Omnye wemiceli mngeni yenzululwazi yexesha lethu iye yaba lugqatso lokudala ikhompyuter yokuqala eluncedo ye-quantum. Amawakawaka eengcali zefiziksi kunye neenjineli zithatha inxaxheba kuyo. IBM, Google, Alibaba, Microsoft kunye ne-Intel baphuhlisa iikhonsepthi zabo. Isixhobo sekhompyutha esinamandla siza kulitshintsha njani ihlabathi lethu, yaye kutheni sibalulekile nje?
Khawufane ucinge okomzuzwana: ikhompyutha ye-quantum epheleleyo yenziwe. Ibe yinto eqhelekileyo kunye nendalo yobomi bethu. Izibalo zamandulo kuthethwa ngazo kuphela esikolweni, kwizifundo zembali. Kwindawo enzulu kumagumbi angaphantsi abandayo, oomatshini abanamandla basebenza kwii-qubits ukunika amandla iirobhothi ezikrelekrele. Benza yonke imisebenzi eyingozi kwaye elula. Ukuhamba epakini, ujonga ngapha nangapha kwaye ubone zonke iintlobo zeerobhothi. Izidalwa ezingabantu zihamba nezinja, zithengisa i-ayisikrimu, zilungisa iingcingo zombane, kwaye zitshayela indawo. Ezinye iimodeli zithatha indawo yezilwanyana zasekhaya.
Sifumene ithuba lokutyhila zonke iimfihlo zeNdawo yonke kwaye sijonge ngaphakathi kwethu. Iyeza lifikelele kwinqanaba elitsha - amayeza avelisa izinto ezintsha ayaphuhliswa qho ngeveki. Singaqikelela kwaye siqinisekise ukuba zifumaneka phi izixhobo ezinqabileyo ezifana nerhasi neoyile. Ingxaki yokunyuka kobushushu bomhlaba iye yasonjululwa, iindlela zokonga umbane zalungiswa, yaye akusekho nokuxinana kweemoto ezixekweni. Ikhompyutheni ye-quantum ayilawuli kuphela zonke iimoto zerobhothi, kodwa iqinisekisa ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo: ibeka iliso kwimeko ezindleleni, ilungelelanise iindlela kwaye ithathe ulawulo kubaqhubi ukuba kuyimfuneko. Le yindlela yobudala be-quantum enokuthi ibonakale ngayo.
IQuantum Gold Rush
Amathemba okufaka isicelo ayamangalisa, yiyo loo nto utyalo-mali kuphuhliso lomyinge lukhula minyaka le. Imakethi yehlabathi ye-quantum computing ixabisa i-81,6 yezigidi zeedola ngo-2018. Iingcali ze-Market.us ziqikelela ukuba ngo-2026 iya kufikelela kwi-381,6 yezigidi zeedola. Oko kukuthi, iya kunyuka ngomndilili we-21,26% ngonyaka ukusuka ngo-2019 ukuya ku-2026.
Oku kukhula kukhuthazwa kukusetyenziswa okukhulayo kwe-quantum cryptography kwizicelo zokhuseleko kwaye kuqhutywa lutyalo-mali oluvela kubachaphazelekayo bemarike ye-quantum computing. Ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, abatyali-zimali babucala babexhase ngemali ubuncinci iinkampani zetekhnoloji ye-quantum ye-52 kwihlabathi liphela, ngokutsho kohlalutyo lwejenali yesayensi yeNdalo. Abadlali abakhulu abanje nge-IBM, uGoogle, iAlibaba, iMicrosoft, iIntel, kunye neD-Wave Systems bayasokola ukwenza ikhompyuter yequantum esebenzayo.
Ewe, ngokude nje ukuba imali egeleza kule ndawo unyaka ngamnye imele intlawulo encinci (xa kuthelekiswa ne-2018 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwi-AI yotyalo-mali kwi-9,3). Kodwa la manani abalulekile kwishishini elingekavuthwa elingekaqhayisi ngezalathi zokusebenza.
