Ngo-2012, kwaqhambuka umlilo kumntla-mpuma weMoscow. Isakhiwo esidala esineesilingi zamaplanga satsha, waza umlilo wanwenwela kwizindlu eziselumelwaneni. Abacimi-mlilo abakwazanga ukufikelela kule ndawo - zonke iindawo zokupaka iimoto zazizaliswe ziimoto. Umlilo wawugubungela iwaka elinesiqingatha semitha yesikweri. Kwakhona kwakungenakwenzeka ukufikelela kwi-hydrant, ngoko abahlanguli basebenzisa isitimela somlilo kunye neehelikopta ezimbini. Omnye umsebenzi kaxakeka usweleke kulo mlilo.
Njengoko kwavela emva kwexesha, umlilo uqalise kwindlu yokushicilela iMir.
Akunakwenzeka ukuba eli gama lithetha nantoni na kubantu abaninzi. Indlu yokupapasha kunye nendlu yokushicilela, enye imimoya evela kumaxesha aseSoviet, engazange ipapashe nantoni na iminyaka engamashumi amathathu, kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezithile yaqhubeka ikhona. Ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-XNUMX, yayisemngciphekweni wokutshona, kodwa ngandlel’ ithile yawahlawula amatyala ayo kubani na nokuba yintoni na eyayityala yona. Imbali yayo yonke yanamhlanje isibini semigca kwi-Wikipedia malunga ne-leapfrog phakathi kwazo zonke iintlobo ze-MSUP SHMUP FMUP zikarhulumente, eziqokelela uthuli kwiifolda zeRostec (ukuba uyakholelwa kwi-Wikipedia, kwakhona).
Kodwa emva kwemigca yolawulo akukho lizwi malunga nokuba liliphi ilifa elikhulu uMir elishiye eIndiya kunye nendlela elibuchaphazele ngayo ubomi bezizukulwana ezininzi.
Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo uthumele ikhonkco ku , apho iincwadi zenzululwazi zaseSoviet zifakwe ekhompyutheni. Ndacinga ukuba kukho umntu oguqula i-nostalgia yabo ibe yinto efanelekileyo. Kwavela ukuba oku kuyinyani, kodwa iinkcukacha ezimbalwa zenza iblogi ingaqhelekanga - iincwadi zazingesiNgesi, kwaye amaNdiya axoxa ngazo kwizimvo. Wonke umntu wabhala indlela ezazibaluleke ngayo ezi ncwadi kubo ebuntwaneni, ukwabelana ngamabali kunye neenkumbulo, kwaye wathi kuya kuba kuhle kangakanani ukuzifumana kwifomu yephepha ngoku.
NdiGoogled, kwaye ikhonkco ngalinye elitsha lindothusile ngakumbi nangakumbi - iikholamu, izithuba, kunye namaxwebhu malunga nokubaluleka koncwadi lwesiRashiya kubantu baseIndiya. Kum ibikukufumanisa, ngoku ndineentloni zokuthetha ngayo - andikholelwa ukuba umaleko omkhulu kangaka udlulile.
Kuyavela ukuba uncwadi lwesayensi yeSoviet luye lwaba luhlobo lwehlelo eIndiya. Iincwadi zendlu yopapasho ezanyamalala ngokumasikizi kuthi zisalingana negolide kwelinye icala lehlabathi.
“Zazithandwa kakhulu ngenxa yomgangatho wazo kunye nexabiso. Ezi ncwadi zazifumaneka kwaye zifunwa nakwiindawo ezincinci zokuhlala - hayi kwizixeko ezikhulu kuphela. Uninzi luye lwaguqulelwa kwiilwimi ezahlukeneyo zaseIndiya - isiHindi, isiBengali, isiTamil, isiTelugu, isiMalayalam, isiMarathi, isiGujarati nabanye. Oku kwabandisa kakhulu abaphulaphuli. Nangona ndingeyona ingcali, ndicinga ukuba esinye sezizathu zokunciphisa ixabiso yayiyinzame yokutshintsha iincwadi zaseNtshona, ezazibiza kakhulu ngoko (kwaye nangoku)," uDamitr, umbhali weblogi, wandixelela. [UDamitr sisishunqulelo segama lokwenyani lombhali, awacela ukuba angalenzi esidlangalaleni.]
