko ukucinga malunga noviwo kukunceda uphumelele ngcono.

photo I-Pixelmattic CC BY

inkumbulo yezihlunu

Ukuzimasa iintetho lelinye icebiso elicacileyo kwabo bafuna ukufunda ngcono. Kwaye, ngendlela, enye yezona zidumileyo kwi Quora. Nangona utyelelo lulodwa lusoloko lunganelanga, uninzi lwenu luqhelene nale meko: ulungiselela itikiti loviwo, kwaye awukhumbuli ukuba yintoni kanye kanye athethe ngayo utitshala, nangona uqinisekile ukuba wawuseklasini ngaloo mini. .

Ukuze usebenzise ixesha lakho ngexesha leentetho, izazinzulu zicebisa ukuqeqesha imemori yemisipha - oko kukuthi, okokuqala, ukuthatha amanqaku. Oku akukuvumeli kuphela ukuba ubuyele kubo kamva (nto leyo ecacileyo), kodwa isenzo sokubhala ulwazi phantsi ngesandla sikunceda ukuba uyikhumbule ngcono. Nangona kunjalo, ngamanye amaxesha ukuze ukhumbule ngcono iikhonsepthi ezinzima, kuyavakala ukuba ungazibhali nje phantsi, kodwa uzibhale phantsi kwaye uzizobe.

Ungazama ukubonisa idatha ngendlela yomzobo okanye umzobo (okunzima kakhulu ukuba kufuneka umamele ngononophelo kumhlohli), kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ukuze ukhumbule ngcono ulwazi, kwanele ukongeza amanqaku kunye nezikrikrili. okanye imizobo (igama lolu hlobo lomzobo likwangu “igriffonage").

Imizobo inokuvela njengeepateni eziphinda-phindayo, imigca, amagqabantshintshi-okanye ubuso, izilwanyana, okanye amagama ngamanye (njengaku. lo mzekelo). Uyakwazi ukuzoba nantoni na - inkalo ebalulekileyo doodles kukuba umkhuba onjalo awumthathi ngokupheleleyo umntu - ngokungafaniyo, umzekelo, umsebenzi onzima kwiklasi yobugcisa.

Ekuboneni kokuqala, i-doodling iyacaphukisa - kubonakala ngathi umntu uzama nje ukubulala ixesha kwaye ugxininise kwiingcamango zakhe. Ngokwenyani, kuye kwavela ukuba ii-doodles, ngokuchaseneyo, zisinceda ukuba siqonde ngcono iikhonsepthi ezintsha kwaye sizikhumbule.

Kwi-2009, iphephancwadi i-Applied Cognitive Psychology yapapashwa ipapashiwe iziphumo zophononongo olwenziwa siSikolo seNgqondo kwiYunivesithi yasePlymouth (UK). Yayigubungela abantu abangama-40 abaneminyaka eli-18 ukuya kuma-55 ubudala. Izifundo wanikela mamela isandi esirekhodiweyo “somnxeba ovela kumhlobo” (kwindawo erekhodiweyo, umsasazi ngelizwi elivakalayo efunda incwadi eyodwa “yomhlobo” wobuxoki exubusha ngomntu onokuya kwitheko lakhe nongakwaziyo, yaye kutheni. ). Iqela lolawulo lacelwa ukuba libhale phantsi kwiphepha lamagama abo babeza kuya kwiqela (kwaye akukho nto) njengoko berekhoda.

Iqela lokulinga lanikwa ishidi lezikwere kunye nezangqa kwaye lacelwa ukuba libe nomthunzi iimilo ngelixa liphulaphule (izifundo zaxwayiswa ukuba isantya kunye nokuchaneka kwe-shading kwakungabalulekanga - i-shading yayiza kudlula ixesha kuphela).

Emva koku, zonke izifundo zacelwa ukuba ziqale zibize abo baza kuya ethekweni, baze badwelise amagama eendawo akhankanywe kwirekhodi. Iziphumo zazimangalisa kakhulu - kuzo zombini iimeko, abantu abacelwe ukuba bafake umthunzi kwiimilo babechanekile ngakumbi (iqela lovavanyo likhumbula i-29% yolwazi ngaphezu kweqela lolawulo, nangona bengazange bacelwe ukuba babhale okanye bakhumbule nantoni na).

Esi siphumo silungileyo sinokubangelwa kukuba ukubhala ngokungazi kukuvumela ukuba uzibandakanye umnatha indlela yokusebenza kwengqondo. "Abalweli beDoodle" njengoSunni Brown, umbhali iincwadi I-Doodle Revolution ikholelwa ukuba i-doodles ayiyondlela nje yokugcina izandla zakho zixakekile, kodwa yindlela yokwenza ingqondo yakho isebenze. Ngamanye amazwi, sisixhobo esisivumela ukuba siqalise "iindlela zokusebenza" xa sifika esiphelweni - nto leyo ethetha ukuba i-doodle inokunceda ukuba, umzekelo, unengxaki yokusombulula ingxaki okanye ukufumana amagama afanelekileyo kwingxelo ebhaliweyo. iphepha.

