Ukusilela kokufuduka kweziseko ezingundoqo ze-IT kukhokelele kurhwaphilizo lweerekhodi zabathengi beebhanki ezisisi-1,3 seebhiliyoni. Konke oku kwakungenxa yovavanyo olungonelanga kunye nesimo sengqondo esingenamsebenzi kwiinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo ze-IT. I-Cloud4Y ixela ukuba kwenzeke njani.
Ngo-2018 IsiNgesi waqaphela ukuba “uqhawulo-mtshato” lwakhe oluneminyaka emibini ubudala neqela lebhanki laseLloyds (zombini iinkampani zadityaniswa ngo-1995) lubiza kakhulu. I-TSB yayisabotshelelwe kwiqabane layo langaphambili ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zeIT zeLloyds ezenziwe ngokukhawuleza. Okona kubi kakhulu, ibhanki kwafuneka ihlawule "imali yesondlo," i-127 yezigidi zeerandi zonyaka zomrhumo welayisenisi.
Abantu abambalwa bathanda ukuhlawula imali kwii-exes zabo, ngoko ngo-Ephreli 22, i-2018 ngo-18: 00 i-TSB yaqala isigaba sokugqibela sesicwangciso seenyanga ze-18 esasifanele sitshintshe yonke into. Kwakucetywe ukuhambisa iibhiliyoni zeerekhodi zabathengi kwinkqubo ye-IT yenkampani yaseSpain i-Banco Sabadell, eyathenga i-TSB nge-2,2 yeebhiliyoni zeedola emva kwe-2015.
I-CEO ye-Banco Sabadell uJosé Olu wathetha malunga nesiganeko esizayo kwiiveki ze-2 ngaphambi kweKrisimesi ye-2017 ngexesha lentlanganiso yabasebenzi befesti kwiholo yenkomfa ehloniphekileyo e-Barcelona. Esona sixhobo sibalulekileyo sokufuduka yayikukuba yinguqulelo entsha yenkqubo eyenziwe nguBanco Sabadell: Proteo. Ide yabizwa ngokuba yiProteo4UK ngokukodwa iprojekthi yokufuduka ye-TSB.
Kumboniso weProteo4UK, umlawuli olawulayo we-Banco Sabadell u-Jaime Guardiola Romojaro waqhayisa ngokuba le nkqubo intsha yiprojekthi enkulu engenazo ii-analogues eYurophu, apho iingcali ezingaphezu kwe-1000 zisebenze. Kwaye ukuphunyezwa kwayo kuya kubonelela ngokunyuka okubalulekileyo ekukhuleni kweBanco Sabadell e-UK.
I-22 ka-Epreli 2018 yamiselwa njengosuku lokufuduka. Kwakuyingokuhlwa yangeCawa ezolileyo phakathi entwasahlobo. Iinkqubo ze-IT zebhanki zaziphantsi njengoko iirekhodi zazikhutshelwa ukusuka kwenye inkqubo ukuya kwenye. Ngokufikelela koluntu kwiiakhawunti zebhanki ezibuyiselwe emva kwexesha ngeCawa, umntu unokulindela ukuba ibhanki icothe kwaye ibuyele emsebenzini.
Kodwa ngelixa u-Olyu no-Guardiola Romojaro babesasaza ngovuyo ukusuka kwinqanaba malunga nokuphunyezwa kweprojekthi yeProteo4UK, abasebenzi abajongene nenkqubo yokufuduka babesaba kakhulu. Iprojekthi, ethathe iinyanga ezili-18 ukugqitywa, yayisemva kakhulu kwaye ingaphaya kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Kwakungekho xesha lokuqhuba iimvavanyo ezongezelelweyo. Kodwa ukudlulisa yonke idatha yenkampani (leyo, khumbula, iibhiliyoni zeerekhodi) kwenye inkqubo ngumsebenzi weHerculean.
Kwafumaniseka ukuba iinjineli zazisoyika ngesizathu esivakalayo.
I-stub kwindawo eyabonwa ngabathengi ixesha elide
Imizuzu ye-20 emva kokuba i-TSB ivule ukufikelela kwii-akhawunti, ngokuqiniseka ngokupheleleyo ukuba ukufuduka kuhamba kakuhle, iingxelo zokuqala zeengxaki zafika.
Ugcino lwabantu lwanyamalala ngokukhawuleza kwiiakhawunti zabo. Ukuthengwa kwezixa-mali ezingabalulekanga kubhalwe ngempazamo njengeendleko zamawaka amaninzi eedola. Abanye abantu bangene kwiiakhawunti zabo kwaye bangaboni iiakhawunti zabo zebhanki, kodwa iiakhawunti zabantu abahluke ngokupheleleyo.
