Indlela yokuxhathisa oorhulumente abagunyazisiweyo kwi-Intanethi
Ngaba siyacima? Owasetyhini kwi-intanethi ye-intanethi yaseBeijing, ngoJulayi ka-2011
Im Chi Yin/The New York Times/Redux
Hmmm, kusafuneka nditshayelele le "ngenqaku lomguquleli." Umbhalo ofunyenweyo wabonakala unomdla kwaye unempikiswano kum. Ekuphela kokuhlelwa kokubhaliweyo kubhalwe ngqindilili. Ndizivumele ukuba ndibonise isimo sam sobuqu kwiithegi.
Ixesha le-Intanethi lalizele ngamathemba aphakamileyo. Oorhulumente bolawulo-melo, abajongene nokukhetha ukuba yinxalenye yenkqubo entsha yonxibelelwano lwehlabathi okanye ukushiywa ngasemva, baya kukhetha ukujoyina. Ukuxoxa ngakumbi ngeendondo ezinemibala eqaqambileyo: ukuhamba kolwazi olutsha kunye neengcinga ezivela “kwilizwe langaphandle” kuyakutyhalela phambili uphuhliso olusingise elubala kwezoqoqosho kunye nenkululeko yezopolitiko. Enyanisweni, kwenzeka okwahluke ngokupheleleyo koko. Endaweni yokusasaza iinqobo zedemokhrasi kunye neenjongo zenkululeko, i-Intanethi ibe sisiseko sobuntlola ngamazwe anegunya kwihlabathi liphela. Ulawulo eTshayina, eRashiya, njl. basebenzise iziseko ezingundoqo ze-Intanethi ukwakha uthungelwano lwabo lwesizwe. Kwangaxeshanye, baye babeka imiqobo yobugcisa neyomthetho ukuze bakwazi ukukhawulela ukufikelela kwabemi babo kwimithombo ethile nokwenza kube nzima kwiinkampani zaseNtshona ukufikelela kwiimarike zazo zedijithali.
Kodwa ngelixa iWashington kunye neBrussels bekhala beceba ukwahlula i-Intanethi, into yokugqibela iBeijing kunye neMoscow bafuna ukuvalelwa kwiinethiwekhi zabo kwaye banqunyulwe kwi-Intanethi yehlabathi. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, badinga ukufikelela kwi-Intanethi ukuze babambe ubunini bengqondo, basasaze ipropaganda, baphazamise unyulo kwamanye amazwe, kwaye bakwazi ukusongela iziseko ezingundoqo kumazwe akhuphisanayo. I-China kunye neRussia bangathanda ukwenza i-Intanethi ngokutsha- ngokweepateni zabo kwaye banyanzelise umhlaba ukuba udlale ngemithetho yabo yengcinezelo. Kodwa baye basilela ukwenza oko-endaweni yoko, baye baqinisa iinzame zabo zokulawula ngokungqongqo ukufikelela kwangaphandle kwiimarike zabo, ukunciphisa amandla abo abemi bokufikelela kwi-Intanethi, kunye nokuxhaphaza ubuthathaka obuza ngokungenakuthintelwa inkululeko yedijithali kunye nokuvuleleka kweNtshona.
I-United States kunye namahlakani ayo kunye namaqabane kufuneka bayeke ukuzikhathaza ngomngcipheko wolawulo olugunyazisiweyo oluqhekeza i-Intanethi. Kunoko kufuneka yahlule ngokwakho, ukudala ibhloko yedijithali apho ulwazi, iinkonzo kunye neemveliso zinokuhamba ngokukhululekileyo, ngaphandle kwamazwe angayihloniphiyo inkululeko yokuthetha okanye amalungelo abucala, abandakanyeka kwizinto ezivukelayo, okanye abonelele ngeendawo ezikhuselekileyo kubaphuli-mthetho be-intanethi. Kwinkqubo enjalo, amazwe amkela ingcamango ye-intanethi ekhululekile kwaye ethembekileyo iya kugcina kwaye yandise izibonelelo zoqhagamshelwano, kwaye amazwe achasene nombono akayi kukwazi ukuwonakalisa. Injongo kufuneka ibe inguqulelo yedijithali yesivumelwano seSchengen, ekhusela ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo kwabantu, iimpahla kunye neenkonzo eYurophu. Amazwe angama-26 eSchengen ahambelana nale mithetho kunye neendlela zokunyanzelisa; amazwe angabodwa.