Ukubuyela ekukhumbuleni ulwazi, ukukrola eludinini kukunceda uphinde wakhe iinkcukacha zento ebisenzeka ngakuwe xa uyizoba. UJessie Prince (Jesse J. Prinz) yavumaukuba, ejonga imizobo yakhe, ukhumbula lula oko kwakuxutyushwa xa wayezoba. Uthelekisa ii-doodles kunye namakhadi-xa ujonga iposikhadi oyithengileyo kuhambo, izinto ezithi qatha engqondweni ngoko nangoko ezinxulumene nolo hambo-izinto mhlawumbi ongenakukwazi ukuzikhumbula ngolo hlobo.

Ifoto yiYunivesithi ye-ITMO

Olu luncedo “lwamanqaku aneedoodles” (xa kuthelekiswa namanqaku aqhelekileyo): ukuthatha amanqaku rhoqo kuya kuphazamisana nale nto ithethwa ngutitshala ngoku, ngakumbi ukuba unika isixa esikhulu semathiriyeli engenzelwanga ukubiza. Ukuba ubamba amanqaku aphambili ngendlela eqhelekileyo kwaye utshintshele kwimizobo njengoko ucacisa, unokuwuqonda umcimbi ngcono ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ngumsonto webali.

Kwelinye icala, i-doodling ayifanelekanga kuyo yonke imisebenzi. Umzekelo, ukuba ufuna ukukhumbula kunye nokufunda inani elikhulu lemifanekiso (iitshathi, iigrafu), imizobo yakho iya kukuphazamisa kuphela - iWall Street Journal приводит Oku kuxhaswa luphando olwenziwe kwiYunivesithi yaseBritish Columbia. Xa yomibini le misebenzi ifuna ukusetyenzwa okubonwayo, ukwenza i-doodling kusithintela ekugxileni koko kubaluleke ngokwenene ngelo xesha.

Kungcono ukungahoyi ukwenza i-doodling kwaye xa ungaqinisekanga ukuba iinyani kunye neefomula ezinikwe ngumhlohli zinokufumaneka ngokulula kweminye imithombo. Kule meko, kukhuselekile ukuqeqesha imemori ye-muscle ngoncedo lwamanqaku amadala alungileyo kuphela.

Ulwazi malunga nolwazi

Enye indawo ekufanele iqwalaselwe kwabo bafuna ukufunda ngcono ziinkqubo zemetacognitive (ulwazi olukwinqanaba lesibini, okanye, ngokulula, into esiyaziyo malunga nolwazi lwethu). UPatricia Chen, umphandi waseStanford osebenza kule ndawo, uyachaza: “Amaxesha amaninzi, abafundi baqalisa umsebenzi bengacinganga, ngaphandle kokuzama ukucwangcisa kwangaphambili ukuba yeyiphi imithombo eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuyisebenzisa, ngaphandle kokuqonda oko kulungileyo ngomntu ngamnye kubo, ngaphandle kokuvavanya indlela ezona zixhobo zikhethiweyo zinokusetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo kakhulu.”

U-Chen kunye noogxa bakhe baqhube uchungechunge lwezifundo (iziphumo zabo zazi ipapashiwe kunyaka ophelileyo kwijenali Psychological Science) kunye nemifuniselo ebonisa indlela ukucinga ngokufunda kunokukhuthaza abafundi ukuba benze ngcono. Njengenxalenye yovavanyo, abafundi banikwa iphepha lemibuzo malunga neentsuku ezili-10 ngaphambi koviwo - ababhali bayo babacela ukuba bacinge ngovavanyo oluzayo kwaye baphendule imibuzo malunga nokuba umfundi ufuna ukulifumana liphi ibakala, libaluleke kangakanani eli bakala kuye kwaye angakanani amathuba okuba ayifumane.

Ukongeza, abafundi bacelwa ukuba bacinge malunga nokuba yeyiphi imibuzo ekunokwenzeka ukuba ivele kuviwo kwaye bachonge ukuba yeyiphi na kwiimviwo ezili-15 ezikhoyo (ukulungiselela amanqaku esifundo, ukufunda incwadi yesikhokelo, ukufunda imibuzo yeemviwo, ukuxoxa noontanga, ukuthatha iikhosi umhlohli, njalo njalo) baya kusebenzisa. Emva koko bacelwa ukuba bachaze ukhetho lwabo kwaye bachaze ukuba yintoni kanye abaza kuyenza - eneneni, benze isicwangciso sokulungiselela uviwo. Iqela lolawulo lifumene nje isikhumbuzi malunga noviwo kunye nokubaluleka kokulufundela.