Uyingcali yefiziksi ngoqeqesho kwaye uzijonga njengebhayibhilophi. Ngoku ungumphandi kunye notitshala wezibalo. UDamitr waqala ukuqokelela iincwadi ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-90. Emva koko ayengasashicilelwa eIndiya. Ngoku uneencwadi zeSoviet ezimalunga nama-600 - ezinye wazithenga kumasetyana okanye kubathengisi beencwadi abasetyenzisiweyo, ezinye wazinikwa. “Ezi ncwadi zenze kwalula kakhulu kum ukufunda, yaye ndifuna abantu abaninzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka bazifunde nabo. Yiyo loo nto ndiqale ibhlog yam. "
Iincwadi zaseSoviet zafika njani eIndiya
Kwiminyaka emibini emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, iIndiya yayeka ukuba lithanga laseBritani. Amaxesha otshintsho olukhulu ahlala ewona anzima kwaye anzima. I-Indiya ezimeleyo ibonakale igcwele abantu abaneembono ezahlukeneyo, ngoku banethuba lokuhambisa iziseko apho babona kufanelekile. Ihlabathi jikelele nalo lalingavisisaniyo. ISoviet Union kunye neMelika zazama ukufikelela, kubonakala ngathi, kuzo zonke iikona ukuze zibarhwebeshele kwinkampu yabo.
Abantu abangamaSilamsi baqhekeka baza baseka iPakistan. Imimandla yomda, njengesiqhelo, yaba nempikiswano, kwaza kwaqhambuka imfazwe apho. IMelika yayixhasa iPakistan, iSoviet Union yaxhasa iIndiya. Ngo-1955, uNdunankulu waseNdiya watyelela eMoscow, kwaye uKhrushchev wenza utyelelo lokubuyela kwangaloo nyaka. Ngaloo ndlela kwaqala ubuhlobo obude nolusondeleleneyo kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe. Naxa iIndiya yayingquzulana neTshayina ngeminyaka yoo-60s, i-USSR yahlala ingathathi hlangothi ngokusemthethweni, kodwa uncedo lwezemali lwaseIndiya lwaluphezulu, olwathi lwamosha ubudlelwane nePRC.
Ngenxa yobuhlobo noManyano, kwakukho intshukumo eyomeleleyo yamakomanisi eIndiya. Kwaye ke iinqanawa ezineetoni zeencwadi zaya eIndiya, kwaye iikhilomitha zeefilim zefilimu ezine-cinema yaseIndiya zeza kuthi.
“Zonke ezi ncwadi zeza kuthi ngeQela lamaKomanisi laseIndiya, yaye imali eyayithengisiwe yayizalisa iimali zabo. Kakade ke, phakathi kwezinye iincwadi, kwakukho iilwandle kunye nolwandle lwemiqulu yeLenin, Marx kunye ne-Engels, kunye neencwadi ezininzi zentanda-bulumko, inzululwazi ngentlalontle kunye nembali zazityekele kakhulu. Kodwa kwimathematika, kwisayensi, kukho ucalucalulo oluncinci. Nangona, kwenye yeencwadi zefiziksi, umbhali wachaza i-dialectical materialism kumxholo wokuguquguquka komzimba. Andinakutsho ukuba abantu babezithandabuza na iincwadi zeSoviet ngaloo mihla, kodwa ngoku inkoliso yabaqokeleli boncwadi lwaseSoviet babambelele ekhohlo okanye basekhohlo.”
UDamitr undibonise izicatshulwa ezininzi ezisuka kupapasho lwaseIndiya “olungqiyame ngasekhohlo” Umda ongaphambili onikezelwe kwikhulu leminyaka le-Okthobha Revolution. Kwenye yazo, intatheli uVijay Prashad loo mdla eRashiya wabonakala nangaphambili, kwi-20s, xa amaNdiya aphefumlelwe ngokuchithwa kolawulo lwethu lwe-tsarist. Ngelo xesha, iimanifestos zamakomanisi neminye imibhalo yezopolitiko yaguqulelwa ngokufihlakeleyo kwiilwimi zamaIndiya. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engama-20, iincwadi "eSoviet Russia" nguJawaharal Nehru kunye "neeleta ezivela eRussia" nguRabindranath Tagore zazidumile phakathi kwabemi baseIndiya.