Ezi ntlobo zezivumelwano zibalulekile ekugcineni i-Intanethi esimahla nevulekileyo. IWashington kufuneka yenze umfelandawonye odibanisa abasebenzisi be-intanethi, amashishini kunye namazwe ajikeleze ixabiso ledemokhrasi, intlonipho yomthetho kunye norhwebo lwedijithali olufanelekileyo: I-Intanethi ye-Intanethi yasimahla. Endaweni yokuvumela amazwe angabelani ngezi xabiso ukufikelela okungathintelwanga kwi-Intanethi nakwiimarike zedijithali zaseNtshona kunye netekhnoloji, umfelandawonye okhokelwa yi-US kufuneka usete iimeko apho abangengawo amalungu banokuhlala beqhagamshelwe kwaye babeke imiqobo ethintela idatha yexabiso. basenokuzuza, nokwenzakala kwabo. Iligi ayisayi kuphakamisa umkhusane wentsimbi yedijithali; ubuncinane ekuqaleni, i-intanethi eninzi ye-intanethi iya kuqhubeka idluliswa phakathi kwamalungu ayo kunye "ngaphandle", kwaye i-ligi iya kubeka phambili iinkampani ezithintelayo kunye nemibutho eyenza kwaye iququzelele i-cybercrime, kunokuba amazwe onke. Oorhulumente abamkela ubukhulu becala umbono we-Intanethi evulelekileyo, enyamezelayo, nenedemokhrasi baya kukhuthazwa ukuba baphucule iinzame zabo zokunyanzelisa ukuzibandakanya nombutho kunye nokubonelela ngoqhagamshelwano oluthembekileyo kumashishini nabemi babo. Ngokuqinisekileyo, oorhulumente abanegunya e-China, eRashiya nakwezinye iindawo banokuqhubeka bewugatya lo mbono. Endaweni yokucenga nokucenga oorhulumente abanjalo ukuba baziphathe, ngoku kuxhomekeke kwi-United States namahlakani ayo ukubeka umthetho: ukulandela imigaqo okanye ukunqunyulwa.
Ukuphela kwamaphupha e-Intanethi ngaphandle kwemida
Xa urhulumente ka-Obama wayekhupha iSicwangciso-qhinga se-Cyberspace samazwe ngamazwe ngo-2011, wayenombono we-Intanethi yehlabathi eya “kuvuleka, ukusebenzisana, ukukhuseleka nokuthenjwa.” Kwangaxeshanye, iTshayina kunye neRussia zanyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho yazo kwi-Intanethi. UBeijing, umzekelo, wayefuna nakuphi na ukugxekwa kukarhulumente waseTshayina okungekho semthethweni ngaphakathi kweTshayina ukuba kuthintelwe kwiiwebhusayithi zase-US. IMoscow, yona icala layo, iye yafuna ngobuchule ukulingana kwezivumelwano zolawulo lwezixhobo kwi-cyberpace ngelixa ngaxeshanye isenza uhlaselo olukhubekisayo lwe-cyber. Ngexesha elide, i-China ne-Russia zingathanda ukwenza impembelelo kwi-Intanethi yehlabathi. Kodwa babona ixabiso elikhulu ekwakheni uthungelwano lwabo oluvaliweyo kunye nokusebenzisa ukuvuleka kweNtshona ukuze kuzuze bona.
