Kwiiprojekthi ezilishumi kwimarike yoshishino yaseRashiya namhlanje, zimbini kuphela ukwakhiwa olutsha, kwaye ezinye zihlobene nokwakhiwa ngokutsha okanye ukuphuculwa kwezinto ezikhoyo zemveliso.
Ukwenza nawuphi na umsebenzi woyilo, umthengi ukhetha ikontraki phakathi kweenkampani, ekunzima kakhulu ukuyithelekisa ngokulandelelana ngenxa yobuqili kodwa umahluko omkhulu kulwakhiwo kunye nentlangano yeenkqubo zangaphakathi. Amandla amabini amakhulu akhuphisanayo kwimarike yoyilo lwaseRashiya yimibutho yoyilo lwemveli kunye neenkampani zobunjineli ezenza uyilo njengomsebenzi ozimeleyo okanye njengenxalenye yeeprojekthi ezinzima, ezibandakanya ukwakhiwa, ukufakwa kunye nomsebenzi wokuthuma. Makhe sijonge ukuba zombini ezi ntlobo zeenkampani zakhiwe njani.
Abathathi-nxaxheba bemarike abaphambili
Ulwakhiwo olutsha lwamaziko amashishini luhlala lutyalo-mali olukhulu kunye nexesha elide lokubuyisela. Ngoko ke, nawuphi na umnini uhlala enomdla ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ubomi benkonzo yesibonelelo sakhe bude kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
Nangona kunjalo, ngeli xesha, ukuwohloka komzimba wezakhiwo, utshintsho kwimigangatho ekhoyo kwaye, kunokwenzeka ukuba, imfuneko yokwandisa umthamo wemveliso kunye nokwandisa ubuchule beteknoloji yeshishini ayinakuphepheka.
Ukwakhiwa kwakhona, ukuxhotyiswa kwakhona kwezobugcisa kunye nokuphuculwa kwanamhlanje kunokwandisa ubomi bemveliso kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwayo neengcamango zanamhlanje malunga nokusebenza kakuhle. Uyilo lweeprojekthi ezinjalo ngoku lufunwa kakhulu. Izizathu kukuba zifuna utyalo-mali oluncinci kakhulu kunolwakhiwo olutsha, kwaye zininzi iindawo zoshishino kwilizwe lethu ezineminyaka engaphezu kwama-20-30 ubudala (uninzi lwazo lwakhiwa ngexesha leSoviet).
Ngenxa yokuncipha kwenani leeprojekthi ezinkulu, ukubunjwa kwabathathi-nxaxheba kwiimarike zeenkonzo zoyilo kutshintshile.
Akunakwenzeka ngokwezoqoqosho ukuba amaziko oyilo abandakanyeke kwiiprojekthi ezinomthamo omncinci kwaye, ngenxa yoko, iindleko eziphantsi zomsebenzi. Ngoko ke, inani leprojekthi "iingxilimbela" liwile: eziseleyo zininzi ngamaziko esebe leenkampani ezinkulu (AK Transneft, Rosneft, Gazpromneft, RusHydro, njl.). Inani lemibutho yokuyila amancinci naphakathi kunye nabasebenzi abaqulunqi ukusuka kwi-5 ukuya kwii-30 iingcali ziye zanda.
Iinkampani zobunjineli zisanda kuthatha inxaxheba kwimarike. Ngokuqhelekileyo benza:
- uphononongo lokwenzeka kweprojekthi;
- ukucwangcisa ukuhamba kwemali, ukuqinisekiswa kwenkxaso-mali;
- ulawulo olupheleleyo lweprojekthi okanye iinxalenye zayo;
- uyilo, umfuziselo, uyilo;
- ukusebenza nababoneleli kunye neekontraka;
- ulungiselelo lwemisebenzi yokugunyazisa;
- ukubonelela ngezothutho;
- uphicotho, iilayisensi, njl.
Kubonakala ngathi ukhetho phakathi "kwenkampani yeokhestra" kunye nombutho onobuchule obumxinwa bucacile. Nangona kunjalo, ayizizo zonke ezilula.
Sivavanya umsebenzi - khetha umenzi
Iingxaki ezisonjululwe ngexesha lokwakhiwa ngokutsha kunye nezixhobo zobugcisa, njengomthetho, azifuni iqela elikhulu labaqulunqi, kodwa zifuna kakhulu kumdlali, onqanaba lakhe lobuchule kufuneka libe "ngaphezu komndilili".
Ingcali nganye yeqela kwiprojekthi enjalo kufuneka yazi indlela yokusebenza kwaye ibe namava oyilo abalulekileyo, iqonde itekhnoloji yofakelo kunye nolwakhiwo, ibe nombono obanzi malunga nezixhobo: yazi abavelisi kwintengiso kwaye baqonde iimpawu zezixhobo zabo malunga nokusebenza kunye nokusebenza. ukufaneleka okusebenzayo kwiziko elithile, ukuqina, ukugcinwa kunye, okubalulekileyo, iindleko.