Ayimangalisi into yokuba imbono ye-revolution yayimnandi kubo. Kwimeko yekoloniyali yaseBritane, amagama athi "i-capitalism" kunye "ne-imperialism" ngokungagqibekanga ayenomxholo ombi ofanayo nalowo wafakwa ngurhulumente waseSoviet kubo. Kodwa kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu kamva, yayingeloncwadi lwezopolitiko kuphela olwathi lwaduma eIndiya.
Kutheni abantu baseIndiya bezithanda iincwadi zaseSoviet kangaka?
EIndiya, yonke into esasiyifunda yaguqulelwa. Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Pushkin, Chekhov, Gorky. Ulwandle lweencwadi zabantwana, umzekelo, "amabali kaDeniska" okanye "iChuk kunye neGek". Ukusuka ngaphandle kubonakala ngathi i-Indiya, kunye nembali yayo yamandulo, inomdla kwiintsomi ezingaqondakaliyo kunye namabali omlingo, kodwa abantwana baseNdiya babanjwe yinyani, ubomi bemihla ngemihla kunye nokulula kweencwadi zaseSoviet.
Kunyaka ophelileyo, ifilimu ye-documentary ethi "Red Stars ilahlekile kwinkungu" malunga noncwadi lweSoviet yadutshulwa eIndiya. Abalawuli banikel’ ingqalelo kakhulu kwiincwadi zabantwana abakhule ngazo abalinganiswa befilimu. Ngokomzekelo, uRugvedita Parakh, isazi ngezifo zaseIndiya, wathetha ngesi simo sengqondo sakhe: “Ezona ncwadi zesiRashiya ndizithanda kuba azizami ukufundisa. Aziyibonakalisi indlela yokuziphatha kwintsomi, njengakuAesop okanye kwiPanchatantra. Andisiqondi isizathu sokuba kwaneencwadi ezintle njengencwadi yethu ethi “Shyama’s Mother” zifanele zizaliswe ziintetho ezithethwayo.
“Into eyayibahlula kukuba abazange bazame ukubuphatha lula okanye ngokumthoba ubuntu bomntwana. Ababuthuki ubukrelekrele babo, ”utshilo isazi ngengqondo uSulbha Subrahmanyam.
Ukusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-60s, iNdlu yokuPapasha yoncwadi lwangaphandle ibipapasha iincwadi. Kamva yahlulwa yaba ngamaqela ahlukeneyo. "Inkqubela phambili" kunye ne "Rainbow" yapapasha uncwadi lwabantwana, intsomi, kunye nezopolitiko ezingeyonyani (njengoko baya kuyibiza ngoku). ILeningrad "Aurora" yapapasha iincwadi malunga nobugcisa. Indlu yokushicilela ye-Pravda yapapasha iphephancwadi labantwana elithi Misha, elithi, ngokomzekelo, liqulethe iintsomi, i-crosswords yokufunda ulwimi lwesiRashiya, kunye needilesi zembalelwano kunye nabantwana baseSoviet Union.
Ekugqibeleni, indlu yokupapasha iMir yapapasha uncwadi lwesayensi kunye nobugcisa.
“Kambe ke, iincwadi zenzululwazi zazithandwa, kodwa ubukhulu becala phakathi kwabantu ababenomdla ngokukhethekileyo kwinzululwazi, yaye aba basoloko bembalwa. Mhlawumbi ukuthandwa kweeklasi zaseRashiya kulwimi lwaseNdiya (uTolstoy, uDostoevsky) wabancedisa. Iincwadi zazingabizi mali ininzi yaye zixhaphakile kangangokuba kwakucingwa ukuba zisenokulahlwa. Ngokomzekelo, ebudeni bezifundo zesikolo basika imifanekiso kwezi ncwadi,” utsho uDamitr.