Ukusombulula iingxaki ze-quantum
Kufuneka uqonde ukuba namhlanje iteknoloji isebuncinaneni bayo. Kwakunokwenzeka ukwenza iiprototypes kuphela zoomatshini be-quantum kunye neenkqubo zovavanyo olulodwa. Bayakwazi ukuphumeza i-algorithms esisigxina yobunzima obuphantsi. Ikhomputha yokuqala ye-2-qubit yenziwe kwi-1998, kwaye yathatha uluntu iminyaka eyi-21 ukuzisa izixhobo kumgangatho ofanelekileyo, okubizwa ngokuba yi "quantum supremacy". Eli gama layilwa ngunjingalwazi waseCaltech uJohn Preskill. Kwaye kuthetha ukukwazi kwezixhobo zequantum ukusombulula iingxaki ngokukhawuleza kuneyona khomputha inamandla yeklasiki.
Impumelelo kule ndawo yenziwe yinkampani yaseCalifornian Google. NgoSeptemba ka-2019, iqumrhu labhengeza ukuba isixhobo sayo se-Sycamore se-53-qubit sigqibe ukubala ngemizuzwana engama-200 esiya kuthatha i-supercomputer ye-state-of-the-art iminyaka eyi-10 ukugqiba. Le ngxelo yabangela impikiswano enkulu. I-IBM ayivumelani ngokuthe ngqo nezibalo ezinjalo. Kwibhlog yayo, inkampani ibhale ukuba iNgqungquthela yayo enkulu iya kujongana nalo msebenzi ngeentsuku ezi-000. Kwaye konke okufunekayo kukunyusa umthamo wokugcina idisk. Nangona eneneni umahluko ubungemkhulu kangako, uGoogle ngenene wayengowokuqala ukufezekisa βubungangamela bequantum.β Kwaye le yimbali ebalulekileyo kuphando lwekhompyuter. Kodwa akukho okunye. I-Sycamore's feat yenzelwe iinjongo zokubonisa kuphela. Ayinamsebenzi osebenzayo kwaye ayinamsebenzi ekusombululeni iingxaki zangempela.
Ingxaki ephambili yi-hardware. Ngelixa amasuntswana okubalayo anexabiso le-0 okanye i-1, kwihlabathi elingaqhelekanga le-quantum, ii-qubits zinokuba kuwo omabini la mazwe ngaxeshanye. Le propati ibizwa ngokuba yi-superposition. IiQubits zifana neentloko ezijikelezayo: zijikeleza zombini ngasekunene nangasekhohlo, zisehla zinyuka. Ukuba ufumanisa oku kudidayo, ngoko ukwinkampani enkulu. URichard Feynman wakhe wathi, "Ukuba ucinga ukuba uyabuqonda ubuchwephesha be-quantum, awuyiqondi." Amazwi akhaliphileyo aphuma kwindoda ephumelele iBhaso leNobel ye... quantum mechanics.
Ke, i-qubits ayizinzile kakhulu kwaye ixhomekeke kwiimpembelelo zangaphandle. Imoto edlulayo phantsi kweefestile zebhubhoratri, ingxolo yangaphakathi yenkqubo yokupholisa, i-particle flying cosmic - naluphi na ukuphazamiseka okungahleliwe, nayiphi na intsebenziswano iphazamisa ukuvumelanisa kwabo kwaye i-decohere. Oku kuyingozi kwikhompyutha.
Umbuzo obalulekileyo wokuphuhliswa kwe-quantum computing yiyiphi isisombululo se-hardware esivela kuninzi oluhlolisisiweyo luya kuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwee-qubits. Nabani na osombulula ingxaki yokubambisana kwaye enze iikhomputha ze-quantum ziqheleke njenge-GPUs ziya kuphumelela iNobel Prize kwaye zibe ngumntu osisityebi emhlabeni.