Isicwangciso sika-Obama silumkise ukuba "enye indlela yokuvuleleka kwehlabathi kunye nokusebenzisana yi-Intanethi eqhekezayo, apho inxalenye enkulu yabemi behlabathi iya kwalelwa ukufikelela kwizicelo ezintsonkothileyo kunye nomxholo oxabisekileyo ngenxa yeminqweno yezopolitiko yamazwe ambalwa." Ngaphandle kweenzame zaseWashington zokuthintela esi siphumo, yile nto kanye sifike kuyo ngoku. Kwaye ulawulo lukaTrump lwenze okuncinci kakhulu ukutshintsha iqhinga lase-US. Iqhinga likaMongameli uDonald Trump likaZwelonke le-Cyber Strategy, elikhutshwe ngoSeptemba 2018, libiza "i-intanethi evulekileyo, esebenzisanayo, ethembekileyo nekhuselekileyo," echaza i-mantra yeqhinga likaMongameli uBarack Obama, ngamanye amaxesha etshintshana amagama "ukhuselekile" kunye "nokuthenjwa."
Isicwangciso sikaTrump sisekelwe kwimfuno yokwandisa inkululeko ye-Intanethi, echaza "ukusetyenziswa kwamalungelo oluntu kunye nenkululeko esisiseko kwi-intanethi, njengenkululeko yokuthetha, ukudibanisa, indibano enoxolo, inkolo okanye inkolelo, kunye nelungelo lobumfihlo kwi-intanethi." Ngelixa oku kuyinjongo efanelekileyo, iyayibetha ngoyaba inyaniso yokuba kumazwe amaninzi apho abemi bangonwabi la malungelo ngaphandle kweintanethi, ngakumbi kwi-intanethi, i-Intanethi ayiseyondawo ekhuselekileyo, kodwa isisixhobo socinezelo. Abalawuli baseTshayina nakwamanye amazwe basebenzisa ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa ukubanceda ukuba babeke iliso ngakumbi abantu babo kwaye baye bafunda ukudibanisa iikhamera zokucupha, ukuthengiselana ngemali kunye neenkqubo zothutho ukwenza uvimba weenkcukacha omkhulu wolwazi malunga nemisebenzi yabemi ngabanye. Umkhosi waseTshayina ozizigidi ezibini ze-intanethi uqeqeshelwa ukuqokelela idatha ukuze ifakwe kwinkqubo yokubala ecwangcisiweyo. "iikhredithi zentlalo", eya kukuvumela ukuba uvavanye umhlali ngamnye waseTshayina kwaye unikeze umvuzo kunye nesohlwayo ngenxa yezenzo ezithathwe kwi-intanethi kunye ne-intanethi. I-Firewall yaseTshayina ebizwa ngokuba yiGreat Firewall, ethintela abantu beli lizwe ekubeni bafikelele kwizinto ezikwi-Intanethi ezibonwa liQela lamaKomanisi laseTshayina njengelingafanelekanga, iye yaba ngumzekelo kwabanye oorhulumente abangoozwilakhe. Ngokutsho kweNkululeko House, amagosa aseTshayina aqhube uqeqesho ekuphuhliseni iinkqubo zokujonga i-Intanethi kunye nabalingane kumazwe angama-36. I-China iye yanceda ukwakha uthungelwano olunjalo kumazwe ali-18.
