Kukho into endixelelayo ukuba uninzi lwenu luhlala ezidolophini. Wazi kangakanani ngabo?

Kusefashonini ngoku ukuthetha ngezixeko njengeenkqubo eziphilayo, eziguqukayo. Le nto yaqala ngokudalwa kwethiyori yokuzilungelelanisa kweenkqubo - synergetics - ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20. Ngokwemigqaliselo yaso, isixeko sibizwa ngokuba “yinkqubo evulekileyo yokulahla izinto eziguquguqukayo”, kwaye umntu unokwakha imodeli yaso- "into ebonisa ukuxhomekeka kotshintsho lwefom ekutshintsheni umxholo" kwaye ichaze "uguquko lwesakhiwo lwangaphakathi oluthathela ingqalelo ukubakho kokuziphatha okungaqinisekanga. yenkqubo ngexesha.” Zonke ezi grafu, iitheyibhile kunye ne-algorithms zibangela ukusabela okuqhelekileyo kokuzikhusela kwi-numbness kumntu ongonakaliswayo. Kodwa asiyiyo yonke into engenathemba kangako.

Ngaphantsi kokusikwa kuya kubakho ii-analogies ezininzi ze-bionic eziya kukuvumela ukuba ujonge isixeko ngaphandle kwaye uqonde ukuba siphila njani, sikhula njani, sihamba, sigula kwaye sife. Ngoko ke masingachithi ixesha kwaye sifike phantsi ekunqunyulweni.

Ukongeza kwimathematika, ingqondo kunye neemodeli ezisesikweni, kukwakho ubuchule obunje ngokulinganisa, obusetyenziswe ngabantu amawaka amaninzi eminyaka kwaye izibonakalise kakuhle ukwenza lula ukuqonda. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukwenza uqikelelo olusekelwe kwi-analogies lishishini eliyingozi, kodwa kunokwenzeka ukulandelela amandla enkqubo: yonke inkqubo yokuzihlonipha inemithombo yamandla, iindlela zokuyidlulisela, amanqaku okusetyenziswa, i-vectors ukukhula, njalo njalo. . Iinzame zokuqala zokusebenzisa ingqikelelo ye-bionics kucwangciso lwedolophu ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1930s, kodwa zange bafumane phuhliso luninzi ngoko, kuba umzekeliso opheleleyo wesixeko kwindalo ephilayo awukho (ukuba bekukho, bekuya kuba nyani. engaqhelekanga). Kodwa imiba ethile ye "physiology" yesixeko inembalelwano elungileyo. Njengoko ndingathanda ukusincoma isixeko, ngokusisiseko siziphatha njengeseli enye, i-lichen, ikholoni ye-microorganisms, okanye isilwanyana esine-multicellular esiyinkimbinkimbi ngakumbi kunesiponji.

Abaqulunqi bezakhiwo bachonga ezininzi izakhiwo kunye neenkqubo ezisezantsi kwisakhiwo sesixeko, ngasinye sinegama laso, uninzi lwazo onokuthi udibene nalo, njengenkqubo yezothutho okanye ulwakhiwo lwesitokhwe sezindlu, kodwa abanye ongakhange uve ngabo, umzekelo, isakhelo esibonwayo okanye imephu yengqondo. Nangona kunjalo, into nganye inenjongo yayo ecacileyo yokusebenza.

