Abantu bahlala benxulumanisa iincoko malunga namazinyo kunye ne-caries, i-braces kunye ne-sadists kwiidyasi ezimhlophe eziphupha kuphela ukwenza amaso kumazinyo akho. Kodwa ziqhula ecaleni, kuba ngaphandle koogqirha bamazinyo kunye nemithetho emiselweyo yococeko lomlomo, mna nawe besiya kutya iitapile ezicoliweyo kunye nesuphu ngomququ. Kwaye konke kunetyala lokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okusinikeze kude namazinyo ahlala ixesha elide, angaphinde ahlaziywe, nto leyo eyenza ukuba abameli beshishini lamazinyo bavuyiswe kakhulu. Ukuba sithetha ngamazinyo abameli bezilwanyana zasendle, ngoko ke iingonyama ezinkulu, ookrebe abanxanelwe igazi kunye neengcuka ezintle kakhulu zifika engqondweni. Noko ke, phezu kwawo nje amandla nokomelela kwemihlathi yawo, amazinyo awo awamangalisi njengamazinyo eeurchins zaselwandle. Ewe, eli gaqa leenaliti phantsi kwamanzi, elinokuthi, ukuba uyanyathela, lonakalise indawo elungileyo yeholide yakho, linamazinyo amnandi. Ewe, akukho baninzi kubo, bahlanu kuphela, kodwa bahlukile ngendlela yabo kwaye bayakwazi ukuzilola. Izazinzulu zalifumana njani eli nqaku, le nkqubo yenzeke njani kanye, kwaye ingabanceda njani abantu? Sifunda malunga noku kwingxelo yeqela lophando. Hamba.
Isiseko sophando
Okokuqala, kuyafaneleka ukwazi umlinganiswa oyintloko wesifundo - i-Strongylocentrotus fragilis, okanye ngokwabantu, i-urchin yolwandle epinki. Olu hlobo lwe-urchin yolwandle alwahlukanga kakhulu kwamanye amahlakani, ngaphandle kobume obuthe tyaba kunye nombala oqaqambileyo. Zihlala nzulu kakhulu (ukusuka kwi-100 m ukuya kwi-1 km), kwaye zikhula zibe yi-10 cm ububanzi.
"I-skeleton" ye-urchin yolwandle, ebonisa i-symmetry ye-five-ray.
Iiurchins zolwandle, zirhabaxa njengoko zinokuvakala, zilungile kwaye azilunganga. Eyangaphambili inemilo yomzimba ephantse ingqukuva ngokugqibeleleyo ene-symmetry yereyi ezintlanu, ngelixa ezi zamva zine-asymmetrical ngakumbi.
Into yokuqala ethi ibambe iliso lakho xa ubona i-urchin yolwandle yimiqolo yayo egubungela wonke umzimba wayo. Kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo, iinaliti zinokusuka kwi-2 mm ukuya kwi-30 cm. Ukongeza kwiinaliti, umzimba une-spheridia (izitho zokulinganisela) kunye ne-pedicellaria (iinkqubo ezifana ne-forceps).
Omahlanu amazinyo abonakala ngokucacileyo embindini.
Ukuze ubonise i-urchin yaselwandle, kufuneka uqale ujonge phantsi, kuba umlomo wayo uvulekile kwindawo esezantsi yomzimba, kodwa ezinye iindawo ezivulekileyo zingaphezulu. Umlomo weeurchins zolwandle uxhotyiswe ngesixhobo sokuhlafuna esinegama elihle lezenzululwazi elithi βAristotleβs lanternβ (yayinguAristotle owachaza kuqala eli lungu waza wathelekisa ukumila kwalo nesibane esiphathwayo sakudala). Eli lungu lixhotyiswe imihlathi emihlanu, nganye iphelela kwizinyo elibukhali (i-Aristotelian lantern ye-pink hedgehog ihlolwe iboniswe kumfanekiso we-1C ngezantsi).
Kukho ingcinga yokuba ukuqina kwamazinyo e-urchin yolwandle kuqinisekiswa ngokulolwa kwawo rhoqo, okwenzeka ngokutshatyalaliswa ngokuthe ngcembe kweepleyiti ezineminerali yezinyo ukugcina ukubukhali kwendawo ekude.