Nge-21: 00, abameli be-TSB baxelele umlawuli wezezimali wendawo (i-UK Financial Conduct Authority, FCA) ukuba ibhanki yayinenkathazo. Kodwa i-FCA sele ithathele ingqalelo: i-TSB iye yagrumba kakubi, kwaye abathengi benziwe izidenge. Kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, baqala ukukhalaza (kwaye namhlanje, ukulahla imigca embalwa kwi-Twitter okanye ku-Facebook akunzima kakhulu). Ngo-23:30 ebusuku, i-FCA yaqhagamshelwa ngomnye umlawuli wezezimali, i-Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA), nayo yabona ukuba kukho into engalunganga.
Emva kwasezinzulwini zobusuku bakwazi ukufikelela komnye wabameli bebhanki. Kwaye babuze umbuzo kuphela: "Yintoni isihogo esiqhubekayo?"
Kwathatha ixesha ukuqonda ubungakanani bentlekele, kodwa ngoku siyazi ukuba iirekhodi ze-1,3 yezigidigidi ze-5,4 yezigidi zabathengi zonakaliswe ngexesha lokufuduka. Ubuncinci iveki, abathengi abakwazanga ukulawula imali yabo kwiikhompyuter zabo okanye kwizixhobo eziphathwayo. Abakwazanga ukuhlawula imali-mboleko, kwaye abathengi abaninzi bebhanki bafumana isiphako kwimbali yabo yetyala, kunye neentlawulo zasemva kwexesha.
Le yindlela umthengi we-TSB yebhanki ekwi-intanethi ekhangeleka ngayo
Xa kwaqala ukuvela iingxaki, ngokukhawuleza emva koko, abameli bebhanki bagxininisa ukuba iingxaki "zihamba ngomzuzwana." Kwiintsuku ezintathu kamva, kwakhutshwa ingxelo yokuba zonke iinkqubo ziqhelekile. Kodwa abathengi baqhubekile nokuxela iingxaki. Kwada kwada kwangama-26 ngo-Epreli 2018 ukuba umphathi oyintloko webhanki, uPaul Pester, wavuma ukuba i-TSB "yayiguqa" njengoko isiseko se-IT sebhanki siqhubeka nokuba "nomcimbi we-bandwidth" ukuthintela malunga nesigidi sabathengi ukufikelela kwiinkonzo zebhanki ze-intanethi.
Iiveki ezimbini ekufudukeni, isicelo sebhanki ye-intanethi sasisexelwe ukuba sifumana iimpazamo zangaphakathi ezinxulumene nedatha ye-SQL.
Ubunzima bentlawulo, ngakumbi ngeshishini kunye namatyala okuthenga izindlu, buqhubekile ukuya kuthi ga kwiiveki ezine. Kwaye iintatheli ezihlala kuzo zonke iindawo zafumanisa ukuba i-TSB yala uncedo oluvela kwiLloyds Banking Group kwasekuqaleni kwengxaki yokufuduka. Ngokubanzi, iingxaki ezinxulumene nokungena kwiinkonzo ze-intanethi kunye nokukwazi ukudlulisa imali zabonwa kude kube nge-3 kaSeptemba.
Inxalenye ethile yembali
I-ATM yokuqala yavulwa ngomhla wama-27 kuJuni 1967 kufutshane neBarclays e-Enfield
Iinkqubo ze-IT zeBhanki ziya zisiba nzima njengoko iimfuno zabathengi kunye nolindelo olusuka ebhankini lukhula. Malunga neminyaka engama-40 ukuya kwengama-60 eyadlulayo, besiya kukuvuyela ukutyelela isebe lethu lebhanki lendawo ngexesha leeyure zokusebenza ukuze sifake imali okanye siyikhuphe ngomthengisi.
Isixa semali esasikwiakhawunti sasinxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nemali eziinkozo esizinike ebhankini. I-accounting yethu yasekhaya inokulandelelwa ngosiba kunye nephepha, kwaye iinkqubo zekhompyuter azizange zifikeleleke kubathengi. Abasebenzi baseBhanki babeka idatha kwii-passbooks kunye nezinye imidiya kwizixhobo ezibala imali.