U-Deepa Bhashti ubhala kuye yeCalvert Journal ukuba xa befunda iincwadi zenzululwazi, abantu babengazi nto kwaye bengenakufumanisa ngababhali bazo. Ngokungafaniyo neeklasikhi, aba babehlala bengabasebenzi abaqhelekileyo bamaziko ophando:
“Ngoku i-Intanethi indixelele [apho zivela phi ezi ncwadi], ngaphandle koluthththa nanye malunga nababhali, ngamabali azo obuqu. I-Intanethi ayikandixeleli amagama kaBabkov, Smirnov, Glushkov, Maron kunye nezinye izazinzulu kunye neenjineli ezivela kumaziko karhulumente abhale iincwadi zezifundo malunga nezinto ezifana noyilo lwesikhululo seenqwelomoya, ukuhanjiswa kobushushu kunye nokuhanjiswa kobuninzi, imilinganiselo yerediyo kunye nokunye okuninzi.
Umnqweno wam wokuba ngumdlali we-astrophysicist (de wadaniswa yi-physics kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo) wawusuka kwincwadi encinci eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ebizwa ngokuba yi-Space Adventures eKhaya nguF. Rabitsa. Ndazama ukufumanisa ukuba ngubani uRabitsa, kodwa akukho nto ngaye kuyo nayiphi na indawo yabalandeli boncwadi baseSoviet. Kuyabonakala ukuba, oonobumba bokuqala emva kwefani yam kufuneka bandanele. Iingxelo ezingobomi bababhali zisenokuba zazingenamdla kwilizwe ababelisebenzela.”
UDamitr uthi: “Iincwadi endizithandayo yayiziincwadi zikaLev Tarasov, inqanaba lokuzintywilisela kwakhe kulo mxholo, ukuqonda kwawo kwakungakholeleki. Incwadi yokuqala endayifundayo, wayibhala kunye nomfazi wakhe uAlbina Tarasova. Yayibizwa ngokuba "Imibuzo kunye neempendulo kwiFiziksi yeSikolo." Apho, iingcamango ezininzi eziphosakeleyo ezivela kwikharityhulam yesikolo zichazwe ngendlela yengxoxo. Le ncwadi yandicacisela okuninzi. Incwadi yesibini endayifunda kuye yayisithi “Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics.” Ivavanya ubuchwephesha be-quantum nabo bonke ubungqongqo bezibalo. Kukho, kwakhona, kukho incoko phakathi kwefiziksi yakudala, umbhali kunye nomfundi. Ndaphinda ndafunda yakhe "Eli hlabathi limangalisayo le-Symmetrical", "Iingxoxo malunga nokuRefraction of Light", "Ihlabathi elakhiwe phezu kokunokwenzeka". Incwadi nganye ixabisekile yaye ndinethamsanqa lokukwazi ukuyidlulisela kwabanye.”
Iincwadi zagcinwa njani emva kokuwa kwe-USSR
Ngeminyaka yee-80, kwakukho inani elimangalisayo leencwadi zeSoviet eIndiya. Ekubeni zaziguqulelwe kwiilwimi ezininzi zasekuhlaleni, abantwana baseIndiya bafunda ukufunda amagama abo kwiincwadi zesiRashiya. Kodwa ngokuwa koManyano lwazo yonke into yema ngequbuliso. Ngelo xesha, i-Indiya yayisele ikwingxaki enkulu yezoqoqosho, kwaye iSebe lezangaphandle laseRashiya lathi alinamdla kubudlelwane obukhethekileyo neNew Delhi. Ukususela ngelo xesha ukuya phambili, bayeka ukuxhasa ngemali ukuguqulelwa nokupapashwa kweencwadi eIndiya. Ngeminyaka yee-2000, iincwadi zeSoviet zanyamalala ngokupheleleyo kwiishelufu.
Iminyaka nje embalwa yayanele ukuba uncwadi lweSoviet luphantse lulibaleke, kodwa ngokusasazwa okukhulu kwe-Intanethi, ukuthandwa kwayo okutsha kwaqalisa. Abathandli bahlanganisana kuluntu kuFacebook, babhalelana kwiibhlog ezahlukeneyo, bakhangela zonke iincwadi abanokuzifumana, kwaye baqalisa ukuzifaka kwidijithali.