Kodwa isebenza njani kanye kanye le nkqubo, ngawaphi amazinyo afuna ukulolwa nangawaphi angasebenziyo, yaye senziwa njani esi sigqibo sibalulekileyo? Izazinzulu zazama ukufumana iimpendulo zale mibuzo.
Iziphumo zophando
Umfanekiso #1
Ngaphambi kokutyhila iimfihlo zamazinyo e-urchins yolwandle, makhe sijonge ukwakheka kwamazinyo abo ngokubanzi.
Kwimifanekiso 1A-1C iqhawe lesifundo libonisiwe - i-urchin yolwandle epinki. Njengamanye ama-urchins olwandle, abameli bolu hlobo bafumana amaminerali abo emanzini olwandle. Phakathi kwezinto zamathambo, amazinyo atyebileyo (99%) kunye ne-calcite etyetyiswe kwi-magnesium.
Njengoko besixoxile ngaphambili, iihedgehogs zisebenzisa amazinyo azo ukukrwela ukutya. Kodwa ngaphandle koku, basebenzisa amazinyo ukugrumba imingxunya, apho bazifihla kumarhamncwa okanye imozulu embi. Ngenxa yolu setyenziso lungaqhelekanga lwamazinyo, le yokugqibela kufuneka yomelele kakhulu kwaye ibukhali.
Kumfanekiso 1D i-microcomputed tomography yecandelo lezinyo lonke ibonisiwe, ebonisa ukuba izinyo lenziwe kunye ne-elliptical curve kunye ne-T-shaped cross-section.
Icandelo lokuwela izinyo (1E) ibonisa ukuba izinyo lenziwe ngemimandla emithathu yesakhiwo: i-laminae ephambili, ummandla we-calculus, kunye ne-laminae yesibini. Ummandla wamatye unemicu encinci yedayamitha ejikelezwe liqokobhe le-organic. Iifiber zifakwe kwi-polycrystalline matrix equkethe i-magnesium-rich rich calcite particles. Ububanzi bala masuntswana malunga ne-10-20 nm. Abaphandi baqaphela ukuba ukuxinwa kwe-magnesium akufani kulo lonke izinyo kwaye kunyuka ukuya ekupheleni, okubonelela ngokunyuka kokunganyangeki kunye nobunzima.
Icandelo lobude (1F) indawo yelitye lezinyo ibonisa ukutshatyalaliswa kwemicu, kunye nokuvuthwa, okwenzeka ngenxa ye-delamination kwi-interface ye-fibers kunye ne-organic shell.
Amacwecwe eprayimari ahlala equlunqwe ngeekristale enye ye-calcite kwaye abekwe kwindawo ye-convex yezinyo, ngelixa iipleyiti zesibini zigcwalisa umphezulu we-concave.
Emfanekisweni 1G Uluhlu lweepleyiti eziphambili ezigobileyo zinokubonwa zidibene. Umfanekiso ubonisa kwakhona imicu kunye ne-polycrystalline matrix egcwalisa indawo phakathi kwamacwecwe. Kiel (1H) yenza isiseko se-T-section cross-section kunye nokwandisa ukugoba ukuqina kwezinyo.
Ngoku ukuba sisazi ubume bezinyo le-urchin yolwandle olupinki, ngoku kufuneka sijonge iipropathi zomatshini zamacandelo alo. Ukulungiselela le njongo, uvavanyo loxinzelelo lwenziwa kusetyenziswa i-electron microscope yokuskena kunye ne- nanoindentation*. Iimvavanyo ze-nanomechanical zibandakanya iisampuli ezisikwe ecaleni kwe-longitudinal kunye ne-transverse orientation yezinyo.
Nanoindentation* - ukuvavanya izinto eziphathekayo ngokucinezela isixhobo esikhethekileyo - i-indenter - ebusweni besampuli.
Uhlalutyo lwedatha lubonise ukuba umndilili we-Young's modulus (E) kunye nobunzima (H) kwincam yezinyo kwi-longitudinal kunye ne-transverse directions are: EL = 77.3 Β± 4,8 GPa, HL = 4.3 Β± 0.5 GPa (longitudinal) kunye ne-ET = 70.2 Β± 7.2 I-GPa, HT = 3,8 Β± 0,6 GPa (i-transverse).