Indlela eya kwintengiso
Ngo-2011, inkampani yaseKhanada iD-Wave Systems Inc. yaba ngowokuqala ukuthengisa iikhompyutha zequantum, nangona uncedo lwazo lulinganiselwe kwiingxaki ezithile zemathematika. Kwaye kwiinyanga ezizayo, izigidi zabaphuhlisi ziya kukwazi ukuqala ukusebenzisa iiprosesa ze-quantum ngelifu - i-IBM ithembisa ukubonelela ngokufikelela kwisixhobo sayo se-53-qubit. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iinkampani ezingama-20 zifumene eli lungelo phantsi kwenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yiQ Network. Phakathi kwabo kukho umenzi wezixhobo ze-Samsung Electronics, ii-automakers i-Honda Motor kunye ne-Daimler, iinkampani zeekhemikhali i-JSR kunye ne-Nagase, iibhanki ze-JPMorgan Chase & Co. kunye neBarclays.
Uninzi lweenkampani ezizama ukusebenzisa i-quantum computing namhlanje ziyibona njengenxalenye yekamva. Umsebenzi wabo ophambili ngoku kukufumanisa ukuba yintoni esebenzayo kwi-quantum computing kwaye yintoni engasebenziyo. Kwaye ulungele ukuba ngowokuqala ukwazisa itekhnoloji kwishishini xa sele ilungile.
Imibutho yezothutho. I-Volkswagen, kunye ne-D-Wave, iphuhlisa isicelo se-quantum - inkqubo yokulawula i-traffic. Le nkqubo intsha iza kwenza ukuba imibutho yezothutho lukawonke-wonke kunye neenkampani zeeteksi kwizixeko ezikhulu zisebenzise izithuthi zazo ngokufanelekileyo kwaye zinciphise ixesha lokulinda abakhweli.
Icandelo lamandla. I-ExxonMobil kunye ne-IBM zikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwe-quantum computing kwicandelo lamandla. Bagxile ekuphuhliseni uluhlu lweteknoloji entsha yamandla, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse. Ubungakanani kunye nobunzima bemicelimngeni elijongene nayo icandelo lezamandla lingaphaya kwemida yeekhompyuter zanamhlanje kwaye zikulungele kakuhle ukuvavanywa kwii-quantum.
Iinkampani zamachiza. I-Accenture Labs isebenzisana ne-1QBit, inkampani ye-software ye-quantum. Kwiinyanga nje ze-2, bahamba besuka kuphando ukuya kubungqina-besebenzisa isicelo sokwenza imodeli yentsebenziswano enzima yeemolekyuli kumanqanaba e-athomu. Ngombulelo kumandla e-quantum computing, ngoku kunokwenzeka ukuhlalutya iimolekyuli ezinkulu. Oku kuya kunika ntoni uluntu? Amachiza amatsha aneziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezincinci.
Icandelo lezemali. Ubuchwephesha obusekwe kwimigaqo yethiyori ye-quantum buya kutsala umdla weebhanki. Banomdla wokucubungula ukuthengiselana, urhwebo kunye nezinye iintlobo zedatha ngokukhawuleza. I-Barclays kunye no-JP Morgan Chase (kunye ne-IBM), kunye ne-NatWest (kunye ne-Fujitsu) sele beqhuba iimvavanyo zabo ekuphuhlisweni kwesoftware ekhethekileyo.
Ukwamkelwa ngamaqumrhu amakhulu kangaka kunye nokuvela koovulindlela be-quantum abasakhulayo kuthetha lukhulu malunga nokwenziwa kwezorhwebo kwe-quantum. Sele sibona i-quantum computing isetyenziswa kwiingxaki zehlabathi lokwenyani, ukusuka ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla ukuya ekuphuculeni iindlela zezithuthi. Kwaye okubalulekileyo, ixabiso letekhnoloji liya kwanda njengoko likhula.
umthombo: www.habr.com