Ukuba izigqibo ezenziwe ukufezekisa izibonakaliso zobugcisa kunye nokhuseleko zifuna ukutsala imali edlula uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali okanye izithintelo zabathengi, ngoko kunokwenzeka ukuba iprojekthi ayiyi kuphunyezwa. Ngaloo ndlela, kukho ithuba eliphezulu lokuba umsebenzi woyilo ohlawulwe ngumthengi uya kuphonswa kudoti, kwaye umsebenzi owabelwe awuyi kusonjululwa.
Yilapho okubizwa ngokuba "iiprojekthi ze-turnkey" ziza kuhlangula, xa enye ikontraki iqhuba wonke umsebenzi, ukusuka kwisifundo esinokwenzeka ukuya kugunyaziso lweziko lonke. Kule meko, iindleko eziphezulu zomsebenzi zixoxisana ngaphambi kokuba uyilo kunye namaxwebhu okusebenza agqitywe, ekubeni izixhobo zobugcisa kunye nezixhobo zokuvuselela, kunye nendlela efanelekileyo, kunokwenzeka ukubala iindleko zokwakha kunye nokusebenza ngaphandle kokuphuhlisa amaxwebhu okusebenza. .
I-classical methodology yoyilo / ukuphunyezwa kwesibonelelo, xa kukho iikontraki ezininzi - kuyilo, ukunikezelwa kwezixhobo, ukufakwa, kwimarike eguqukayo ngokukhawuleza yezixhobo, izixhobo kunye neendlela zokwakha, ayivumeli ukuqikelela ngokuchanekileyo iindleko zokwakha ngaphandle kokuphuhlisa ukusebenza. uxwebhu.
Xa kuziwa ekuhlaziyweni kunye neeprojekthi zexesha langoku, indlela yokuyila i-classic iphosakele: iiprojekthi zenziwa "ngokombono" ngaphandle kwenqanaba elifanelekileyo leenkcukacha, ezikhokelela ekunyuseni iindleko zeCAPEX kunye neeshedyuli zokwakha.
Iiprojekthi ze-EPC zifuna iqela elidibeneyo labaqulunqi abathi, ngaphezu kwezakhono zoyilo olusisiseko, bayakwazi ukwenza uphando lweenkqubo zobunjineli ezikhoyo, basebenze ngokusondeleyo kunye neenkonzo zabathengi kwinqanaba lokuqokelela idatha, ukuvunywa kwamaxwebhu asebenzayo, ukubeka iliso loyilo lokuphunyezwa), kwakunye nababoneleli bezixhobo ezisisiseko nezincedisayo, amasebe olungiselelo, amasebe emveliso kunye nobugcisa bamasebe ofakelo.
Oogxa bam kunye nam kwinkampani "βSizamile ukuthelekisa iindlela zemibutho yoyilo kunye neenkampani zobunjineli. Iziphumo zikule theyibhile ingezantsi.
| Umbutho weprojekthi | Inkampani yobunjineli |
|---|---|
| Ukuqulunqwa kweendleko zophuhliso loyilo kunye namaxwebhu okusebenza | |
| β Indlela yesalathiso yesiseko usebenzisa ingqokelela yamaxabiso asisiseko (BCP). β Indlela yobutyebi. Ithuba lokusebenzisa indlela yesiseko-yesalathisi silinganiselwe ukusombulula iingxaki ezingabalulekanga ezingenazo ii-analogu ezigqityiweyo ngaphambili. |
β Indlela yobutyebi. Ngelo xesha, inkampani yobunjineli kwiiprojekthi ze-EPC inethuba lokumisela iindleko zenqanaba loyilo kwiindleko ngokusebenzisa indlela edibeneyo. |
| Ukukhethwa kwezixhobo ezisetyenziswa kwiprojekthi | |
| - Yenziwe ngesiseko sezikhombisi zoyilo ezichazwe ngabavelisi. - Yenziwe ngabachwephesha abaqhelana neempawu zezixhobo, kodwa abanamava ekufakeni okanye ekusebenzeni kwayo. |
- Yenziwe ngesiseko sezikhombisi zoyilo ezichazwe ngabavelisi. Ukongeza koku: - ukhetho lwezixhobo lwenziwa ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni komenzi; ngelo xesha, inkampani yobunjineli ivavanya amandla okuvelisa kunye namava omthengisi, kwaye inezivumelwano zentsebenziswano kunye nenani labakhiqizi ababonelela "izinto ezilungileyo" ezongezelelweyo; - Amalungu eqela leprojekthi anamava asebenzayo ekufakeni / ekusebenzeni kwezixhobo, okubavumela ukuba banike uvavanyo lweengcali zezixhobo; - ukukhethwa kwezixhobo zenziwa ngokuthathela ingqalelo imigaqo kunye neemeko zokuhanjiswa; β iimfuno kunye nezithintelo ezinxulumene nomsebenzi wofakelo zithathelwa ingqalelo. |
| Ukuqulunqwa kweshedyuli yokwakha | |