Amathambo

Eyona nto yokuqala oya kuyifumana xa wenza i-anatomy nayiphi na indawo yokuhlala yisakhelo samathambo-amathambo kunye neendawo zokuhlangana. Oku kukunika imilo kunye nezikhokelo zophuhliso ukusuka kwiintsuku zokuqala. Iseli nganye inesakhelo; ngaphandle kwayo, akukho nkqubo inokucwangciswa ngokufanelekileyo, ngoko kuyavakala ukuba zombini i-metropolis kunye neyona lali iphantsi kakhulu inayo. Okokuqala, ezi zezona ndlela zingundoqo ezijoliswe kwiindawo zokuhlala ezisebumelwaneni. Isixeko siya kufuna ukunweba ecaleni kwabo, kwaye baya kuba yeyona migca izinzileyo kwiplani, engatshintshiyo kangangeenkulungwane. Okwesibini, i-skeleton ibandakanya imiqobo: imilambo, amachibi, imigxobhozo, imilambo kunye nezinye iziphazamiso zejografi eziyeka ukukhula, zicinezele indawo yokuhlala ekhulayo njengeqokobhe langaphandle. Kwelinye icala, yayizizo zinto kanye ezazihlala zisebenza njengokhuseleko kwiinqaba zezixeko zamaxesha aphakathi, kwaye amaqumrhu alawulayo ayetsalela kuwo, ukuze ezinye iindlela zoncedo ngesazela esicocekileyo zibizwe ngokuba ngamathambo okakayi afihle ingqondo.

Ukuba isethi yale parameters sele inikwe, kunokwenzeka ukuqikelela ukuma kokuhlaliswa kwixesha elizayo kunye nendlela umnatha weendlela ezincinci eziza kukhula ngayo, apho inyama kunye nezibilini ziya kukhula. Kwaye ukuba kwizixeko ezidala yonke into yayisebenza ngokwayo, ngoko ngamaxesha eSoviet, xa kusenziwa izicwangciso eziphambili zezixeko ezitsha, ababhali beeprojekthi kwafuneka basebenze ubuchopho babo, ukudibanisa (akusoloko kuphumelela) ukuthambekela kwendalo kunye nemiyalelo yeqela. ubunkokeli.

Yintoni onokuyifunda koku:

• I-skeleton kufuneka ihambelane, izinto ezintsha zihlala zidibanisa endala - ukuba isixeko sineengxaki ngokudibanisa kothungelwano lwendlela, kuya kuba neengxaki zokukhula kunye nokuzinza kwezoqoqosho.
• Izicubu ezijikelezileyo kwiindawo ezidibeneyo zinesakhiwo esinzima kunye nesikhethekileyo - iindlela zokuhlangana zesitrato zitsala urhwebo, iinkonzo, iindawo zothungelwano lwabahambi ngeenyawo kwaye, ngokuchaseneyo, "zicinezele" izindlu eziqhelekileyo.
• Into ephilayo enenani elikhulu lezinto zohlobo lwe "shell" mhlawumbi iyayeka ekuphuhliseni nasekukhuleni, okanye inyanzelekile ukuba ibatshabalalise - eyona nto iphambili ekuphuhliseni inani elikhulu lezixeko ziya kwelinye icala lomlambo okanye ukukhupha umgxobhozo, kwaye ukuba akukho zixhobo zaneleyo zeprojekthi ye-mega-project, isixeko singakwazi ukuhlala simile kangangeenkulungwane, ngaphandle kokunyusa ummandla waso kwaye ngaphandle kokwandisa ukubaluleka kwezoqoqosho;
• Kuyinzuzo ukubeka imithambo yegazi ephambili ecaleni kwezinto zamathambo, kuba zezona zihlala zihlala ixesha elide - iindlela kunye nezinto eziluncedo zitsalelana omnye komnye ngesizathu, kodwa ngaphezulu apha ngezantsi.

Inyama encinci

Inyama nayo i-muscle kunye namafutha, kwaye kwiiseli, i-cytoplasm yinto ejikeleze amathambo, eyenza ubuninzi bomzimba wesidalwa esiphilayo, iqokelele kwaye ikhuphe izibonelelo, iqinisekisa ukunyakaza kunye nokugqiba amandla onke. Kwisixeko, oku, ngokuqinisekileyo, yintoni abakhi bezakhiwo ababiza ngokuba "indwangu yasezidolophini", "i-infill" kunye namanye amagama anesithukuthezi: iibhloko eziqhelekileyo, ezininzi zokuhlala.