Ngaphandle kweofisi kaGoogle eBeijing kusuku emva kokuba inkampani ibhengeze izicwangciso zokuyishiya imarike yaseTshayina, ngoJanuwari 2010
Gilles Sabrie / The New York Times / Redux
Ukusebenzisa amanani njengesiqhelo
I-United States namahlakani ayo inokuwunciphisa njani umonakalo onokwenziwa ngoorhulumente abangoozwilakhe kwi-Intanethi kwaye ithintele abo rhulumente ekusebenziseni amandla e-Intanethi ukucinezela abantu abaphikisayo? Kukho iziphakamiso zokuyalela i-World Trade Organisation okanye i-UN ukuseka imithetho ecacileyo yokuqinisekisa ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo kolwazi kunye neenkcukacha. Kodwa naliphi na icebo elinjalo beliya kuba lifile, ekubeni ukuze lifumane imvume kwakuya kufuneka lifumane inkxaso kwaloo mazwe lalijolise kuzo izenzo zawo ezimbi. Kuphela ngokudala ibhloko yamazwe apho idatha ingadluliswa khona, kwaye ngokukhanyela ukufikelela kwamanye amazwe, amazwe aseNtshona anokuthi abe naluphi na ulungelelwaniso lokutshintsha ukuziphatha kwabantu ababi be-Intanethi.
Ummandla weSchengen waseYurophu ubonelela ngemodeli esebenzayo apho abantu kunye neempahla zihamba ngokukhululekileyo, ngaphandle kokuhamba ngezithethe kunye nolawulo lokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe. Akuba nje umntu engene kulo mmandla esebenzisa umda welizwe elithile, unokungena kulo naliphi na elinye ilizwe ngaphandle kokungena kwamanye amasiko okanye iitshekhi zokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe. (Kukho izinto ezingaphandle, kwaye inani lamazwe lazisa iitshekhi zemida ezilinganiselweyo emva kwengxaki yabafuduki ngo-2015.) Isivumelwano sokuseka ummandla saba yinxalenye yomthetho we-EU ngo-1999; amazwe angengawo e-EU i-Iceland, iLiechtenstein, iNorway neSwitzerland ekugqibeleni yajoyina. Isivumelwano asibandakanyi i-Ireland kunye ne-UK ngesicelo sabo.
Ukujoyina indawo yeSchengen kubandakanya iimfuno ezintathu ezinokusebenza njengomzekelo wesivumelwano sedijithali. Okokuqala, amazwe angamalungu kufuneka akhuphe ii-visa ezifanayo kwaye aqinisekise ukhuseleko oluluqilima kwimida yawo yangaphandle. Okwesibini, kufuneka babonise ukuba bayakwazi ukulungelelanisa izenzo zabo kunye nee-arhente zokunyanzelisa umthetho kwamanye amazwe angamalungu. Kwaye okwesithathu, kufuneka basebenzise inkqubo eqhelekileyo yokulandelela ukungena kunye nokuphuma kwindawo. Esi sivumelwano simisela imithetho elawula uphononongo olunqumla imida kunye neemeko apho abasemagunyeni banokulandela abarhanelwa ngokusukelana nemida. Ikwavumela ukuthunyelwa kwabarhanelwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu.
Isivumelwano sidala inkuthazo ecacileyo yentsebenziswano kunye nokuvuleleka. Naliphi na ilizwe laseYurophu elifuna abemi balo babe nelungelo lokuhamba, ukusebenza okanye ukuhlala naphi na kwi-EU kufuneka bazise ulawulo lwemida yalo ngokuhambelana nemigangatho yeSchengen. Amalungu amane e-EU - iBulgaria, iCroatia, iCyprus kunye neRomania - awazange avunyelwe ukuba angene kummandla we-Schengen ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokuba ayengayifikeleli le migangatho. IBulgaria kunye neRomania, nangona kunjalo, bakwinkqubo yokuphucula ulawulo lwemida ukuze bakwazi ukujoyina. Ngamanye amazwi, inkuthazo iyasebenza.