Ngenxa yoko, abafundi abenze isicwangciso ngokwenene benze ngcono kwiimviwo, befumana amanqaku ngokomndilili wesinye kwisithathu senqaku eliphezulu (umzekelo, “A+” endaweni ka-“A” okanye “B” endaweni ka-“B-”) . Kwakhona baphawula ukuba baziva bezithembile ngakumbi yaye babenokuzeyisa ngcono ebudeni boviwo. Ababhali bokufunda bagxininisa ukuba bakhethe abathathi-nxaxheba bokulinga ukuze kungabikho nantlukwano yamanani phakathi kwamaqela-iqela lokulinga alizange libe nabafundi abanobuchule okanye abanomdla.

Njengoko izazinzulu ziphawula, eyona nto iphambili yokufunyaniswa kuphononongo lwabo kukuba ngokunikela ingqalelo kwiinkqubo ze-metacognitive kunye nokuqiqa malunga nomsebenzi, wenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo owongezelelweyo. Ngenxa yoko, ikuvumela ukuba uhlele ngcono ulwazi lwakho, uhlale ukhuthazwa kwaye ufumane ezona zisombululo zisebenzayo - zombini ukulungiselela uviwo kunye naziphi na ezinye iimeko.

TL; DR

• Ukwenza uninzi lwexesha lakho elichithwe kwiintetho, sebenzisa inkumbulo yezihlunu. Eyona ndlela ilula kukuthatha amanqaku entetho. Enye indlela ngamanqaku kunye ne-doodling. Le ndlela ikunceda ukuba uqonde ngcono ulwazi olutsha kwaye uyikhumbule ngokufanelekileyo. IiDoodles zikuvumela ukuba ukhumbule izinto ezininzi kwinkumbulo yakho, ezifana neeposikhadi okanye iifoto zokuhamba, inkangeleko yazo "evuselela" iinkumbulo zakho.

• Inqaku elibalulekileyo kukuba ukuze ukwenza i-doodling kukuncede ngokwenene ukuba ukhumbule izinto ezintsha ngcono, kubalulekile ukuba lo msebenzi uhlale unomatshini kwaye uzenzekela. Ukuba uzintywilisela kumzobo, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukwazi ukubona naluphi na olunye ulwazi.

• Dibanisa i-doodling kunye namanqaku "akudala". Bhala phantsi iinyani ezisisiseko kunye neefomula "indlela yemveli." Sebenzisa i-doodling ukuba: 1) ngexesha lentetho kubalulekile ukuba ubambe ingundoqo yengcamango ethile, uqonde intsingiselo yayo, kwaye sele unayo idatha esisiseko kwisihloko; kunye 2) notitshala unika isixa esikhulu semathiriyeli aze ayixele ngokukhawuleza, hayi kwifomathi ekwirekhodi. Ungasihoyi isicelo sikatitshala sokuba ubhale le okanye le ngongoma ngokubhaliweyo.

• Ngokutsho kwezinye izazinzulu, ukwenza i-doodling kusebenze i-passive mode network yengqondo. Ngoko ke, kunokukunceda ukuba ‘ukwisiphelo esiyingozi. Ngaba kukho igama okanye igama kwincam yolwimi lwakho kodwa awukwazi ukulikhumbula? Unengxaki yokufumana amagama afanelekileyo ngomsebenzi wakho obhaliweyo? Ngaba ukhe wazama zonke iindlela zokusombulula ingxaki kwaye uqala ukucaphuka? Zama ukwenza imizobo engekho zingqondweni kwaye ubuyele emsebenzini emva kwexeshana.

• Ukugxila "ekwazini ulwazi lwakho" yenye indlela yokufunda ngcono. Cinga malunga nokuba kutheni kufuneka uyisombulule le nto okanye loo ngxaki, zeziphi iindlela kunye nobuchule obunokuthi bufanelekele oku, qwalasela izibonelelo kunye neengxaki zendlela nganye enokwenzeka. Oku kuya kukuvumela ukuba ugcine inkuthazo (uphendule umbuzo wokuba kutheni ufuna oku kwaye zeziphi iziphumo ozilindeleyo kuwe kuviwo okanye ekupheleni kwekhosi). Ukongeza, le ndlela ikuvumela ukuba ucwangcise olona khetho lusebenzayo lokuzilungiselela (awusayi kubamba umthombo wokuqala wolwazi odibana nalo) kwaye uhlale uzolile ngelixa uvavanya ulwazi lwakho.

Kwinxalenye yokugqibela yophononongo lwethu, siza kuthetha ngendlela yokukhumbula kunye nokugcina ulwazi: ukubalisa amabali kunokunceda njani kulo mbandela kunye nendlela yokoyisa "ijika lokulibala."

umthombo: www.habr.com