Kanye njengoko nasiphi na isidalwa sonyusa ubunzima baso nangaliphi na ithuba, ngoko isixeko, esinezixhobo eziphuculweyo, siqala ukutsala abantu abaninzi ngakumbi kwaye sakha iindawo ezintsha zokuhlala, nokuba asinakuhlala sibonelela aba “bafuduki bangaphakathi” ngomgangatho oqhelekileyo wokuphila kunye nomgangatho oqhelekileyo wokuphila kunye noluntu. umsebenzi. Iindawo ezisezantsi ziyathandeka, kodwa zingasebenzi - oku kunamafutha, kungangenwa kakuhle yimithambo yegazi kwaye iqulethe iiseli ezimbalwa eziluncedo emzimbeni.

Yintoni onokuyifunda koku:

• Izihlunu zivame ukusabalalisa ngokulinganayo kunye ne-skeleton; Ithambo elityebileyo linomaleko otyebileyo wezihlunu. Iindawo zokuhlala ziya kuziphatha ngendlela efanayo: kufutshane nohola wendlela ezinkulu ukuxinana kwabantu kuya kuba phezulu kunezinye ezikufutshane.
• Ukuba isihlunu asibonelelwanga kakuhle ngegazi, siyafa - iindawo ezinokufikeleleka ngokungahambi kakuhle kwezothutho zikhula ngokucothayo kunabanye, izindlu kuzo ziba nexabiso eliphantsi kwaye azilungiswanga, kwaye abantu bajongelwa phantsi ngokuthe ngcembe.
• Ukuba amaqhekeza amanqatha acudiswa macala onke ngezihlunu (kwaye iindawo ezindala ezisezantsi ziphezulu), sinokufumana "ukudumba", okuya kukhokelela ekunyamalaleni kolu hlobo lophuhliso (ke siqwalasele ukuba sinakho ngokulula. igcinwe okwexeshana lo mqulu), okanye ukuguqulwa kwendawo yonke ejikelezileyo ibe "ngumgulukudu" okanye ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo sibe yindawo ephakamileyo, enesango kunye nocingo olubiyelweyo - oku sele luhlobo lwe "cyst".
• Ukuba umzimba utyeba phezu komphezulu (kunye nesixeko esisecaleni komjikelezo), kuba nzima ukuba uthwale izicubu ezingasebenziyo, uyafuthanisela, imithambo yegazi iyanwenwa kwaye ivaleke ngamahlwili egazi, kwaye amalungu angaphakathi afumana umthwalo ongabalulekanga. ukusilela. Zonke izinto eziyolisayo zokuhlala kwe-suburbanization njengoko zinjalo: ukuxinana kwezithuthi, ukungakwazi ukufikelela ngokulula emsebenzini kunye neziseko zophuhliso, umthwalo kwiziseko zophuhliso oluphakathi uphezulu ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunokuba bekulindelwe, ukubuna kobudlelwane boluntu, njalo njalo.

Esi sixeko sikhula ngendlela ejikelezayo. Ngokukhawuleza kucacile ukuba yavela ngokwemvelo kwaye ayizange yakhiwe ukusuka ekuqaleni.

Inkqubo yokujikeleza

Yonke inkqubo ifuna izixhobo. Kwisixeko aba ngabantu, imithwalo, amanzi, amandla, ulwazi kunye nexesha. Inkqubo yokujikeleza ihambisa kwakhona izixhobo phakathi kwamalungu. Abantu kunye nemithwalo iphathwa yinkqubo yezothutho yesixeko, amandla kunye nolwazi luphathwa ngothungelwano lobunjineli. Ukuthutha amandla kumgama omde akusoloko kunenzuzo, ngoko ke izinto eziluhlaza zokuveliswa kwayo zinokuthuthwa, njengoko i-glucose ihanjiswa kwi-mitochondria.

