Ngaphambili thina , loluphi uphando olusemva kweengcebiso ezidumileyo malunga nendlela "yokufunda ukufunda." kuxoxwe ngeenkqubo zemetacognitive nokuba luncedo “kokubhala phantsi komda.”
Kwinxalenye yesithathu - baxelele . Ngendlela, sathetha ngememori ngokwahlukeneyo и , kwakhona-sifumene ukuba njani "».
Namhlanje siza kuxoxa Ugxininiso, "ukwenza izinto ezininzi" kunye nokumpompa ingqalelo.
Ifoto: /Vula
Ingqalelo “yimithambo-luvo yayo yonke inkqubo yengqondo”
I-psychology ngokubanzi ichaza ingqwalasela njengobuchule bomntu bokugxila kwinqanaba elithile ngexesha kuyo nayiphi na into: into, isiganeko, umfanekiso okanye ukucinga. Ingqalelo inokuba yokuzithandela-ixhomekeke kumdla owaziyo, kwaye ngokuzenzekelayo okanye ngokwethuku (uya kuphawula ukuqhwaba kwendudumo okuqhelekileyo, nokuba unqwenela ntoni na). Isidingo yenye into ebalulekileyo ephembelela ingqalelo: umntu olambileyo ohambahamba ejikeleza isixeko uya kujonga iindawo zokutyela kunye neekhefi rhoqo kunomntu owondlekileyo.
Iimpawu ezibaluleke kakhulu zengqwalasela kukukhethwa kwayo kunye nomthamo. Ngoko kwisiganeko, umntu uqala ukuva ingxolo yamazwi. Nangona kunjalo, ngokukhawuleza ukuba umhlobo wakhe uthetha ngokukhawuleza ecaleni kwakhe, ingqalelo yomntu kunye nomnye uya kutshintshela kumazwi abo kunye nokunxibelelana. Le nto, eyaziwa ngokuba yi "cocktail party effect", iye yavavanywa ngo-1953 ngu-Edward Colin Cherry we-Imperial College, kwiYunivesithi yaseLondon.
Ubungakanani bengqwalasela inokubonakaliswa kwinani lezinto umntu akwazi ukugxila kuzo ngexesha elithile. Kumntu omdala, oku kumalunga nezine ukuya kwezintlanu, ubuninzi bezinto ezintandathu, ezinganxulumananga: umzekelo, oonobumba okanye amanani. Oku akuthethi ukuba ngaxeshanye sibona amagama ambalwa kuphela kwisicatshulwa - ezi zinokuba ngamaqhekeza e-semantic wemathiriyeli. Kodwa inani labo alikho ngaphezu kwesithandathu.
Ekugqibeleni, ingqalelo ibonakaliswe ngokukwazi ukuhamba ukusuka komnye umsebenzi ukuya komnye (ukungabikho kwengqondo kule mbono kukungakwazi ukwenza oku ngokufanelekileyo) kunye nokuzinza - ukukwazi ukugcina ugxininiso ixesha elithile. Le propati ixhomekeke kwiimpawu zezinto ezifundwayo kunye nomntu ngokwakhe.
Ifoto: /Vula
Ukugxininisa ingqalelo yenye yeemeko zomsebenzi ophumelelayo kunye nokufunda. UCharles Darwin kwimbali yakhe ethi “Iinkumbulo Zokuphuhla Kwengqondo Nobuntu Bam” ukuba umsebenzi wakhe awuzange uncedwe kuphela “ngumkhwa wokusebenza ngamandla, kodwa kwanangokunikela ingqalelo kulo naliphi na ishishini awayexakeke kulo.” Kwaye isazi ngengqondo sase-Anglo-American u-Edward Bradford Titchener kwincwadi yakhe ethi "Iimfundiso kwiPsychology yoVavanyo kunye nokuMamela" (1908) "Imithambo-luvo yayo yonke inkqubo yengqondo."
Ukukwazi ukugxila kunempembelelo entle ekusebenzeni kwezemfundo. Ngayo Uphando lweMIT olwaqhutywa eBoston. Bathetha ngengqalelo “njengohlobo lomsebenzi wengqondo ekufuneka ukwazi ukuwugcina.”
Ukwenza izinto ezininzi yintsomi
Upapasho oludumileyo lubhala ukuba kunokwenzeka ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuphucula ukuphulaphula ngokuziqhelanisa nokwenza izinto ezininzi. Nangona kunjalo, ngokutsho kophando, i-multitasking isakhono, okokuqala, akunakwenzeka ukuphuhlisa, kwaye okwesibini, akuyomfuneko ngokupheleleyo.
Ngokutsho neuropsychologist kunye noprofesa kwiYunivesithi yase-Utah David Strayer, i-multitasking yipropati ekhethekileyo: akukho ngaphezu kwe-2,5% yabantu abanayo. Kumiselwa ngokwemfuza kwaye ukuyiphuhlisa yinkcitho yexesha. "Siyazikhohlisa kwaye sityekele ekucingeni ngokugqithisileyo amandla ethu okwenza izinto ezininzi," isazinzulu.
imifuniselo, kwiYunivesithi yaseStanford ibonise ukuba izifundo ezibekwe phantsi kweemeko zokusombulula iingxaki ezininzi ngaxeshanye ziqhube kakubi kakhulu kwimisebenzi. Ukwenza izinto ezininzi kunokubonakala kusebenza ekuqaleni, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha kuthatha ukuya kuthi ga kwi-40% yexesha elingaphezulu kwaye iziphumo zigcwele iimpazamo. kwi-American Psychological Association.