Kodwa ngowe-1967 kumantla eLondon okwesihlandlo sokuqala i-ATM eyayingekho kwindawo yebhanki. Kwaye esi siganeko satshintsha ibhanki. Uncedo lomsebenzisi lube luphawu lophuhliso lwamaziko emali. Kwaye oku kuye kwanceda iibhanki ukuba zibe nobuchule ngakumbi malunga nokusebenza nabathengi kunye nemali yabo. Ngapha koko, ngelixa iinkqubo zekhompyuter zazifumaneka kuphela kubasebenzi basebhankini, banelisekile yindlela endala, "yephepha" yokunxibelelana nabathengi. Kwaba kuphela ngokufika kwee-ATM kunye neebhanki ze-intanethi apho uluntu ngokubanzi lwafumana ukufikelela ngokuthe ngqo kwiinkqubo ze-IT zebhanki.
Ii-ATM zazisisiqalo nje. Kungekudala abantu bakwazi ukuyiphepha intambo ekwirejista yemali ngokufowunela ibhanki ngefowuni. Oku kufuna amakhadi akhethekileyo afakwe kumfundi okwaziyo ukucacisa iimpawu ze-dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) ezithunyelwa xa umsebenzisi ecinezele iqhosha elithi "1" (ukukhupha imali) okanye "2" (imali yediphozithi).
I-Intanethi kunye neebhanki eziphathwayo ziye zasondeza abathengi kwiinkqubo ezingundoqo ezenza iibhanki zamandla. Nangona ukulinganiselwa kwabo okungafaniyo kunye nezicwangciso, zonke ezi nkqubo kufuneka zisebenzisane ngokufanelekileyo kunye kunye kunye ne-mainframe engundoqo, ukwenza iisheke zebhalansi ye-akhawunti, ukwenza ukudluliselwa kwemali, njalo njalo.
Bambalwa abathengi abacinga malunga nendlela enzima ngayo indlela yolwazi xa, umzekelo, ungena kwibhanki ye-intanethi ukujonga okanye ukuhlaziya ulwazi malunga nemali kwi-akhawunti yakho. Xa ungena, le datha igqithiswa ngeseti yeeseva; xa usenza intengiselwano, inkqubo iphinda le datha kwisiseko se-backend, ethi emva koko iphakamise kakhulu-ukudlulisa imali kwi-akhawunti enye ukuya kwenye ukuhlawula amatyala, yenza. iintlawulo, kwaye uqhubeke nemirhumo.
Ngoku phinda-phinda le nkqubo ngeebhiliyoni ezininzi. Ngokutsho kwedatha ehlanganiswe yiBhanki yehlabathi ngoncedo lweBill kunye neMelinda Gates Foundation, abantu abadala kulo lonke ihlabathi bane-akhawunti yebhanki. Ngamnye kwaba bantu unamatyala ekufuneka awahlawule. Umntu uhlawula imali mboleko okanye udlulisela imali kwiiklabhu zabantwana, umntu uhlawula ukubhaliswa kweNetflix okanye ukurenta iseva yefu. Kwaye bonke aba bantu basebenzisa iibhanki ezingaphezu kwesinye.
Iinkqubo ezininzi ze-IT zangaphakathi zebhanki enye (iibhanki eziphathwayo, ii-ATM, njl.njl.) akufuneki zidibaniselane. Kufuneka basebenzisane nezinye iinkqubo zebhanki eBrazil, China, naseJamani. I-ATM yaseFransi ifanele ikwazi ukukhupha imali ekwikhadi lebhanki elikhutshwe ndaweni ithile eBolivia.
Imali ibisoloko ikho ehlabathini lonke, kodwa ayizange ikhe ibenzima kangaka le nkqubo. Inani leendlela zokusebenzisa iinkqubo ze-IT zebhanki ziyanda, kodwa iindlela zakudala zisasebenza. Impumelelo yebhanki ubukhulu becala ixhomekeke kwindlela “enokugcinwa” ngayo iziseko zayo ze-IT, kwaye ibhanki inokumelana njani nokungaphumeleli ngequbuliso ngenxa yokuba inkqubo iya kuba ingasebenzi.
Akukho mvavanyo - lungiselela iingxaki
Umphathi weBanco de Sabadell uJaime Guardiola (ekhohlo) wayeqinisekile ukuba yonke into iza kuhamba kakuhle. Ayizange isebenze.
Iinkqubo zekhompyuter ze-TSB bezingalunganga kakhulu ekusombululeni iingxaki ngokukhawuleza. Kwakukho, ngokuqinisekileyo, i-software glitches, kodwa ngokwenene ibhanki "yaphuka" ngenxa yobunzima obugqithisileyo beenkqubo zayo ze-IT. Ngokutsho kwengxelo, eyayilungiselelwe ngeentsuku zokuqala zokucima okukhulu, "ukudityaniswa kwezicelo ezitsha, ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kwee-microservices kudityaniswe nokusetyenziswa kwamaziko amabini edatha aSebenzayo/Asebenzayo kukhokelele kumngcipheko onzima kwimveliso."