Iinethiwekhi eziluncedo kuzo zonke iintlobo zidla ngokudityaniswa kunye nemithambo yezothutho ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi: okokuqala, zidityaniswe neendawo ezintsha ngexesha elinye kwaye kuyabiza ukwenza umsebenzi kwiindawo ezimbini ngexesha elinye; okwesibini, njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, esi siqithi sozinzo, "singcwatywe kwaye silibalekile," kwaye kusasa i-skyscraper ayiyi kukhula apha; okwesithathu, kukho ithuba lokugcina "kwigobolondo leenqanawa" ngokwakha izakhiwo zokukhusela kunye nobunjineli jikelele-abaqokeleli; okwesine, ukugcina indawo kwi-idents kubalulekile, kuba kukho imimandla kunye nezinto ezinokuthi zibe kufuphi, ngelixa ezinye ziyingozi omnye komnye.

Yintoni onokuyifunda koku:

• Iinqanawa ezibanzi zithwala igazi kumgama omde, ngoko kukho ukuxhathisa okuncinci, kodwa kwi-periphery bamasebe kwaye isantya siyancipha.
• Izihlunu zibonelelwa ngegazi ngokusebenzisa inethiwekhi yeenqanawa ezincinci, ukufana kokubonelela kubalulekile apha, kwaye ezinkulu ziya kwizitho ezibalulekileyo.
• Igazi alizisi kuphela izixhobo, kodwa lisusa inkunkuma, ngoko ke iinkqubo zogutyulo ziphantsi kwemithetho efanayo.
• Ukuba unxibelelwano olusisiseko sele lunikezelwe kwindawo, luqala ukukhula ngokukhawuleza nangokufanelekileyo. Ukukhula kwesixeko kwi-spiral kubanzi: isithili ngasinye esilandelayo sikufuphi neso sangaphambili kunye nezakhiwo ezindala; umsebenzi omkhulu awuqhelekanga uqhutywe kwiindawo ezimbini ngexesha elinye (kwizixeko ezikhulu zanamhlanje kunokubakho. "amanqaku okukhula" anjalo, umzekelo, kwinani lezithili, emva koko i-spiral ifunyenwe ingabonakali kangako).

Inkqubo ye-nervous

Inkqubo ye-nervous iqulethe i-nodes eyenza idatha kwaye ithumele iimpawu kunye neendlela zokuhambisa umqondiso. Ekubeni ulwazi lwethu luhamba phantsi kwekholamu "yezixhobo", oko kuthetha ukuba oku akukho konke malunga ne-Intanethi. Imalunga nolawulo. Kwaye ndineendaba ezibuhlungu kuwe: izixeko zizidalwa zamandulo, kwaye zilawulwa kakubi kakhulu. Izicwangciso eziqhelekileyo aziphunyezwanga, imeko yangempela ayihambelani nedatha yolawulo, iimpawu zokulawula zihlala zingafiki okanye ziqhutywe ngendlela engaqhelekanga, ukusabela kuyo nayiphi na inguqu ihlala ilibazisekile.

Kodwa ngaphandle kokulawula, kubi kwakhona ukuhlala kwiimeko eziguqukayo, ngoko ke isixeko sihlala sahlulahlulwe saba ziindawo ezilawulwa yi "ganglia" yendawo, enethuba lokulungisa into ethile kwaye ithintele imeko ukuba ifikelele esiphelweni (i-sacral "hind". ” Ubuchopho beedayinaso ezinkulu buqinisekisa ukuba buyasebenza). Ngaphezu koko, ukuba ulwahlulo lolawulo lwenziwe ngaphandle kokuqwalasela iinkcukacha ze-skeleton, izicubu ze-muscle kunye ne-circulatory system, umzimba uya kwenza kwaye uphuhlise ngendlela engaphantsi. Umzekelo ovela kubomi: umlambo wahlula isixeko kwiindawo ezisemantla nezisezantsi, kunye nezithili zolawulo kwiindawo ezisempuma nasentshona. Ngenxa yoko, sinolwahlulo kwiikota kunye nesidingo esiqhubekayo sokulungelelanisa izenzo phakathi kwabalawuli ababini.

Ngendlela, iRussian Federation ngoku idlula kwixesha elinzima lokutshintsha inkqubo ye "izicwangciso eziphambili", ezisebenza kakubi, kwinkqubo yezicwangciso eziguquguqukayo - "izicwangciso eziphambili", apho abantu abambalwa bade baqonde. kwenziwe ntoni. Ke ngoko, ibhola yam yekristale iqikelela: ungalindeli nokucwangciswa kwedolophu okuzinzileyo kunye nengqiqo kwiminyaka ezayo.