Imodyuli yolutsha* - ubungakanani bomzimba obuchaza ukukwazi kwemathiriyeli ukuxhathisa uxinezeleko kunye noxinzelelo.
Ukuqina* - ipropathi yezinto ezichasene nokungena komzimba onzima (indenter).
Ukongezelela, i-indentations kunye ne-cyclic yokulayisha eyongezelelweyo yenziwe kwi-longitudinal direction ukudala imodeli yomonakalo we-visco-plastiki kwindawo yamatye. Vula 2A igophe lokufuduswa komthwalo libonisiwe.
Umfanekiso #2
Imodyuli yomjikelo ngamnye ibalwe ngokusekwe kwindlela ka-Oliver-Pharr kusetyenziswa idata yokothula. Imijikelo yokungeniswa ibonise ukuhla kwe-monotonic kwimodulus ngokunyuka kobunzulu bokungena (2B). Oku kuhla kokuqina kuchazwa ngokuqokelelwa komonakalo (2C) ngenxa yoguquko olungajikiyo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba uphuhliso lwesithathu lwenzeka malunga neefayili, kwaye kungekhona ngazo.
Iipropati zomatshini zamalungu amazinyo nazo zavavanywa kusetyenziswa i-quasi-static micropillar compression experiments. I-ion beam egxininisiweyo yayisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iintsika ezinobungakanani be-micrometer. Ukuvavanya amandla ebhondi phakathi kweepleyiti eziphambili kwicala le-convex lezinyo, ii-micropillars zenziwe nge-oblique orientation ngokumalunga nojongano oluqhelekileyo phakathi kwamacwecwe.2D). Emfanekisweni 2E i-micropillar ene-interface ethambekelweyo iyaboniswa. Kwaye kwigrafu 2F iziphumo zemilinganiselo yoxinzelelo lokucheba zibonisiwe.
Izazinzulu ziqaphela inyani enomdla - imodyuli e-elastic elinganisiweyo iphantse ibe sisiqingatha sovavanyo lokungeniswa. Lo mahluko phakathi kovavanyo lwe-indentation kunye noxinzelelo luye lwaphawulwa kwi-enamel yezinyo. Okwangoku, kukho iithiyori ezininzi zokuchaza oku kungangqinelani (ukusuka kwiimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo ngexesha lovavanyo ukuya kungcoliseko lwesampulu), kodwa akukabikho mpendulo icacileyo kumbuzo wokuba kutheni le nto iyenzeka.
Inyathelo elilandelayo kuphononongo lwamazinyo eurchin yolwandle yayiluvavanyo lokunxiba olwenziwe kusetyenziswa imakroskopu ye-electron yokuskena. Izinyo lincanyathiselwe kwisibambi esikhethekileyo kwaye licinezelwe ngokuchasene ne-ultrananocrystalline diamond substrate (3A).
Umfanekiso #3
Izazinzulu ziqaphela ukuba inguqulelo yazo yovavanyo lokunxiba ichasene noko kwenziwa ngokuqhelekileyo, apho incam yedayimane icinezelwe kwi-substrate yezinto ezivavanywayo. Utshintsho kwiindlela zokuvavanya ukunxiba luvumela ukuqonda okungcono kweempawu ze-microstructures kunye namacandelo ezinyo.
Njengoko sinokubona kwimifanekiso, xa umthwalo onzima ufikeleleke, ii-chips ziqala ukwenza. Kuyafaneleka ukuqwalasela ukuba amandla "okuluma" kwe-lantern ye-Aristotle kwi-urchins yolwandle iyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwiintlobo ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwi-50 entsha. Kuvavanyo, amandla avela kumakhulu ama-micronewtons ukuya kwi-1 entsha yasetyenziswa, okt. ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwi-5 entsha ye-lantern ye-Aristotelian (ekubeni kukho amazinyo amahlanu).