Kodwa ezi ntlobo zenkuthazo zilahlekile kuzo zonke iinzame zokumanyanisa uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe ukulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho lwe-cyber, ubuntlola bezoqoqosho kunye nezinye iingxaki zexesha ledijithali. Eyona nzame iphumeleleyo, iCouncil of Europe Convention on Cybercrime (ekwaziwa ngokuba yiBudapest Convention), ichaza onke amanyathelo afanelekileyo ekufuneka amazwe ewathathile ukulwa ulwaphulo-mthetho kwikhompyutha. Ibonelela ngemithetho eyimodeli, iindlela zolungelelwaniso eziphuculweyo kunye neenkqubo ezilula zokuthumela kwamanye amazwe. Amazwe angamashumi amathandathu ananye aye asamkele isivumelwano. Nangona kunjalo, kunzima ukufumana abakhuseli beNgqungquthela yeBudapest ngenxa yokuba ayisebenzanga: ayiboneleli nayiphi na inzuzo yokwenene yokujoyina okanye nayiphi na imiphumo yokwenyani yokungaphumeleli ukuthobela izibophelelo ezidala.
Ukuze i-Intanethi ye-Intanethi isebenze, lo mgibe kufuneka uthintelwe. Eyona ndlela isebenzayo yokuzisa amazwe ekuthotyelweni kweligi kuku ukoyikisa ngokwala iimveliso kunye neenkonzo Iinkampani ezinjengeAmazon, Facebook, Google kunye neMicrosoft, kwaye zivimba ukufikelela kweenkampani zabo kwizipaji ezingamakhulu ezigidi zabathengi e-US naseYurophu. I-League ayisayi kuvala yonke i-traffic kubantu abangengawo amalungu - njengokuba ummandla we-Schengen ungavaleli zonke iimpahla kunye neenkonzo ezivela kubantu abangengawo amalungu. Kwelinye icala, ukukwazi ukuhluza ngokunentsingiselo zonke iitrafikhi ezinobungozi kwinqanaba lesizwe kungaphaya kokufikelela kubuchwephesha namhlanje. Ngaphezu koko, oku kuya kufuna ukuba oorhulumente bakwazi ukucazulula i-traffic traffic, enokwenza umonakalo omkhulu kukhuseleko kunokuba incede kwaye iya kwaphula ubumfihlo kunye nenkululeko yoluntu. Kodwa iligi iya kuthintela iimveliso kunye neenkonzo ezivela kwiinkampani kunye nemibutho eyaziwa ngokuququzelela ulwaphulo-mthetho kumazwe angengawo amalungu, kunye nokuthintela ukugcwala kwabantu ababonelela ngenkonzo ye-Intanethi kumazwe angengawo amalungu.
Ngokomzekelo, khawufane ucinge ukuba i-Ukraine, indawo ekhuselekileyo eyaziwayo yabenzi bobuchwephesha be-cybercriminals, yasongelwa ngokuyeka ukufikelela kwiinkonzo apho abemi bayo, iinkampani kunye norhulumente sele beqhelene nazo, kwaye apho uphuhliso lwayo lwezobuchwepheshe lunokuxhomekeka kakhulu. Urhulumente wase-Ukraine uza kujongana nenkuthazo eyomeleleyo yokuba ekugqibeleni athathe amanyathelo aqatha ngokuchasene nolwaphulo-mthetho lwe-cyber olwenzekile ngaphakathi kwemida yelizwe. Amanyathelo anjalo awanamsebenzi ngokuchasene neTshayina neRussia: emva kwayo yonke loo nto, iQela lamaKomanisi laseTshayina kunye neKremlin sele lenze konke okusemandleni ukunqumla abemi balo kwi-Intanethi yehlabathi. Nangona kunjalo, injongo yeFree Internet League ayikokutshintsha indlela yokuziphatha kwabahlaseli "abanjalo", kodwa ukunciphisa umonakalo abawubangelayo kunye nokukhuthaza amazwe afana ne-Ukraine, iBrazil, ne-Indiya ukuba enze inkqubela ekulweni nolwaphulo-mthetho lwe-cyber.