Yintoni onokuyifunda koku:

• Izixeko ezikhulu zenza umsebenzi ombi wokulungelelanisa iimfuno kunye nethemba leendawo ezihlala kuzo. Iimali zabiwa ngokungalinganiyo nangokungenangqiqo. Kucingelwa ukuba, isicwangciso esiyintloko siya kukwazi ukulwa nengxaki, “kodwa oku akuqinisekanga” (c).
• Izixeko ezinabemi abangaphezu kwamawaka angama-400 zaye zamkelwa njengeenkqubo zokuzilawula kumaxesha eSoviet, ke ukuba uhlala kwenye yezi, sukujonga nje ingqiqo kwizikali ezinkulu kuneekhilomitha ezimbalwa. Ukuphumeza iprojekthi echaphazela izithili ezininzi ngaxeshanye, iimali ezinkulu kunye nezixhobo zolawulo ezinamandla ziyafuneka, ukanti umntu uza kuyijija, kwaye ikhilomitha yokugqibela yendlela yokujikeleza iya kuthatha iminyaka elishumi ukwakha.
• Kwimimandla ekudibaneni kwezithili, zonke iintlobo zezinto ezingaqhelekanga zihlala zisenzeka; banokude “batshintshe” omnye komnye, ngokomzekelo, ngokwakha isakhiwo esikhulu apho kunokudlula indlela ebalulekileyo kwesinye isithili.

Esi sixeko sahlulwe kakuhle ngesiqingatha. Into ephambili kukuba ungabhidanisi njani.

Inkqubo yokugaya

Kwenzeka ntoni kwimithombo yobutyebi engena esixekweni? Ziye zicutshungulwe ngaphaya kokuqondwa okanye zicolile kwaye zisasazwe kuwo wonke umzimba usebenzisa inkqubo yokujikeleza. Kanye njengoko i-acids enamafutha esibindi iguqulwa ibe yi-acetoacetic acid, ininzi esetyenziswa ngaphandle kwesibindi, kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezicubu kunye namalungu, ngoko ukutya kunye nempahla evela kwiindawo zokugcina zihanjiswa kulo lonke isixeko. Kwii-industrial complexes, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zenguqu zenzeka, kodwa kwenzeka into efanayo kwiziphumo zabo: zisetyenziselwa ukugcina amandla obomi. Ayiyiyo yonke into eya ngqo kubahlali; kukho zombini amashishini okwakha kunye nezothutho ajolise ekukhuleni (anokuthelekiswa neprotein metabolism, kunye nempahla yemihla ngemihla - kwi-carbohydrate metabolism).

Yintoni onokuyifunda koku:

• Inkqubo yokugaya idibene kakhulu kunye nenkqubo yokukhupha kwaye ayikwazi ukusebenza ngaphandle kwayo.
• Imimandla yemizi-mveliso ifuna ubonelelo olukhulu lwezibonelelo (kubandakanywa nabantu) namandla. Imithambo emikhulu iyabiza, ngoko kusengqiqweni ukuyisebenzisela iinkqubo ezininzi ezifanayo. Oku kukhokelela ekuhlanganiseni ngokusekelwe kumgaqo wothutho.
• Ukurisayikilishwa kwezixhobo kudla ngokuba yinkqubo yenyathelo nenyathelo, kwaye imetabolite yenkqubo enye sisixhobo sokuqala kwenye. Oku kudala ukudityaniswa “kokudibanisa” kwamanqanaba alandelelanayo.
• Amalungu amakhulu axhunyiwe kumzimba kuphela kumanqaku ambalwa, ngoko ke kwezinye izicubu zisebenza njengezithintelo zokunikezelwa kwegazi. Oku kuchaza indawo ethile yeendawo zoshishino esixekweni. Izixeko ezingasasebenziyo kwinkqubo yazo zifuna "ukusebenza kwemingxuma" engxamisekileyo - ukususwa kwemimandla yemizi-mveliso kunye nokwenziwa ngokutsha kwemimandla. Ngendlela, iiprojekthi ezininzi ezizodwa zinxulunyaniswa nale nto kwizixeko ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Umzekelo, iBhritane ebambene ngenqindi yenze ulwakhiwo ngokutsha lwezibuko kunye neendawo zokugcina iimpahla eLondon phantsi komthi wokulungiselela iiOlimpiki.