Ifilimu ethi "Iinkwenkwezi ezibomvu ezilahlekileyo kwinkungu," phakathi kwezinye izinto, ixelele indlela abapapashi banamhlanje bathatha ngayo ingcamango yokungaqokeleli kunye nokudibanisa, kodwa ukukhupha ngokusemthethweni iincwadi ezindala. Okokuqala bazama ukufumana abanini-copyright, kodwa abazange bakwazi, ngoko baqalisa nje ukuqokelela iikopi eziseleyo, beguqulela oko kwakulahlekileyo kwakhona, baze babhale phantsi.
Kusekho ifilimu ethi "Iinkwenkwezi eziBomvu zilahlekile kwinkungu."
Kodwa ukuba intsomi inokulityalwa ngaphandle kwenkxaso, uncwadi lwenzululwazi lwahlala lufunwa njengangaphambili. NgokukaDamitra, isasetyenziswa kwizangqa zemfundo:
“Oonjingalwazi nabafundisi-ntsapho abaninzi, iingcali zefiziksi ezaziwayo, bandincoma iincwadi zeSoviet. Uninzi lweenjineli ezisasebenza nanamhlanje zafunda phantsi kwazo.
Ukuthandwa kwanamhlanje kungenxa yovavanyo olunzima kakhulu lwe-IIT-JEE yobunjineli. Abafundi abaninzi nabahlohli bamane bathandazela iincwadi zikaIrodov, Zubov, Shalnov noWolkenstein. Andiqinisekanga ukuba iincwadi zentsomi zaseSoviet kunye nezabantwana ziyathandwa kwisizukulwana sale mihla, kodwa iSicombululo sikaIrodov seeNgxaki eziSisiseko kwiFiziksi sisaqondwa njengomgangatho wegolide.
Indawo yokusebenzela kaDamitra, apho afaka iincwadi ekhompyutheni.
Nangona kunjalo, ukugcinwa kunye nokuthandwa - kunye neencwadi zesayensi - kusengumsebenzi wabaninzi abanomdla: "Ngokokwazi kwam, kuphela abantu abambalwa ngaphandle kwam abaqokelela iincwadi zaseSoviet, lo ayisiyonto ixhaphakileyo. Nyaka ngamnye zimbalwa yaye zimbalwa iincwadi ezinoqweqwe olulukhuni; emva koko, ezokugqibela kuzo zapapashwa ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu eyadlulayo. Zimbalwa kwaye zimbalwa iindawo apho iincwadi zaseSoviet zinokufumaneka. Amaxesha amaninzi ndandicinga ukuba le ncwadi yayiyeyokugqibela ekhoyo.
Ngaphandle koko, ukuziqokelela kweencwadi yinto yokuzilibazisa yokufa. Ndazi abantu abambalwa (nangona ndihlala kwiziko lemfundo) abaneencwadi ezingaphezu kweshumi elinesibini ekhaya.”
Iincwadi zikaLev Tarasov zisaphinda zipapashwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokupapasha zaseRashiya. Waqhubeka ebhala emva kokuwa koManyano, xa bengasasiwa eIndiya. Kodwa andikhumbuli igama lakhe lithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwethu. Nokuba ii-injini zokukhangela kumaphepha okuqala zibonisa ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo Lvov Tarasovs. Ndiyazibuza ukuba uDamitr angacinga ntoni ngale nto?
Okanye ngaba abavakalisi baya kucinga ntoni xa befumanisa ukuba "iMir", "Inkqubela phambili" kunye ne "Rainbow", iincwadi zabo abafuna ukuzipapasha zisekhona, kodwa zibonakala kuphela kwiirejista zamaziko asemthethweni. Kwaye xa indlu yopapasho yaseMir yatshayo, ilifa labo lencwadi yaba yinkupho yokugqibela eyaxoxwa kamva.
Ngoku baneendlela ezahlukeneyo zokujonga i-USSR. Nam ndinezinto ezininzi eziphikisanayo ngaphakathi ngaye. Kodwa ngenxa yesizathu esithile, ukubhala nokuvuma kuDamitro ukuba ndandingazi nto ngale nto ngandlel’ ithile kwakubangela iintloni yaye kulusizi.
umthombo: www.habr.com