| Ngenxa ye: - ukulandelelana kweteknoloji yomsebenzi; β Ubunzulu bomgangatho wabasebenzi beentlobo zemisebenzi egqitywe ngokuQokelelwa kwamaxabiso aSisiseko (SBC). |
- Ngokusekwe kulandelelwano lwetekhnoloji yomsebenzi. β Ixesha lezigaba lichongwa ngokusekelwe kuphuhliso lweprojekthi yomsebenzi lisebe lemveliso kunye nezobugcisa. β Ithathela ingqalelo ixesha βlokuvalwaβ okunokwenzeka/okucwangcisiweyo kofakelo okanye ukuveliswa. β Ithathela ingqalelo ixesha lokuhanjiswa kwezinto ezifunekayo kwindawo yokwakha. |
| Uluhlu olunokwenzeka lwemisebenzi ekufuneka isonjululwe ngexesha lokuphunyezwa kwento | |
| - Ukwenziwa koyilo kunye namaxwebhu okusebenza. - Inkxaso ngexesha lovavanyo loyilo kunye namaxwebhu okusebenza. β Ukongamela lombhali ngexesha lokwakha. |
- Uphononongo lokwenyani lweprojekthi. - Ukwenza uphando lweengcali kwiinkqubo ezikhoyo zobunjineli. - Ukwenziwa koyilo kunye namaxwebhu okusebenza. - Ukufumana iimeko zobugcisa eziyimfuneko kwimibutho yangaphandle yenethiwekhi. β Sebenza nababoneleli bezixhobo. - Inkxaso ngexesha lovavanyo loyilo kunye namaxwebhu okusebenza. β Ukongamela lombhali ngexesha lokwakha. -Imisebenzi yokumisela. β Ukubonelela ngezothutho. Uluhlu olubanzi lweenkampani zobunjineli zivumela umthengi ukunciphisa iindleko zokugcina iqela leprojekthi yangaphakathi enxibelelanisa kwaye ibeke iliso kwiikontraka ezikhethekileyo kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo okuphunyezwa. |
Ndimema abafundi beblogi ukuba babelane ngamagqabaza amava abo okusebenza kunye nemibutho yoyilo kunye neenkampani zobunjineli kwiindawo zoshishino kwaye bathathe uphando olufutshane.
Ngabasebenzisi ababhalisiweyo kuphela abanokuthatha inxaxheba kuphando. , ndiyacela.
1. Qikelela isabelo sezixhobo zobugcisa kunye neeprojekthi othe wathatha inxaxheba kuzo, xa kuthelekiswa nenani lilonke kule minyaka mi-5 idlulileyo:
-
ukuya kwi-30%
-
ukusuka kwi-30 ukuya kwi-60%
-
ngaphezulu kwe-60%
Bayi-3 abasebenzisi abavotileyo. Abasebenzisi abangama-1 abakhange.
2. Ukususela kumsebenzi wakho, yiyiphi i-avareji yexesha elabelwe ukuphuhliswa kwamaxwebhu okusebenza kwizibonelelo zobugcisa bokubuyisela izixhobo?
-
ngaphantsi kwe 3 iinyanga
-
ukusuka kwiinyanga ezingama-3 ukuya kwezingama-6
-
ngaphezu kweenyanga ezi-6
Bayi-3 abasebenzisi abavotileyo. Abasebenzisi abangama-1 abakhange.
3. Kweliphi inqanaba leprojekthi yokuxhotyiswa kwakhona kwezixhobo zobugcisa ekwenziwe isigqibo sokugqibela malunga nokuphunyezwa kwayo:
-
ekugqityweni kwenqanaba lophuhliso lophononongo olunokwenzeka
-
kwinqanaba lokutyikitya imiqathango yokusetyenziswa koMsebenzi woXwebhu
-
emva kokuphuhliswa kwamaxwebhu okusebenza kunye noqikelelo
-
emva kokuchonga ababoneleli bezixhobo eziphambili, ukuphuhlisa i-RD kunye noqikelelo lwamaxwebhu
Bayi-2 abasebenzisi abavotileyo. Abasebenzisi abangama-1 abakhange.
4. Sithini isabelo sezibonelelo zobugcisa zokubuyisela izixhobo eziphunyezwe phantsi kweskim seekhontrakthi ze-EPC, ngokumalunga nenani lilonke:
-
ukuya kwi-30%
-
30-60%
-
ngaphezulu kwe-60%
Bayi-2 abasebenzisi abavotileyo. Abasebenzisi abangama-1 abakhange.
5. Ngaba kwakukho imfuneko kwinqanaba lokuthengwa kwezixhobo, ukwakhiwa, ukufakela, kunye nomsebenzi wokuyalela ukuba kubandakanye umakhi wamaxwebhu asebenzayo ukuze enze iinguqulelo kuwo, avumelane ngokutenxa nokubeka iliso lomyili?
-
ewe, xa kuthengwa izixhobo
-
ewe, ngexesha lomsebenzi wokwakha kunye nokugunyazisa
-
ewe, xa kuthengwa izixhobo, xa uqhuba ukwakhiwa, ukufakela kunye nomsebenzi wokuyalela
-
hayi, ayifunwa
2 abasebenzisi bavoti. Abasebenzisi aba-2 abakhange.
umthombo: www.habr.com