Ezinye iibhanki, ezifana ne-HSBC, zisebenza kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye ke ngoko zineenkqubo ezintsonkothileyo, ezinxibelelanayo. Kodwa zivavanywa rhoqo, zifuduswa kwaye zihlaziywa, ngokutsho komphathi omnye we-HSBC IT eLancaster. Ubona iHSBC njengomzekelo wendlela ezinye iibhanki kufuneka zilawule iinkqubo zabo ze-IT: ngokunikela abasebenzi kunye nokuchitha ixesha labo. Kodwa ngelo xesha uyavuma ukuba kwibhanki encinci, ngakumbi engenawo amava okufuduka, ukwenza oku ngokuchanekileyo ngumsebenzi onzima kakhulu.
Ukufuduka kwe-TSB kwakunzima. Kwaye, ngokweengcali, abasebenzi bebhanki abanakufikelela kweli nqanaba lobunzima ngokwemigangatho yemfundo. Ukongeza, abazange bazikhathaze ngokujonga isisombululo sabo okanye ukuvavanya ukufuduka kwangaphambili.
Ngethuba lentetho kwiPalamente yaseBrithani malunga neengxaki zebhanki, u-Andrew Bailey, umphathi oyintloko we-FCA, waqinisekisa oku kukrokra. Ikhowudi embi mhlawumbi ibangele kuphela iingxaki zokuqala kwi-TSB, kodwa iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo zothungelwano lwezemali zehlabathi zithetha ukuba iimpazamo zayo ziqhubekile kwaye azinakuguqulwa. Ibhanki yaqhubeka ibona iimpazamo ezingalindelekanga kwenye indawo kwi-IT architecture. Abathengi bafumana imiyalezo engenantsingiselo okanye engahambelani neengxaki zabo.
Uvavanyo lokubuyela umva lunokunceda ukuthintela intlekele ngokubamba ikhowudi embi ngaphambi kokuba ikhutshwe kwimveliso kwaye ibangele umonakalo ngokudala iibhugi ezingakwazi ukubuyiswa. Kodwa ibhanki yagqiba kwelokuba ibaleke kwindawo enezigcayiseli eyayingawazi nokuwazi. Imiphumo yayixelwe kwangaphambili. Enye ingxaki “yayikukuphucula” iindleko. Yazibonakalalisa njani? Inyani yeyokuba kwagqitywa ekubeni kucinywe iikopi ezigcinwe eLloyds, kuba “batye” imali eninzi kakhulu.
Iibhanki zaseBrithani (kunye nabanye nazo) zizama ukufikelela kwinqanaba lokufumaneka kwezine, oko kukuthi, i-99,99%. Enyanisweni, oku kuthetha ukuba inkqubo ye-IT kufuneka ifumaneke ngawo onke amaxesha, ukuya kuthi ga kwimizuzu engama-52 yokuphumla ngonyaka. Inkqubo "yethoba ezintathu", i-99,9%, ekuboneni kokuqala ayifani kakhulu. Kodwa enyanisweni oku kuthetha ukuba ixesha lokuphumla lifikelela kwiiyure ezisi-8 ngonyaka. Kwibhanki, "ii-nines ezine" zilungile, kodwa "ii-nines ezintathu" azikho.
Kodwa ngalo lonke ixesha inkampani isenza utshintsho kwiziseko zayo ze-IT, ithatha imingcipheko. Ngapha koko, kukho into enokonakala. Ukunciphisa utshintsho kunokunceda ukuphepha iingxaki, ngelixa utshintsho olufunekayo ludinga uvavanyo olucokisekileyo. Kwaye abalawuli baseBrithani bagxininise ingqalelo yabo kule ngongoma.
Mhlawumbi eyona ndlela ilula yokuphepha ixesha lokuphumla kukwenza utshintsho oluncinci. Kodwa yonke ibhanki, njengayo nayiphi na enye inkampani, iyanyanzeleka ukuba ingenise izinto eziluncedo ngakumbi kubathengi nakwishishini layo ukuze ihlale inokhuphiswano. Ngelo xesha, iibhanki zisanyanzelekile ukuba zinakekele abathengi babo, zikhusele ukugcinwa kwazo kunye neenkcukacha zomntu, ukubonelela ngeemeko ezikhululekile zokusebenzisa iinkonzo. Kuvela ukuba imibutho inyanzelekile ukuba ichithe ixesha elininzi kunye nemali igcina impilo yeziseko zabo ze-IT, ngelixa inikezela ngeenkonzo ezintsha.
