Indlela yokuya esibhakabhakeni kwaye ube ngumqhubi wenqwelomoya

Mholo! Namhlanje ndiza kuthetha malunga nendlela onokuza ngayo ezulwini, kufuneka wenze ntoni kule nto, ukuba yimalini yonke into. Ndiza kwabelana ngamava am oqeqesho njengomqhubi wenqwelomoya wabucala e-UK kwaye ndigxothe ezinye iintsomi ezinxulumene nokuhamba ngenqwelomoya. Kukho itekisi eninzi kunye neefoto phantsi kokusikwa 🙂

Indiza yokuqala

Okokuqala, makhe sijonge indlela yokuba semngciphekweni. Nangona ndifunda eLondon, ndizama ukubhabha kuwo onke amazwe endiwatyelelayo. Kuwo onke amazwe, oku kwenziwa phantse ngendlela efanayo.

San Francisco ukusuka 3000 iinyawo, ukutshona kwelanga

Okokuqala, kufuneka ufumane ibala leenqwelomoya elikufutshane kuthi. ERashiya, eUkraine, eBelarus naseKazakhstan kunengqiqo ukuvula iimephu.aopa.ru kwaye ujonge kumabala eenqwelomoya alapho. EYurophu / e-USA, unokukhangela kwizikhululo zeenqwelo moya zikaGoogle. Sifuna amabala eenqwelomoya amancinci (Heathrow ayizukulingana!) kufutshane nesixeko kangangoko. Ukuba uphendlo alubuyiseli nto, ungafaka inguqulelo yesilingo ye-ForeFlight / Garmin Pilot / SkyDemon kwaye ubone iindawo zomoya kwimephu. Ekugqibeleni, unokubuza uluvo lwabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abaqhelekileyo (ukuba kukho) okanye ujonge iincoko ngenqwelomoya kwiTelegram.

Nalu uluhlu lweendawo zomoya ezaziwayo kum kwezinye izixeko:

• eMoscow
  • Aerograd Mozhaisky
  • Ibala leenqwelomoya iVatulino
• Saint Petersburg
  • Ibala leenqwelomoya leGostilitsy
• Kyiv
  • I-Airfield Chaika
  • Aerodrome Borodyanka
  • Ibala leenqwelomoya laseGogolev
• ELondon
  • Isikhululo seenqwelomoya saseElstree
  • Isikhululo seenqwelomoya iBigin Hill
  • Isikhululo seenqwelomoya saseStapleford
  • Isikhululo seenqwelomoya saseRochester
• EParis
  • I-Saint-Cyr Aerodrome
• Cannes, Entle
  • Isikhululo seenqwelomoya saseCannes Mandelieu
• ERoma
  • Isikhululo seenqwelomoya saseRome Urbe
• ENew York
  • Isikhululo seenqwelomoya saseRiphabhliki
• San Francisco, Oakland, Valley
  • Isikhululo seenqwelomoya saseHayward

Emva kokuba sifumene ibala leenqwelomoya, kufuneka sikhangele iwebhusayithi yayo ukuze sifumane ulwazi malunga nezikolo ngenqwelomoya. Ngokomgaqo, ungaqala kwangoko ukuya kwisikolo senqwelomoya. Ukuba awukwazanga ukufumana isikolo senqwelomoya, khangela ezinye "iindiza kwiinqwelomoya eSt. Petersburg". Umsebenzi wethu ngoku kukufumana umntu okulungeleyo ukusibonisa ilizwe lokubhabha.

Ngoku kushiyeke kuphela ukuqhagamshelana nalowo simfumeneyo. Sibiza, sicela ithuba lokukhwela inqwelomoya kwi-helm (ngesiNgesi oku trial okanye indiza yesipho), sibhukisha usuku olulungele thina kwaye yiloo nto. Akukho nto yimbi ekufuneka yenziwe.

Ungumnxeba omnye kuphela kude nenqwelomoya yokwenyani kwinqwelomoya yokwenyani. Ngokuchaseneyo neentsomi ezithandwayo kunye neengcamango, awudingi ukuba uphumelele i-VLEK (uviwo lwezonyango lwendiza) okanye uphumelele iimviwo zethiyori kule nto. Isebenza naxa ungumkhenkethi nje. Nokuba awunalo nofifi lwendlela yokubhabha inqwelomoya kwaphela.