Ukugcina i-Intanethi isimahla
Umgaqo wokusekwa kweligi iya kuba kukuxhasa inkululeko yokuthetha kwi-Intanethi. Amalungu, nangona kunjalo, aya kuvunyelwa ukuba enze okunxaxhileyo ngokwemeko nganye. Umzekelo, ngelixa i-US ingazukunyanzelwa ukuba yamkele izithintelo ze-EU kwintetho yasimahla, iinkampani zase-US kuya kufuneka zenze iinzame ezifanelekileyo zokungathengisi okanye ukubonisa umxholo owalelweyo kubasebenzisi be-Intanethi eYurophu. Le ndlela iza kuyigcina ubukhulu becala imeko ikhoyo. Kodwa iyakunyanzela amazwe aseNtshona ukuba enze ngokusesikweni umsebenzi wokuthintela amazwe afana neTshayina ekulandeleni umbono we-Orwellian "wokhuseleko lolwazi" ngokunyanzelisa ukuba iindlela ezithile zokuthetha zibeke isoyikiso kukhuseleko lwesizwe kubo. Umzekelo, iBeijing ihlala icela abanye oorhulumente ukuba basuse umxholo ogcinwe kwiiseva kwindawo yabo egxeka urhulumente waseTshayina okanye oxoxa ngamaqela avaliweyo ngurhulumente waseTshayina, anje ngeFalun Gong. I-United States iyala izicelo ezinjalo, kodwa abanye banokuhendeka ukuba banikezele, ngakumbi emva kokuba i-China iphindise ngokuchasene nokwala kwe-US ngokuqalisa ukuhlaselwa kwe-cyberattacks kwimithombo yezinto eziphathekayo. I-Intanethi yeNkululeko ye-Intanethi iya kunika amanye amazwe inkuthazo yokukhanyela amabango anjalo aseTshayina: kuya kuba ngokuchasene nemithetho, kwaye amanye amazwe angamalungu angawakhusela kuyo nayiphi na impindezelo.
Umbutho uya kufuna indlela yokubeka esweni ukuthotyelwa kwamalungu ayo nemithetho yawo. Isixhobo esisebenzayo soku kukugcina nokupapasha izikhombisi zentsebenzo kumthathi-nxaxheba ngamnye. Kodwa imodeli yendlela engqongqo yokuhlola inokufumaneka kwi-Financial Action Task Force, intlangano echasene nokuthengiswa kwemali eyenziwe yi-G-7 kunye neKhomishini yaseYurophu kwi-1989 kwaye ixhaswa ngemali ngamalungu ayo. Amazwe angamalungu e-FATF angama-37 achaza uninzi lweentengiselwano zemali kwihlabathi. Amalungu ayavuma ukwamkela intaphane yemigaqo-nkqubo, kuquka leyo yenza kube lulwaphulo-mthetho ukuthutyeleziswa kwemali ngokungekho mthethweni kunye nenkxaso-mali yabanqolobi, kwaye ifuna ukuba iibhanki ziphathe ngocoselelo kubathengi bazo. Endaweni yokubekwa esweni okungqongqo, iFATF isebenzisa inkqubo apho ilungu ngalinye litshintshisana ngokuphonononga iinzame zelinye kunye nokwenza izindululo. Amazwe angayithobeliyo imigaqo-nkqubo efunekayo abekwe kwi-FATF ebizwa ngokuba kuluhlu olungwevu, olufuna ukuphononongwa ngokucokisekileyo. Izaphuli-mthetho zinokufakwa kuluhlu lwabantu abangasebenziyo, nto leyo enyanzelisa iibhanki ukuba ziqalise iitshekhi ezineenkcukacha ezinokuthi zithobe isantya okanye zimise iintengiselwano ezininzi.