Emfanekisweni 3B(i) amasuntswana amahle abonakalayo (utolo olubomvu) olwenziwe ngenxa yokunxiba kwindawo yamatye. Njengoko ummandla wamatye unxiba kunye neekontraka, ukuqhekeka kwi-interfaces phakathi kwamacwecwe anokuphuhlisa kwaye asasaze ngenxa yokulayisha i-compression-shear kunye nokuqokelela uxinzelelo kwindawo ye-calcite plate. Imifanekiso 3B(ii) ΠΈ 3B(iii) bonisa iindawo apho amaqhekeza aqhawuke khona.
Ukuthelekisa, iintlobo ezimbini zovavanyo lokugqoka zenziwe: kunye nomthwalo oqhubekayo ohambelana nokuqala kwesivuno (WCL) kunye nomthwalo oqhubekayo ohambelana noxinzelelo lwesivuno (WCS). Ngenxa yoko, kwafunyanwa iintlobo ezimbini zezinyo.
Nxiba ividiyo yovavanyo:
Inqanaba I
Inqanaba II
Inqanaba III
Inqanaba IV
Ngaphantsi komthwalo oqhubekayo, ukunyanzeliswa kwendawo kwabonwa kuvavanyo lwe-WCL, kodwa akukho chipping okanye omnye umonakalo kwiiplate.4A). Kodwa kuvavanyo lwe-WCS, xa amandla aqhelekileyo anyuswa ukuze kugcinwe ukunyanzeliswa koqhagamshelwano oluqhelekileyo, ukuchithwa kunye nokulahlekelwa kwamacwecwe kwabonwa (4B).
Umfanekiso #4
Olu qwalaselo luqinisekiswa yigrafu (4C) imilinganiselo yendawo yokunyanzeliswa kunye nomthamo weepleyiti ezitshisiweyo ngokuxhomekeke kubude be-sliding (yesampuli kwidayimane ngexesha lovavanyo).
Le grafu ikwabonisa ukuba kwimeko ye-WCL, iitshiphusi azenzi nokuba umgama wokutyibilika umkhulu kunokwimeko ye-WCS. Ukuhlolwa kweepleyiti ezicinezelweyo kunye nezichotshiweyo ze 4B ivumela ukuba siqonde ngcono indlela yokuzilola yamazinyo eurchin yolwandle.
Indawo ecinezelweyo yelitye iyanda njengoko ipleyiti iqhekezeka, isusa indawo ecinezelweyo [4B (iii-v)]. Iimpawu zeMicrostructural ezifana nebhondi phakathi kwamatye kunye ne-slabs ziququzelela le nkqubo. I-Microscopy yabonisa ukuba imicu ekwindawo yesibali igobile kwaye ingena kumaleko amacwecwe akwindawo eyiconvex yezinyo.
Kwitshathi 4C ukutsiba kumthamo wendawo echotshiweyo kubonakala xa ipleyiti entsha ikhutshiwe ezinyo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuba ngexesha elifanayo kukho ukuhla okubukhali kububanzi bommandla osicaba (4D), ebonisa inkqubo yokuzilola.
Ukubeka ngokulula, olu vavanyo lubonise ukuba xa umthwalo oqhelekileyo (ongabalulekile) ugcinwa ngexesha lovavanyo lokunxiba, incam iba buthuntu ngelixa izinyo lihlala libukhali. Kuvela ukuba amazinyo e-hedgehogs agxininiswe ngexesha lokusetyenziswa, ukuba umthwalo awugqithisi kakhulu, ngaphandle koko umonakalo (ii-chips) ungenzeka kunokuba ubukhali.
Umfanekiso #5
Ukuqonda indima ye-microstructures yezinyo, iipropati zabo kunye negalelo labo kwindlela yokuzilola, uhlalutyo olungenasiphelo lwenkqubo yokunxiba lwenziwa (5A). Ukwenza oku, iifoto zecandelo le-longitudinal lencam yezinyo zisetyenzisiwe, eziye zasebenza njengesiseko semodeli ye-dimensional-dimensional equka ilitye, iipleyiti, i-keel kunye ne-interfaces phakathi kwamacwecwe kunye nelitye.