Ukuzonwabisa okunjalo kuya kubiza malunga ne-$ 220 ngeyure. Eli nani liquka: ixabiso lepetroli, umrhumo wokugcina inqwelo-moya ikwixesha elimiselweyo, umvuzo womqeqeshi wakho, kunye nentlawulo yokunduluka nokuhla kwibala lenqwelomoya. Iindleko zinokwahluka kancinane ngokuxhomekeke kwilizwe (eNgilani ibiza kakhulu, eRashiya ingabizi kancinci). Ewe, oku ayisiyonto ilula kakhulu, kodwa kwangaxeshanye ayibizi kakhulu. Akunyanzelekanga ukuba ube ngusozigidi xa urenta ijethi yabucala. Kwaye uqhele ukuvunyelwa ukuba uthathe abakhweli kunye nawe, kwaye banokwabelana nawe ngeendleko zenqwelomoya.

Ndigxininisa ngokwahlukeneyo: kulula kakhulu ukuya ezulwini, kuthatha umnxeba omnye kuphela ovela kuwe. Kwaye kufanelekile. Akukho magama, iifoto okanye iividiyo ziya kuhambisa iimvakalelo ezivulekayo ngexesha lokuhamba. Umntu ngamnye uneyakhe. Le yimvakalelo yenkululeko, impembelelo kunye nemibono emitsha. Ukubamba ubomi bakho ezandleni zakho kuyoyikeka kancinci ekuqaleni, nokuba nomqeqeshi okufutshane. Nangona kunjalo, emva kwenqwelomoya yokuqala kuza ukuqonda ukuba kusafuneka uzame ukuqala ukuthatha umngcipheko. Ukubhabha akukho nzima kunokuqhuba imoto, kuthatha nje isixa esifanelekileyo solwazi ukubhabha ngokukhuselekileyo. Umqeqeshi ujongene nokhuseleko.

Zilungiselele ukuba ungavunyelwa ukuba uhambe kwaye uhlale kwinqwelomoya yakho yokuqala. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-airfields ye-airfield yangasese ayinkulu kakhulu kwaye inenani leempawu zendawo (imithi ekupheleni komgca, umgca omfutshane, umgca ongahlanjululwanga, umgca "we-humped"). Ukwahlukileyo kwabo bathanda ukubhabha kwi-simulator kunye nabaqhubi beenqwelomoya phantse zange benziwe. Nangona kunjalo, isixa solwazi olutsha luya kudlula ngaphaya komphetho, ngoko awuyi kuba nesithukuthezi 🙂

Amanzi anomdla kufutshane neRoma

Iilayisensi zokulinga

Kulungile, masithi unenqwelomoya kwaye ngoku ufuna ukuba nelayisensi yakho. Ngaba kunzima ukujonga oku? Impendulo ixhomekeke kuhlobo lwelayisensi oyifunayo. Zintathu iindidi eziphambili zeelayisensi.

I-PPL (iLayisenisi yokuLinga yaBucala, ilayisenisi yokulinga yabucala)

Izixhobo:

• Iinqwelomoya ezingezizo ezorhwebo kwiinqwelomoya. Ngamanye amazwi, awunalo ilungelo lokufumana imali kuyo.
• Nangona kunjalo, kwamanye amazwe unokwabelana ngexabiso lepetroli nabakhweli (ewe, unokukhwela abakhweli)
• Ungabhabha kuluhlu olukhulu lweenqwelomoya, ukusuka kwipiston ukuya kwezinye iijethi.
• Awukwazi ukubhabha kwinqwelomoya eqinisekisiweyo phantsi kwelayisenisi yorhwebo (umzekelo, iBoeing okanye iAirbus)
• Ungarenta iinqwelomoya kwiqela leeklabhu ezibhabhayo, okanye ungazithengela eyakho (kwaye ixabisa kakhulu kunokuba ucinga)
• Ilayisenisi iyasebenza kwihlabathi liphela, uthintelo kuphela kukuba unokubhabha kuphela ngeenqwelomoya ezibhaliswe kwilizwe elikhuphe ilayisenisi yakho (eMelika unokubhabha ngelayisenisi yaseRussia kwinqwelomoya yaseRussia)
• Unokuza eRashiya ngelayisenisi yangaphandle kwaye ufumane ilayisenisi yaseRashiya ngoqeqesho oluncinci okanye olungenalo (ngaloo ndlela uvula zonke iinqwelomoya zaseRashiya). Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba kukuqinisekisa.
• Ungawela imida yamazwe ngamazwe

iimfuno:

• Isatifikethi sikagqirha sokulungela ukuhamba emoyeni. Iimfuno ezithembekileyo ngokwaneleyo, kubandakanywa nombono
• Kugqitywe ikhosi ithiyori, eyona ilula. Iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe ngezantsi
• Ubukho bexesha elincinci lokuhamba (iiyure ezingama-42 eRashiya / i-45 eYurophu / i-40 e-United States)
• Uphumelele uviwo lokuziqhelanisa

Iziko laseLakhta, eSt

Iilayisensi zoRhwebo zifihlwe phantsi komphangi

I-CPL (iLayisenisi yokuLinga uRhwebo, iLayisensi yokuLinga uRhwebo)

Izixhobo:

• Konke kuyafana nakwi-PPL
• Sebenza kwiinqwelomoya okanye kwinqwelomoya yeshishini
• Iinqwelomoya kwiinqwelo zabahambi

iimfuno:

• Ubukho bePPL
• Malunga neeyure zenqwelomoya ezingama-200 zePPL
• Uvavanyo lwezonyango olungqongqo ngakumbi
• Iimviwo ezingqongqo

I-ATPL (iLayisenisi yokuLinga i-Airline Transport)

Izixhobo:

• Yonke into iyafana nakwiCPL
• Ukukwazi ukusebenza njengomphathi wenqwelomoya kwiinqwelomoya

iimfuno:

• Ubukho beCPL
• Ngokumalunga ne-1500 yeeyure zenqwelomoya ze-CPL
• Idla ngokutyunjelwa le layisensi yinkampani yenqwelomoya

Njengoko ubona, inqanaba ngalinye lelayisenisi elilandelayo lifuna elingaphambili. Oku kuthetha ukuba ngokufumana ilayisenisi yokulinga yabucala, uya kuzivulela ithuba lokufumana ilayisenisi yorhwebo, kwaye kwixesha elizayo elinokubakho - ukuya kusebenza kwinqwelomoya (ayisebenzi eRashiya, basafuna idiploma yekholeji).

Ukongeza kwiilayisensi, kuyafaneleka ukukhankanya into ebizwa amanqaku, ukuvula iimpawu ezongezelelweyo kudidi ngalunye lwelayisensi:

• Ukukala ebusuku - iinqwelomoya ebusuku
• Ukulinganiswa kwezixhobo - iinqwelomoya kwiimeko zezixhobo (umzekelo, kwinkungu). Kwakhona inika ukukwazi ukubhabha phezu kweendlela zomoya
• Ukukala kweeNjini ezininzi - ukubhabha kwinqwelomoya eneenjini ezimbini nangaphezulu
• Uhlobo loHlolo - iinqwelomoya kwimodeli ethile yenqwelomoya. Ngokwesiqhelo ezi ziinqwelomoya ezintsonkothileyo, njengeAirbus okanye iBoeing.
• Kwaye iqela labanye, ngokwengcamango yakho kunye nokucinga

Apha nangezantsi siza kuqwalasela iimpawu zokufunda kwi-PPL - ekungabikho kombhali wayo yonke into 🙂

Ukufika eLondon

Ngaphambi koqeqesho

Mininzi imibutho phesheya emisela iilayisenisi emgangathweni, kodwa emibini igqamile ukuza kuthi ga ngoku:

• FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) - iilayisensi US
• EASA (European Union Aviation Safety Agency) — лицензии для всей Европы (то есть вы сможете летать на французском самолете с итальянской лицензией пилота)

Ukufumana ilayisensi ye-FAA, bahlala bebhabha besiya eFlorida. Kukho iimeko zemozulu ezilungileyo kunye nokhetho olukhulu lwezikolo, kodwa amaxabiso awabizi kakhulu. Kungenjalo, unokufunda kumbindi we-States (umzekelo, eTexas), apho amaxabiso aya kuba sezantsi kancinci.