Indlela yokuphucula ukugxila
Unokuba nomdla ngakumbi. Ngokomzekelo, kukho , ebonisa ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokucamngca - zombini izenzo zemveli zaseMpuma kunye nezanamhlanje eziqhelekileyo e-USA naseYurophu, azincedi nje ukukhulula uxinzelelo kunye nokuphuhlisa ukuzilawula, kodwa ziphucula kakhulu ukukwazi ukugxila.
Noko ke, asingabo bonke abafuna ukucamngca. Ngethamsanqa, kukho ezinye iindlela. UTom Wujec weYunivesithi yeSingularity, imithambo embalwa elula. Ngaba uhleli kumgaqo ongaphantsi okanye ume kwindawo yokupaka iimoto? Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokubulala ixesha kunye nokuqeqesha ingqalelo yakho ngaxeshanye kukugxila kwimizuzu emihlanu kwipowusta yentengiso okanye isitikha esikhulu kwimoto engaphambili, ngaphandle kokucinga ngenye into. Ngaba ufunda incwadi enzima kwaye uphazamiseke? Khumbula iqhekeza apho ulahlekileyo kwaye uphinde ulifunde kwakhona.
Ifoto: /Vula
Enyanisweni, sikwenza oku ngaphandle kwengcebiso kaTom Wijack, kodwa uthi iyasebenza kakhulu. Ukuhlala kwintetho ekruqulayo okanye kwinkomfa? Hlala ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Uyakunyanzelwa ukuba umamele ngononophelo, iWijek iyaqinisekisa. Umthombo wezemfundo Mission.org Funda iincwadi eziqhelekileyo eziprintiweyo yonke imihla, eziya kukufundisa ukugxila kumsebenzi omnye ixesha elide kwaye ucamngce. Kodwa kubonakala ngathi icebiso elinjalo licace kakhulu.
Ukuphucula ingqalelo “ngenzululwazi”
Uluvo lwezazinzulu lubonakala luxakile: ukuze unikele ingqalelo ngakumbi, akufuneki uphuhlise obu buchule ngokuzivocavoca okukhethekileyo okanye uzinyanzele ngamandla akho onke, kodwa phumza ingqondo yakho. Iingcali zengqondo zophando zikholelwa ukuba: umntu ulahlekelwa amandla okugxininisa kungekhona ngenxa yokuba engakwazi okanye engafuni ukuyenza. Ukulibaziseka akukona ukungasebenzi kakuhle, kodwa kuyipropathi ephambili yenkqubo ye-nervous enceda ingqondo yethu isebenze ngokuqhelekileyo: ingqalelo enzulu (i-lobe yangaphambili ye-cortex ye-cerebral inoxanduva loku) idinga inkcitho enkulu kakhulu yamandla, ngoko ngokuphazanyiswa, phumza ingqondo.
UPaul Seley, isazi ngengqondo kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard, Kunjalo, ukubiza ukubekel' amangomso "ukubhadula kwengqondo." Uthi kufanelekile ukuphumla ngobulumko, ecaphula uphando olo kwijenali NeuroImage. Akufuneki nje "uphuphe", kodwa sebenzisa ixesha lakho lokuphumla ukuxazulula ingxaki elula yemihla ngemihla engadingi umzamo omkhulu wengqondo. Emva koku, unokubuyela kwizifundo zakho kwaye ujonge kwakhona.
Icebiso likaPaul Cely liyavumelana nalo , eyafunyanwa ngowe-1993: ingqondo iyakwazi ukusebenza nzima kangangemizuzu engama-90. Ikhefu lemizuzu eli-15 liyafuneka ukuze ululame.
Kuphononongo lwamva ngabaphandi kwiYunivesithi yase-Illinois inzuzo emfutshane kakhulu - imizuzwana embalwa - ikhefu (ingqondo "ikhefu") ngenjongo efanayo. KwiGeorgia Tech ukuba umbono wezinto eziphathekayo uphuculwe ngokuzivocavoca umzimba, kwaye i-caffeine iphucula imemori kunye nengqalelo. Kwaye kwiYunivesithi yeSizwe yaseOstreliya baqhuba uvavanyo kunye nabafundi be-124 kunye ukuba iividiyo ezihlekisayo zikaYouTube zikunceda ukuba uphumle kwaye uchache ukuze ukwazi ukugxila ngakumbi kamva.
TL; DR
- Ukusebenza kwemisebenzi emininzi yintsomi. Khumbula ukuba yi-2,5% kuphela yabantu "abenza izinto ezininzi". Obu buchule bumiselwa ngokwemfuza kwaye phantse akunakwenzeka ukuba buphuhliseke. Kwabanye, ukwenza izinto ezininzi yinkcitho yexesha kunye neempazamo emsebenzini.
- Ungathanda ukucamngca; yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokufunda ukunikela ingqalelo. Enyanisweni, kuya kufuneka uqhelisele ukucamngca rhoqo.
- Ukuba awukwazi ukugxila, musa ukuyihlekisa ingqondo yakho. Kufuneka aphumle. Thatha ikhefu, kodwa wasebenzise ngobulumko: umthambo olula, ikomityi yekofu, okanye ukusombulula ingxaki elula yemihla ngemihla kuya kukunceda ukuba ubuyele ekufundeni kwaye uphinde ugxile ngakumbi.
Yintoni enye esinayo kuHabré:
umthombo: www.habr.com