Inokuthi iMahala ye-Intanethi ye-Intanethi ingayithintela njani imisebenzi engalunganga kumazwe angamalungu ayo? Kwakhona, kukho imodeli yenkqubo yezempilo karhulumente yamazwe ngamazwe. I-League iya kudala kwaye ixhase ngemali i-arhente efana noMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi oza kuchonga iinkqubo ze-intanethi ezisesichengeni, zazise abanini bezo nkqubo, kwaye zisebenzele ukuzomeleza (ngokufanayo namaphulo okugonya ehlabathi jikelele e-WHO); fumana kwaye uphendule kwi-malware evelayo kunye ne-botnets ngaphambi kokuba ibangele umonakalo obanzi (okulingana nokubeka iliso ukuqhambuka kwezifo); kwaye uthathe uxanduva lwempendulo ukuba uthintelo aluphumeleli (olulingana nempendulo ye-WHO kwindyikityha). Amalungu eLeague nawo angavuma ukuba ayeke ukuqalisa uhlaselo lwe-cyber olukhubekisayo omnye komnye ngexesha loxolo. Isithembiso esinjalo ngokuqinisekileyo asiyi kuthintela i-United States okanye amahlakani ayo ekuqaliseni uhlaselo lwe-cyberattacks ngokuchasene nabakhuphisana nabo abanokuthi ngokuqinisekileyo bahlale ngaphandle kweligi, njenge-Iran.
Ukumisa imiqobo
Ukwenza iManyano ye-Intanethi yasimahla kuya kufuna utshintsho olusisiseko ekucingeni. Uluvo lokuba uqhagamshelo lwe-Intanethi luya kuthi ekugqibeleni luguqule oorhulumente abanegunya ngumnqweno onqwenelayo. Kodwa oku akuyonyani, oku akuyi kwenzeka. Ukuthandabuza ukuyamkela le nyaniso ngowona mqobo mkhulu kwindlela engenye. Nangona kunjalo, ekuhambeni kwexesha kuya kucaca ukuba i-utopianism yetekhnoloji yexesha le-Intanethi ayifanelekanga kwihlabathi lanamhlanje.
Iinkampani zobuchwephesha baseNtshona zinokuchasa ukuyilwa kweMahala ye-Intanethi ye-Intanethi njengoko zisebenzela ukukholisa i-China kwaye zifikelele kwimarike yaseTshayina kuba ikhonkco labo lokubonelela lithembele kakhulu kubavelisi baseTshayina. Nangona kunjalo, iindleko kwiifemu ezinjalo ziya kupheliswa ngokuyinxenye kukuba, ngokunqunyulwa kweTshayina, iligi iya kubakhusela ngokufanelekileyo kukhuphiswano kuyo.
I-Schengen-style yasimahla ye-Intanethi ye-Intanethi kuphela kwendlela yokukhusela i-Intanethi kwizigrogriso ezibangelwa ngabasemagunyeni kunye nabanye abantu ababi. Inkqubo enjalo ngokuqinisekileyo iya kuba ngaphantsi kwehlabathi jikelele kune-Intanethi yanamhlanje esasazwa ngokukhululekileyo. Kodwa kuphela ngokunyusa iindleko zokuziphatha okukhohlakeleyo apho i-United States kunye nabahlobo bayo banethemba lokunciphisa isoyikiso solwaphulo-mthetho lwe-cyber kunye nokunciphisa umonakalo oorhulumente abafana nabo baseBeijing naseMoscow banokuwenza kwi-Intanethi.
Ababhali:
URICHARD A. CLARKE nguSihlalo kunye neGosa eliLawulayo eliyiNtloko leGood Harbor Security Risk Management. Usebenze kuRhulumente wase-US njengoMcebisi oKhethekileyo kuMongameli woKhuseleko lwe-Cyberspace, uMncedisi oKhethekileyo kuMongameli weMicimbi yeHlabathi, kunye noMnxibelelanisi weSizwe woKhuseleko kunye nokuNqanda ubunqolobi.
UROB KNAKE ngumntu ophezulu kwiBhunga lezoBudlelwane bamazwe angaphandle kunye nomntu ophezulu kwi-Institute for Global Sustainability kwiYunivesithi yaseNortheastern. Wayengumlawuli womgaqo-nkqubo we-cyber kwiBhunga leSizwe loKhuseleko ukusuka kwi-2011 ukuya kwi-2015.
umthombo: www.habr.com