I-EASA ifunyenwe eSpain, kwiRiphabhlikhi yaseCzech okanye kumazwe aseBaltic. Banokulinganisela okuhle phakathi kwemozulu kunye neendleko zoqeqesho. Emva kokugqiba uqeqesho, zombini iilayisensi zinokuqinisekiswa ngokulula eRashiya.

Ewe, akukho mntu ukunqandayo ukuba ufunde ukubhabha eRashiya. Nangona kunjalo, kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba eRashiya kwakukho iimeko xa izikolo ze-flight zivaliwe, kwaye iilayisenisi zabaphumeleleyo zachithwa. Isikolo senqwelomoya esikhethwe kakuhle sikukhusela ngeendlela ezininzi kwiimeko ezinjalo, kodwa akukho mntu unokukunika iziqinisekiso.

Kwizikolo ezilungileyo, ingqwalasela eninzi ihlawulwa kukhuseleko lwendiza, i-psychology kunye nokuphuhliswa komlingiswa ochanekileyo wokuyalela. Uya kufundiswa ngoluhlu lokutshekisha ngononophelo, uhlalutye imozulu ngononophelo, uphephe naziphi na iingozi kuzo zonke iimeko kwaye wenze izigqibo ezifanelekileyo. Amanani eengozi abonisa ukuba iyasebenza ngokwenene.

Kwakhona nikela ingqalelo kwifomathi yoqeqesho. Ezinye izikolo zokuhamba ngenqwelomoya zibonelela ngokuhlawula zonke iiyure eziyimfuneko zokuhamba ngenqwelomoya ngaxeshanye, ezinye zithembisa ukuthenga iipakethi ezicandiweyo zeeyure ezili-10, ezinye zinikezela ngokuhlawula ngokwahlukeneyo ngeyure nganye yokubhabha. Khetha ifomathi yokufunda ekulungeleyo. Ukuba, umzekelo, uhlala kufutshane, eyona fomati ifanelekileyo iya kuba yintlawulo yeyure. Gcina ukhumbule ukuba akukho mfuneko yokugqiba uqeqesho ngaphakathi kwexesha elichaziweyo - unokubhabha ubuncinane iyure ngenyanga de ufikelele inani elifunekayo leeyure.

Теория иногда преподается на месте, иногда дается на заочное обучение по книгам. В Штатах могут предложить также обучающие видео.

Jonga ngokusondeleyo imeko yenqwelomoya, qaphela ukuba umqeqeshi "uqeqeshe" kakuhle kangakanani kwiinkqubo ngexesha lesifundo sovavanyo. Umqeqeshi olungileyo kufuneka akufundise ukufunda uluhlu lokutshekisha ngokucingisisayo kwaye angakuceli ukuba ulutsibe, ngakumbi xa kukho ixesha elaneleyo.

Ekugqibeleni, kunengqiqo ukudlula isheke yezonyango ngaphambi kokuba uqale uqeqesho. Isatifikethi saseYurophu sinikwa ngokunyanisekileyo, akukho nto ifunekayo kuwe. I-VLEK yaseRashiya, wonke umntu athanda ukoyikisa kakhulu, yenziwe lula kakhulu kubaqhubi babucala. Nangona kunjalo, kukho umngcipheko wokungadluli, kwaye kungcono ukufumanisa malunga noku ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukuchitha imali ekuqeqesheni. ERashiya, oku ngokuqhelekileyo kuyimfuneko esemthethweni.

Manhattan, eNew York

Iingcamango

Ukusuka apha ukuya phambili, ndiza kuthetha ngokuthe ngqo ngokufundela ilayisensi ye-EASA. Kwamanye amazwe, iinkcukacha ziya kwahluka.

Ithiyori ayoyiki njengoko ipeyintiwe. Kuya kufuneka ufunde iincwadi ezininzi kwaye ulungiselele iimviwo ezisi-9 zethiyori.