inkqubo yokukhupha

Ngaphandle kogutyulo akukho mpucuko, wonke umntu uyayazi loo nto. Emzimbeni, amalungu amabini ahluza igazi kwizinto ezinobungozi: isibindi kunye nezintso (inani lezintso liyahluka phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo, ngoko asiyi kungena nzulu). Izintso zisusa ezingatshintshiyo ezinokuthi zikwazi, kwaye isibindi siguqula inkunkuma (ngamanye amaxesha ibe yi-metabolites eyingozi kakhulu). Amathumbu akhupha nje oovimba abangasetyenziswanga; kumzekeliso wethu, oku kukususwa kwenkunkuma eqinileyo kwindawo yokulahla inkunkuma. Inkqubo yogutyulo lusebenza njengezintso (ngaphandle kokuba uneetanki zemethane eziguqula inkunkuma ibe ngamandla). Amaziko okulungisa inkunkuma, izitshisi kunye neetanki zemethane zenza umsebenzi wesibindi.

Yintoni onokuyifunda koku:

• Inkunkuma esetyenzisiweyo inokuba yityhefu ngakumbi kunenkunkuma engalungiswanga, efana ne-methyl alcohol, ethi ixutywe yi-alcohol dehydrogenase esibindini ibe yi-formaldehyde kunye ne-formic acid. Molo, batshisi, ndiyanibona.
• Inkunkuma inokuba ngumthombo oxabisekileyo. Emva komsebenzi onzima womzimba, i-lactate, eyenziwe ngexesha le-anaerobic glycolysis kwimisipha ye-skeletal, ibuyela esibindi kwaye iguqulwa apho ibe yi-glucose, ephinda ingene kwiimisipha. Ukuba isixeko siqala ukuphinda sisebenzise inkunkuma yaso kwaye sisebenzise iimveliso ezisisiphumo ngaphakathi, oku kupholile kakhulu ngokumalunga nokugcinwa kwezinto ezikrwada nangokwemigaqo yolungiselelo.
• Ukusetyenzwa kakuhle kwenkunkuma kunye nokugcinwa kwayo kunokutyhefa ubomi beendawo zonke; khumbula uqhanqalazo oluchasene neendawo zokulahla inkunkuma, "ivumba" elivela kwiindawo zokuhluza kunye nezityalo zokutshisa inkunkuma, "amadabi" phakathi kwabahlali kunye neenkampani zolawulo malunga nokususwa kwenkunkuma eqinileyo. Ngokwemvelo, izindlu kwiindawo ezineengxaki ezinjalo ziya kuhla ngexabiso, ziguquke zibe yizindlu ezirentwayo, kwaye zitsale imivuzo ephantsi, abafundileyo kunye nabemi abahloniphekileyo, abaya kuwenza mandundu umfanekiso wabo. I-Ghettoization yinkqubo eneempendulo ezilungileyo, kwaye izinto ezihluke ngokupheleleyo zinokubangela.

Enyanisweni, eli nqaku aliphelelanga kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo alibangi ukuchaneka kwesayensi. Ndiza kuthetha ngokukhula kwezixeko, ukuhamba kwazo, izifo, ukugaywa kwendawo kunye nezinye "iinkqubo ze-physiological" ngelinye ixesha, ukuze ungafaki yonke into kwimfumba enye. Ukuba unento yokongeza okanye unemibuzo, ndilinde izimvo zakho. Enkosi ngokufunda, ndiyathemba ukuba bekungadika.

umthombo: www.habr.com