Inani lokungaphumeleli kwethekhnoloji exeliweyo kwicandelo leenkonzo zezemali e-UK lenyuke ngeepesenti ze-187 phakathi kwe-2017 kunye ne-2018, ngokwedatha ekhutshwe yi-UK's Financial Conduct Authority. Amaxesha amaninzi, unobangela wokungaphumeleli ziingxaki ekusebenzeni komsebenzi omtsha. Kwangaxeshanye, kubalulekile ukuba iibhanki ziqinisekise ukusebenza ngokungaphazamisekiyo kwazo zonke iinkonzo kunye nokunika ingxelo ekhawulezileyo yeentengiselwano. Abathengi bahlala bexhalabile xa imali yabo ijinga kwindawo ethile. Kwaye umxhasi oxhalabileyo malunga nemali uhlala engumqondiso wenkathazo.
Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa emva kokungaphumeleli kwi-TSB (ngelo xesha i-CEO yebhanki yayiyekile), abalawuli bezemali base-UK kunye neBhanki yaseNgilani. kwiingxoxo kwimiba yozinzo lokusebenza. Ngoko ke bazama ukuphakamisa umbuzo wendlela iibhanki ezinzulu eziye zahamba ngayo ekulandeleni izinto ezintsha, kunye nokuba banokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzileyo kwenkqubo abanayo ngoku.
Olu xwebhu lukwacebise ngeenguqu kumthetho. Yayimalunga nokubamba abantu ngaphakathi kwinkampani ukuba baphendule ngento engahambi kakuhle kwiinkqubo ze-IT zaloo nkampani. Amalungu epalamente aseBritani akuchaza ngolu hlobo oku: “Xa unoxanduva ngokobuqu, yaye unokutshona okanye uvalelwe entolongweni, oku kuya kusiguqula kakhulu isimo sengqondo ngokuphathelele umsebenzi, kuquka nokwandisa ixesha elinikelwa kumbandela wokuthembeka nokhuseleko.”
Iziphumo
Lonke uhlaziyo kunye nepetshi yehla kulawulo lomngcipheko, ngakumbi xa amakhulu ezigidi zeedola ebandakanyeka. Ngapha koko, ukuba kukho into engahambi kakuhle, kusenokubiza imali eninzi nodumo oluhle. Kuya kubonakala izinto ezicacileyo. Kwaye ukungaphumeleli kwebhanki ngexesha lokufuduka bekufanele kubafundise lukhulu.
Wayenayo. Kodwa akazange andifundise. NgoNovemba ka-2019, i-TSB, ethe yaphinda yafumana inzuzo kwaye yayiphucula ngokuthe ngcembe igama layo, "eyonwabile" abathengi. kwinkalo yeteknoloji yolwazi. Isibetho sesibini kwibhanki sithetha ukuba kuya kunyanzeleka ukuba ivale amasebe angama-82 ngo-2020 ukuze inciphise iindleko zayo. Okanye akakwazanga ukusindisa kwiingcali ze-IT.
Ukudinwa nge-IT ekugqibeleni kuza kwiindleko. I-TSB ibike ilahleko ye-134 yezigidi zeedola kwi-2018, xa kuthelekiswa nenzuzo ye-$ 206 yezigidi kwi-2017. Iindleko zokufuduka emva kokufuduka, kubandakanywa nembuyekezo yabathengi, ukulungisa iintengiselwano ezinobuqhophololo (ezanda ngokukhawuleza ngexesha le-chaos yeebhanki), kunye noncedo lomntu wesithathu, i-419 yezigidi zeedola. Umnikezeli we-IT webhanki naye wahlawuliswa i-194 yezigidi zeedola ngendima yakhe kule ngxaki.
Nangona kunjalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zeziphi izifundo ezifundwayo kwintsilelo yebhanki ye-TSB, ukuphazamiseka kuya kuqhubeka. Azinakuphepheka. Kodwa ngovavanyo kunye nekhowudi elungileyo, ukuphazamiseka kunye nexesha lokuphumla kunokunciphisa kakhulu. I-Cloud4Y, ehlala inceda iinkampani ezinkulu ukuba zifudukele kwiziseko zelifu, ziyakuqonda ukubaluleka kokuhamba ngokukhawuleza ukusuka kwenye inkqubo ukuya kwenye. Ke ngoko, sinokuqhuba uvavanyo lomthwalo kwaye sisebenzise inkqubo yogcino lwamanqanaba amaninzi, kunye nezinye iinketho ezikuvumela ukuba ujonge yonke into enokwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba uqalise ukufuduka.
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