• Umthetho womoya - umthetho womoya. Funda malunga neentlobo zendawo yomoya, imithetho yenqwelomoya, ukunqumla imida, iimfuno zenqwelomoya kunye nabaqhubi.
• Iinkqubo zokuSebenza - baya kukuxelela malunga neenkqubo ezithile, ezinjengokucima umlilo xa ubhabha, ukuhlala kwiindlela zeenqwelo-moya ezimanzi, ukusebenza ngesichebi somoya kunye nokuvuka kwesiphithiphithi kwezinye iinqwelo-moya.
• INtsebenzo yoLuntu kunye neMida. I-Optical, i-auditory kunye ne-spatial illusions, umphumo wokulala kwiindiza, i-psychology ye-aviation, ukwenza izigqibo, uncedo lokuqala.
• Access — ukukhangela esibhakabhakeni. Ukubalwa kokukhangela, ukubalwa kwemali ngomoya, ukuqondwa ngokuchanekileyo kweempawu zomhlaba, ulungiso lweempazamo kuhambo, ukubalwa kwepetroli, iziseko zokukhangela ngerediyo.
• uqhagamshelwano. Общение с диспетчерами, процедуры полетов в воздушных пространствах разных классов, подача сигналов срочности и бедствия, пересечение воздушных пространств и милитаризованных зон.
• IMeteorology. Как образуются облака и ветер, в какие облака нельзя влетать, какие опасности ждут на границах погодных фронтов, как читать авиационные сводки погоды (METAR и TAF).
• Imigaqo Yokubhabha. Isuka phi ilift, isebenza njani i-keel kunye ne-stabilizer, indlela inqwelo-moya elawulwa ngayo ngamazembe amathathu, kutheni i-stabilizer isenzeka.
• Ulwazi oluphangaleleyo lweenqwelomoya. Indlela inqwelo-moya elungelelaniswe ngayo, iinkqubo zayo, indlela injini nazo zonke izixhobo ezisebenza ngayo.
• Ukusebenza kweFlight kunye nokucwangcisa. Ukubalwa kolungelelwaniso lwenqwelomoya, ukulayishwa kwayo, okufunekayo kubude obude

Ewe, uluhlu lukhangeleka lunomtsalane, kodwa imibuzo ekwiimviwo ilula kakhulu. Abanye abantu bazicengceleza nje iimpendulo. Nangona kunjalo, andizukucebisa ukwenza njalo - nganye kwezi zinto iyimfuneko kwaye inokusindisa ubomi bakho.

Iindiza eziya kwingingqi yaseMoscow, kwindawo yaseVatulino

Zenza

Ukuziqhelanisa kudla ngokuqala ngokuhambelana nethiyori, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ngaphambili.
Uyakuqala ngezinto ezisisiseko - ifuthe lemigangatho yolawulo kunye nokutyhalwa kwe-injini kwindlela yokuziphatha kwenqwelomoya. Emva koko uya kufundiswa indlela yokuqhuba emhlabeni kwaye ugcine inqanaba kunye nokubhabha okuthe tye emoyeni. Emva koko, kuya kufuneka wazi iindlela ezichanekileyo zokunyuka nokuhla. Kwisifundo esilandelayo, uya kuboniswa indlela yokujika ngokuchanekileyo, kuquka ukunyuka okanye ukuhla.

Emva koko ukugqithisa okuncinci kuya kuqala. Uya kuqalisa ukubhabha ngokukhawuleza, kunye ne-alarm ye-stall ikhala, emva koko i-stall ngokwayo kwaye, mhlawumbi, i-spin (ewe, phantse zonke iinqwelo-moya zoqeqesho zinokukwenza oku). Apha ungaphinda ufundiswe indlela yokwenza iibhanki eziphezulu kwaye ukhuphe inqwelomoya kwi-spiral - enye into ekhohlisayo kakhulu. Njengoko uqonda, oku kuyimfuneko ukuphuhlisa ukukwazi ukuphepha iimeko ezinjalo, kwaye kwiimeko ngokwazo, ukuphuma ngokukhuselekileyo kuzo.

Emva koko, ekugqibeleni, oko kubizwa ngokuba ngabahambisi kwibala lomoya kuya kuqala. Uya kubhabha ngepateni yoxande ujikeleze ibala lomoya, ufunde ukunduluka kwaye, ewe, ukumisa endleleni. Emva kokuba ufunde indlela yokumisa inqwelomoya ngokuzithemba, kubandakanywa nokuwela umoya, ngaphandle kwe-injini kunye ne-flaps, uya kuthenjwa ngengcwele yeengcwele zayo nayiphi na i-cadet-indiza yokuqala yodwa. Kuya kuba koyikeka nokuba uziva ngathi uyintaka emoyeni.