Imifanekiso 5B-5H ziziza zecontour zekhrayitheriya ye-von Mises (inqobo yeplasticity) kumda welitye kunye nommandla we-slab. Xa izinyo licinezelekile, ilitye lifumana i-viscoplastic deformations enkulu, liqokelele umonakalo, kunye nezivumelwano ("flattens") (5B ΠΈ 5C). Uxinzelelo olongezelelekileyo lubangela ibhande lokucheba elityeni, apho uninzi lwe-deformation yeplastiki kunye nomonakalo uqokelelana, ukrazula inxalenye yelitye, ukudibanisa ngqo ne-substrate (5D). Ukuqhekeka kwamatye anjalo kulo mzekelo kuhambelana nokuqwalaselwa kovavanyo (amaqhekeza aphukileyo 3B(i)). Ukunyanzeliswa kwakhona kubangela i-delamination phakathi kwamacwecwe njengoko izinto ezijongana nazo ziphantsi kwemithwalo edibeneyo, okubangela ukubola (i-delamination). Njengoko indawo yoqhagamshelwano isanda, uxinzelelo loqhagamshelwano luyanda, lubangela ukuqaliswa kokuqhekeka kunye nokusabalalisa kwi-interface (5B-5E). Ukulahleka kokubambelela phakathi kwamacwecwe kwandisa ukugoba okubangela ukuba i-plate yangaphandle ingabikho.
Ukukrwela kwandisa umonakalo wojongano, okukhokelela ekususweni kwe-wafer xa i-wafer iqhekeka (apho iintanda zishiya ujongano kwaye zingene kwi-wafer, 5G). Njengoko inkqubo iqhubeka, amaqhekeza epleyiti ayakhutshwa kwincam yezinyo (5H).
Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, imodeli iqikelela ngokuchanekileyo ukutshiza kuzo zombini iindawo zamatye kunye neepleyiti, ezo izazinzulu sele ziqaphele ngexesha lokuqwalaselwa (3B ΠΈ 5I).
Ukuze ufumane ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga nee-nuances zophononongo, ndincoma ukujonga ΠΈ kuye.
Ipilo
Lo msebenzi waphinda waqinisekisa ukuba indaleko yayingawathandi amazinyo abantu. Ngokunyanisekileyo, kwisifundo sabo, izazinzulu ziye zakwazi ukuhlolisisa ngokucacileyo kwaye zichaze indlela yokuzilola yamazinyo e-urchin yolwandle, esekelwe kwisakhiwo esingaqhelekanga sezinyo kunye nomthwalo ochanekileyo kuwo. Iipleyiti ezigubungela izinyo le-hedgehog zikhupha phantsi komthwalo othile, okunceda ukugcina izinyo libukhali. Kodwa oku akuthethi ukuba ii-urchins zaselwandle zinokutyumza amatye, kuba xa izikhombisi zomthwalo obalulekileyo zifikelelwa, ii-cracks kunye ne-chips zenza amazinyo. Kuvela ukuba umgaqo othi "unamandla, awudingi ubulumko" ngokuqinisekileyo awuyi kuzisa nayiphi na inzuzo.
Ubani usenokucinga ukuba ukufunda amazinyo abemi benzulwini yolwandle akuzisi nayiphi na ingenelo ebantwini, ngaphandle nje kokwanelisa ukufuna ukwazi kwabantu. Nangona kunjalo, ulwazi olufunyenwe kolu phando lunokusebenza njengesiseko sokudala iintlobo ezintsha zezinto eziza kuba neepropati ezifana namazinyo e-hedgehog - ukuxhathisa ukunxiba, ukuzilola kwinqanaba lezinto ngaphandle koncedo lwangaphandle, kunye nokuqina.
Nokuba kunjalo, indalo ifihla iimfihlo ezininzi ekusafuneka sizivezile. Ngaba ziya kuba luncedo? Mhlawumbi ewe, mhlawumbi akunjalo. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha, nakuphando oluntsonkothileyo, ngamanye amaxesha asiyondawo ekuyiwa kuyo ebalulekileyo, kodwa luhambo ngokwalo.
NgoLwesihlanu ukusuka phezulu:
Amahlathi amakhulu angaphantsi kwamanzi asebenza njengendawo yokuhlanganisana yeeurchins zaselwandle kunye nezinye izidalwa zaselwandle ezingaqhelekanga. (I-BBC Earth, ilizwi-ngaphezu kukaDavid Attenborough).
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