Ukususela ngoku ukuya phambili, uya kunikwa amathuba amaninzi okubhabha wedwa. Izulu alizixoleli iimpazamo ezingalungiswanga, kwaye kuya kufuneka ukuqonde oku wedwa, ngaphandle komyaleli okhokelayo. Uya kufunda esona buchule sibalulekileyo somphathi - isakhono sokwenza izigqibo. Ewe, kwangaxeshanye, baya kukulandela ngononophelo ukusuka emhlabeni (kwaye apho baya kunceda ngokuqinisekileyo).

Emva koko iinqwelomoya ecaleni kwendlela ziya kuqalisa. Uya kuqalisa ukubhabha uye kwamanye amabala omoya, uphume kwiimeko xa ulahlekile, cwangcisa utshintsho lwendlela emoyeni, zama ukunqanda iiradials ezivela kwiibhakhoni zikanomathotholo. Kuya kufuneka ubhabha uye kwindawo ethile kwaye ujike umva, emva koko ubhabhe uye kwelinye ibala leenqwelomoya kwaye ekugqibeleni, ubhabhe uye kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya esikhulu esilawulwayo samazwe ngamazwe. Kwaye konke oku ekuqaleni kunye nomqeqeshi, ngoko ngokwakho.

Потом вас начнут готовить к экзамену. Для начала вам придется сделать большой и сложный полет по маршруту, с несколькими остановками в аэропортах. Самостоятельно. Называется такое cross country solo. Затем вы повторите некоторые упражнения из самого начала, чтобы удостовериться, что вы сможете сдать экзамен.

Ну и сам экзамен. Состоит из нескольких секций, занимает несколько часов. Его задача — убедиться, что вы умеете летать не идеально, но безопасно.

EYurophu, kuya kufuneka uphumelele uvavanyo olusebenzayo lonxibelelwano lukanomathotholo kwaye mhlawumbi noviwo olwahlukileyo lobuchule besiNgesi. Le yokugqibela ayizukuba yingxaki kakhulu emva kokufunda iincwadi kunye nokuziqhelanisa nonxibelelwano lukanomathotholo uya kufunda kubhabho 🙂

Iinqwelomoya zokutshona kwelanga ziyamangalisa, kodwa awukwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwezibuko zelanga

Ukuphefumlelwa

Inqwelomoya ayizonqwelomoya nje. Eli lithuba lokuqonda okungaphezulu kunoko kufumaneka kuthi. Eli lithuba lokufunda uxanduva, ukujongana neempazamo ngokuchanekileyo, ukuphulaphula abanye abantu kwaye ubakhuthaze. Eli lithuba lokufunda izigqibo ezifanelekileyo, ulawulo lweqela elilungileyo, uvavanyo olululo lwezixhobo zomntu, ulawulo lomngcipheko kunye novavanyo lokhuseleko. Eli lithuba lokuba naphi na kwaye ubone izixeko eziqhelekileyo kuthi kwii-engile ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo.

Eli lithuba lokuqhelana nolona luntu lunomdla kakhulu, apho phantse rhoqo abafana bazama ukuncedana. Ithuba lokudibana nabantu abaninzi abanomdla kunye nokwenza abahlobo abatsha phantse kuzo zonke iikona zehlabathi.

Ndiyaphinda kwakhona ukuba akukho mbhalo omnye, ividiyo okanye ifoto iya kudlulisa iimvakalelo nokuba ngumzuzu wokubhabha. Kufuneka uze kwaye uzame yonke into ngokwakho. Kwaye akukho nzima kangako konke konke. Yiza esibhakabhakeni, uzame ngokwakho kuso! Nantsi inkuthazo ethile kuwe:

• Wam itshaneli kwiTelegram, apho ndihlala ndithetha ngeenqwelo-moya zam
• amabali asezulwini UDenis Okan
• Isiteshi Amanqaku oPilot kwi youtube
• Isiteshi kudri.fm kwi youtube
• Isiteshi umqhubi womcebisi kuYouTube (ngesiNgesi)

Ndisebenzisa eli thuba, ndifuna ukuvakalisa umbulelo wam ongazenzisiyo kubo bonke abo bantu baye baphonononga eli nqaku ngaphambi kokuba lipapashwe.

Ukuza kuwe xa uthatha uhambo, kwaye mhlawumbi nokuva omnye nomnye kwi-frequency!

umthombo: www.habr.com